Environmental Unit # 2

Science, Matter, and Energy

What picture

have we

painted ?

• Bob Ross

Sustainability • Currently Man’s ecological footprint

1.5 Earths

• 1986 – estimated first year of ecological overshoot

Earths Ecological Footprint

http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/world_footprint/

Where can

we look for a

model for

sustainability

?

http://www.pbase.com/craigh/image/21109076

Deciduous

Hardwood

Forest

Biomimicry

http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/photos/7-amazing-

examples-of-biomimicry/sharkskin-swimsuit

http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/photos/7-amazing-

examples-of-biomimicry/sharkskin-swimsuit

How does a forest act as a

sustainable system ?

Input Output

Where can we look for a model for

environmental collapse?

http://www.pacificislandtravel.com/easter_island/excur

sions/Easter%20Island%201.JPG

Islands

Rapa Nui

Easter Island http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/

thumb/e/e7/Easter_Island_map-fr.svg/800px-

Easter_Island_map-fr.svg.png

Input Output

http://www.uvm.edu/energy/recycling.jpg

http://infinitejest.wallacewiki.com/david-foster-

wallace/images/0/01/Easter.jpg

Easter

Island

http://www.hum.port.ac.uk/slas/as/americas_map.gif

http://thelewessixteen.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/ei.jpg

Basic Information about Rapa Nui

• Relatively small – 163.6 km2 / 64 square miles

Sandyston – 43.3 miles2 Stillwater – 28.4 miles 2

• Subtropical – 270 South Latitude

• 3600 km West of Chile – 2000 miles

• Rich volcanic soils

• Subtropical forest present before inhabitation

Large palms – family Jubaea

Large basswood trees

Numerous pelagic birds – Frigate, Albatross,

Terns

http://www.planbecovillage.org/pictures/plants/basswood-lrg.jpg

www.plantapalm.com/.../Pics/jubaea_chilensis.jpg

http://www.birdlife.org/images/raw/chatham_albatross_ala

n_tate_rbyb2.jpg http://cheap-places-to-retire.com/images/frigate_bird-lg.jpg

http://www.wildlifeworldwide.com/image_databas

e/W250/Chile_Inca_Tern_Northern_Chile_credit_

Claudio_Vidal.jpg

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_a2biaDYMO

BU/SgMOUvq2lyI/AAAAAAAAA1w/Gn_

q6PifCGY/s400/blue-footed-boobie-

galapagos-big.jpg

http://cache.virtualtourist.com/3174681-

Easter_Island_from_Space_from_wikipedia-

Easter_Island.jpg

Inhabitation of Easter

Island

~ 400 A.D Linguistic & radiocarbon dating

Glottochronology

~ 800 A.D radiocarbon dating

P

o

l

y

n

e

s

i

a

www.alternative-hawaii.com/.../migrations.jpg

Seafaring People

Dr. Keith Dobney and Gregor Larsen Department of Archaeology University of Durham

History of Inhabitation

• Early Inhabitants Food > 1/4 fish porpoise

1/3 birds

Sweet potato

Chicken

• Forest used for many items Canoes

Fuel

Moving Maui

• Deforestation begins 1280

• Complete deforestation by 1650

• First European visitor 1722 – Dutch

Jacob Roggeveen

Evidence from Middens

What did Roggeveen Find?

• Easter Sunday April 5th 1722

• Grassland little to no trees

• ~ 2000 natives

• Malnourished

• Some suggestions of cannibalism

• Soil erosion

• 5 extinct land birds

National Geographic Video

Do Now • What is a midden ?

• What do they tell us ?

• Where is Easter Island ?

• Who first inhabited the island ?

• What are Maui ?

www.tripsource.com/.../Easter_Island_5.htm

What happened? • Some debate

• Deforestation

Maui

Rats – Invasive species

• Extirpation of local birds

• Erosion

• Little Ice Age ? 1650 – 1850

• Midden (Kitchen dump) – shows rapid loss

of fish and bird waste – loss of ability to

leave island National Geographic

NAT GEO TAKE 2

http://www.dailyicon.net/category/news/page/15/

Interesting Thoughts

• Tragedy of commons

• Local Rule

• Elinor Ostrom

-Argued that a local

control could

utilize resource

sustainably

http://www.travellinghistorian.com/easter.html

What can we learn?

Man’s ecological footprint 1.5 Earths

Suppose you wanted to inhabit a new planet with

no life who would you want to bring with you?

How would you build your ecosystems? www.daviddarling.info/images/Mars_large.jpg

What did you bring?

Biosphere II

http://www.biospherics.org/phototour.html

Biosphere II

• 3.15 acre enclosed manmade ecosystem

• Oracle Arizona – 1987-1991 –construction phase

• Contained numerous biomes + human habitat + technical cycling

systems

* 1900 M 2 Rainforest

* 850 M 2 Ocean with a coral reef

* 450 M 2 Mangrove

* 1300 M 2 Savanna grassland

* 1400 M 2 Fog desert

* 2500 M 2 Agricultural area

• Passive solar energy as driving force of ecosystems

• Electricity generation from natural gas

http://www.zmescience.com/ecology/environmental-issues/biosphere-2-27042011/

What did they bring?

http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/ima

ges/2009/04/15/oceanbig.jpg

http://www.greenbang.com/wp-

content/uploads/2009/08/biosphere-2.jpg

http://photos.igougo.com/images/p100886-

Tucson-Inside_the_Desert_Biome.jpg

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/26/35716340_71bd

da1cd9.jpg

Inhabitation • September 26, 1991 to September 26, 1993

* Eight individuals

* 4 Goats

* 35 hens 3 roosters

* 2 sows and one boar

* Tilapia

• Food crops - bananas, papayas,

sweet potatoes, beets, peanuts,

cowpea beans, rice, and wheat

http://uanews.org/system/files/images/poynt

er91.preview.jpg http://www.mindfully.org/Techn

ology/2005/Biosphere-2-No-

Future20feb05b.jpg TED BIOSHPERE II

Outcome

• Able to produce 83% of food on ½ acre

• Able to recycle all human and animal waste

through swamp ecosystem

• Oxygen levels plummeted 20.9 14.5 %

• CO2 levels fluctuated by day and season

600 ppm per day / 3000-3500 ppm per

season

• Pollinators and some vertebrate species died

• Strife amongst members

TED BIOSHPERE II

http://www.addictedtotravel.com/Resources/Images/2007/12/d6c

c83a7b7df49eba67d24ba89b86e06.jpg

Amazonian

Ecuador

Case

Study the

Waorani

Jacek Palkiewicz http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/AmazonEVI

/Images/amazon_evi_map.jpg

Harpey Eagle

Harpey Eagle

http://fineartamerica.com/featured/harpy-eagle-jim-day.html Harpey Eagle

The tenants of Waorani Culture

Societal Characteristic

Structure

Food System

Educational System

Economy

Agriculture

Population

Preservation of Culture

Craft and Tool Making

Energy and Matter Flows

Goods / Waste Production

Environmental Impact

Interpersonal Relationships

Belief System(s)

Ecological Footprint

Future Prospects

Waorani Society

Semi-Nomadic / Gender Equality / Kinship system

Hunter-Gardener / Semi-Agrarian / Subsistence

Spontaneous - Unstructured

Closed Loop / Steady-State

Shifting Cultivation / Extensive knowledge of local ecology

Small / Low to Zero Growth Rate

Oral Tradition / Story telling

Generalist / Artisanal / Utilitarian / Process oriented

Closed Loops / Negative Feedback / Renewable

Utilitarian - Durable / Biodegradable / Readily assimilated

Low / Temporary / Mimic Natural Disturbance Patterns

Cooperation rather than Competition

Creator - Created Concept

Ancestral Spirits embodied in Jungle Fauna

Small

Semi-sustainable

The tenants of our culture Societal Characteristic

Structure

Food System

Educational System

Economy

Agriculture

Population

Preservation of Culture

Craft and Tool Making

Energy and Matter Flows

Goods / Waste Production

Environmental Impact

Interpersonal Relationships

Belief System(s)

Ecological Footprint

Future Prospects

Matter and the Earth

• Matter – anything with mass and volume

Elements

All life is made of matter

Almost all resources are matter based

Matter is cycled via biogeochemical

cycles

CHNOPS + Ca, K, Na, Cl, Mg

• 99% of all living matter

• Building blocks of organic molecules

• Hydrocarbons – CH4 and others

• Chlorinated hydrocarbons – Chlorine

added to carbon and hydrogen chains

• Carbohydrates – C6H12O6

Matter of environmental science. Ions – Atoms or molecules with electrical

charge = gained or lost electron/s

K3PO43- - Potassium phosphate ion

N-P-K fertilizers

Isotopes – Element variants with different

atomic masses (change in proton # )

Hydrogen = H1 = 1P 0N AMU 1

Deuterium = H2 = 1P 1N AMU 2

Tritium = H3 = 1P 2N AMU 3

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe

dia/commons/7/76/Hydrogen_Deu

terium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schmatic-

ja.png

Quality of Matter

High Quality Low Quality

http://global-warming.accuweather.com/gasoline1-

thumb.jpg

http://www.amysgarage.com/blog/wp-

content/uploads/2009/03/tail-pipe-with-

smoke.jpg

http://besbryant.sharpschool.com/UserFiles/Ser

vers/Server_839715/Image/AluminumCan.jpg

Quality of Matter

High Quality Low Quality

http://www.worldchanging.com/Coal%20Power%20Plant.jpg http://slice.seriouseats.com/images/20090506-anthracite-coal.jpg

http://pfs.tmspublisher.com/images/pfs/html/energy/gifs/j

peg/nonm_iodine.jpg

Changes in matter

Physical change – Change in state of matter

Solid liquid = melting

Liquid gas = evaporation

Solid gas = sublimation

Chemical change – Rearrangement of

atoms via chemical reaction

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/t

hemes/sciences/chemistry/in

organicchemistry/chemicslfor

mula/Equation/chemicalequa

tion/FG03_003.GIF

Pollution and the laws of conservation of mass

The poof bam laws

• Pollutants usually do not disappear

• Pollutants must be dealt with

• Pollutants therefore must be analyzed

- Toxicity

- Concentration

- Persistence

Do Now

• What are isotopes?

• Describe high quality matter?

• What is meant by persistence?

• What are teratogens?

Toxicity

• The actual danger of a specific pollution

• Measured via LD50’s

• Acute / Chronic

Carcinogen

Mutagen

Teratogen

Concentration

• LD50’s - Concentration limits

- Time limits

• Molarity / molality – mol/liter / mol/kg

• Parts per hundred - pph

• Parts per million – ppm

• Parts per million volume – ppmv

• Mass per unit volume – mg/m3 – mg/m3

atmospheric chemistry

• Parts per billion – ppb

• Parts per trillion – ppt

Persistence • Degradable - Biological – animal waste

- Chemical - acids

- Physical – asbestos

- Photolysis – CFC - chlorofluorocarbons

- Radioactive – Half life

• Slowly degradable - DDT - dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane – to 30 years

- Plastics - ? 450 years – some much faster

- Nuclear Waste - ? Sometimes thousands of years

• Nondegradable - Elements Pb, Hg, As

Plastics a case study

• Petroleum based materials

• Large 20,000 – 500,000 AMU polymers

• C, H + O, N, Cl, S

• First Plastic – Bakelite 1912 – Leo Hendrik Baekeland

• Non-biodegradable

• Photodegrade leaving monomers

• Functionally non-degradable

• Some become xenobiotic – stranger living

and bioaccummulate

Do Now

• What is DDT?

• Describe what is meant by biodegradeable.

• What is PETE?

• What can it be used for?

Polyethylene Terepthalate

• Soda bottles

• Water bottles

• (C10H8O4)n

• Highly recycled – ease of ID

• Fleece

Wikipedia

Story of water

bottles

Poland Spring

Poland Spring

Average payload for semi = 45,000 lb

Weight of water 8 lb / gallon

Payload in gallons = 5625

128 oz / gallon

Number of 20 oz Bottles of water = 36,000

Average fuel economy of semi = 6 MPG

64 gallons of diesel from Maine to here

562 bottles per gallon of fuel

High-density polyethylene

• Milk jugs

• Laundry detergent bottles

• 1.75 kg petroleum =

1kg HDPE

• Plastic decking material

Wikipedia http://www.lawnmilk.com/images/milk_jug

s.jpg

Polyvinyl chloride - PVC

• Chlorine based polymer

• Sewer pipes

• Insulation for wires

• Vinyl siding

• Not often recycled

Wikipedia http://www.slpipe.com/images/Bryce%20PVC.

jpg

Low-density polyethylene

• Plastic bags

• Six pack soda rings

• Playground slides

• Soft pliable plastic

Wikipedia http://cutecarry.files.wordpres

s.com/2008/11/plasticbag.jpg

Polypropylene

• Clothing – long underwear

• Carpeting

• Rope

• Hinged box tops

• Diapers

• Booms – oil spill

Wikipedia

http://fatgirltofitgirl.files.wordpress.com/2

009/05/tictacs1.jpg

Polystyrene

• Plastic cutlery

• CD cases

• Expanded to foam

- cups

- coolers

• Yogurt cups

• Not often recycled

• Resists photodegredation

Wikipedia

http://jdpack.com/catalog/images/tn_foam%20c

oolers.jpg

Other

• Other types of plastic

• Nalgene bottles

• Lexan

• Tupperware

Wikipedia http://shalomrav.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/nalgene_big.jpg

Plastic Recycling

Plastic recycling

Case Study # 2 MTBE

• Methyl tertiary butyl ether

• Gasoline additive since 1979

• Antiknock agent

• Replacing tetraethyl lead

• Raised octane rating

• Oxygenated winter fuel

• 1990 Clean air act required oxygenated

fuel

• 200,000 barrels / day 1999

C5H12O

History

• 1996 clean drinking water act

listed MTBE as hazard

• 20-40 ppb – 20-40 mg/l concentration 1997 EPA reg.

• Oral rat LD50: 4 gm/kg

• Inhalation rat LC50: 23576 ppm/4H.

• Confirmed animal carcinogen

• 2005 NJ banned 0.5% MTBE by 01/09

• Most gasoline contained ethanol by 2006

MTBE humor

Do now

• What is polystyrene?

• What would you say was the persistence

of plastics?

• Lead?

• Paper?

Case Study # 2 Nuclear Waste

Alpha Decay • Radioactive material –Atoms with unstable

nuclei which degrade over time.

- Release alpha particles

2 neutrons

2 protons

helium nucleus

He2+

Low kinetic energy

High ingestion toxicity

Wikipedia

Case Study # 2 Nuclear Waste

Beta Decay • Radioactive material –Atoms with unstable

nuclei which degrade over time.

- Release beta particles b - or b +

Neutron converted to:

Proton

Electron or positron

Antineutrino

Wikipedia

Case Study # 3 Nuclear Waste

• Radioactive material –Atoms with unstable

nuclei which degrade over time.

- Release gamma rays

High energy photons

Release energy

Wikipedia

Example Uranium 235 - Fission • Uranium 235 hit by neutron

• Becomes U 236

• Breaks into

Barium 141

Krypton 92

• Neutrons

• Gamma rays

• Kinetic Energy (heat)

• Neutrons drive other reactions

• Releasing more energy and other fission byproducts

Wikipedia

Plutonium 239 – Atomic # 94

• Major byproduct of nuclear fission

• Accounts for 1/3 of the energy in nuclear power plants

• U238 absorbs a neutron becoming U239

• U239 undergoes b decay changing two neutrons to protons becoming Pu239

• Releases Energy

http://blogs.princeton.edu/chm333/f2006/nuclear/

05_fuel_fabrication/01_types_of_fuel/

U238

PU239

Pu239

• ~ 1 % of spent nuclear rods

• Extremely unstable and toxic – go through alpha

decay + release gamma radiation

• Half life of 24,110 years

• Can be reprocessed and used as nuclear fuel

• In U.S.A. most is used in nuclear weapons

• 1kg of Pu239 = 1kiloton explosion

• Most nuclear weapons hold 3-5 kg plutonium

• Weapons grade means more Pu239 less Pu240

Atomic Bombs • August 6th 1945 – Uranium based bomb

Hiroshima Japan

Little Boy – fission bomb - U235

64 kg. - 600 mg mass converted to energy

13 – 18 kiloton energy

7,200 oF blast

Neutron and gamma ray release

Enola Gay

80,000 deaths initially

90 -140,000 deaths total

President Truman

Atomic Bomb

Little Boy Gun Type Fission

Do Now • What is nuclear fission?

• What is controlled nuclear fission used for?

• What is uncontrolled nuclear fission used

for?

• What are some byproducts of this type of

reaction?

• What is meant by half-life?

• How many half-lifes are required to make a

material non toxic?

Ping Pong Ball Nuclear Reactor

Atomic Bombs • August 9th 1945 – Plutonium based bomb

Nagasaki Japan

Fat man – fission bomb - P239

13 lbs of P239

2 ½ went through fission

less than 1 gram mass converted to energy

Bockscar - Aircraft

39,000 deaths initially

64,000 deaths total

Later radiation deaths

Topography

Fat Boy

Nagasaki

Hydrogen Bombs

• Use tritium and deuterium – Fusion Like the Sun

• Use a fission bomb to start reaction

• Up to 50 megatons – 50 million tons TNT

Fat Boy – 21

thousand tons TNT

Nuclear “Hydrogen” bomb

Nuclear Energy

Wikipedia

Fusion Fission

http://z.about.com/d/space/1/5/Y/Q/sun_tour.jpg

Nuclear fusion

• Deuterium

• Tritium

• Combine

• Become Helium

• Release neutron

• Energy

• Driving force of the sun

Nuclear Power in the USA

Nuclear Power in the USA

Salem Nuclear Power Plant

Salem NJ

How a Reactor Works

Cooling

Water

Nuclear Energy

Guideline for Power Points

• What would you want to be taught

• Picture / table / graph intense

• Text minimal

• Colorful without being distracting

• Organized

Tells a story

Has progression

Makes your presentation flow

Do now

• What atoms are used in a nuclear fusion

reaction?

• Why are thermonuclear bombs called

hydrogen bombs?

• What are the advantages of nuclear

energy?

Energy

you

use.

JCP& L 10 / 09

Power Plants Today • 4 In NJ

- Salem I – 1976

Relicensing- 2016

- Salem II - 1981

Relicensing- 2020

- Hope Creek - 1986

Relicensing- 2026

- Oyster Creek – 1969

Relicensing- 2009

2029

Indian

Point

Shoreham

What is left over ?

• All Fission Reactors Produce:

* Nuclear waste

* Material is highly toxic

* Waste is very persistent

* Concerns of use of material

• What can be done with waste?

* Waste can be reprocessed and some used as fuel.

* Waste can be reprocessed to collect Plutonium 239

–Used in nuclear weapons.

* Waste can be sequestered.

Yucca Mountain Nevada

Proposed long term sequestration site

Proposed Facility

1- Waste shipped to site

2 – Processed and lowered into complex (3)

4 – Waste sequestered below mountain

http://landercountynwop.com/Photos/images/yuccatrain01_jpg.jpg

Concerns

• Leakage

• Ground water / aquifer contamination

• Seismic activity

• Shipping hazards

Energy and You • Developed societies are extremely energy

dependant

• We use Potential energy to do work

Chemical Potential Nuclear Energy Position Energy

http://kroma.co.uk/photos/top-fuel-dragster-burnout.jpg

http://www.write-

tech.com/blogimages/lightbulb.jpg http://www.kitmondo.com/images%5Clisting%5C

D10R-95a.jpg

http://www.brownstoner.com/forum/profile_post_images/

ge_30_gas_stove_2.JPG http://www.lgsry.com/images/jimthorp

e_train7.jpg

http://www.topnews.in/files/hair-dryer1.jpg

www.topnews.in/files/hair-dryer1.jpg http://www.wrightdairy.com/images/

bottling_machine.jpg

http://www.backpackersguide.co.uk/images/pla

ne-travel.jpg

Energy

you

use.

JCP& L 10 / 09

Types of Energy

Kinetic Potential

http://www.jackreichert.com/greenprophet/wp-

content/uploads/2008/05/electricity1.jpg

http://www.colourtherapyhealing.com/colour/

images/electromagnetic-spectrum.jpg

http://ljk.imag.fr/membres/Jocelyn.Etienne/avalanche-

canada.jpg

Wikipedia

http://www.sulangaenergy.com/images/wind-

energy-in-action.jpg

http://home.freeuk.net/jochenlueg/jpe

gs/wheel.jpg

http://www.sciencewithmrmilstid.com/media/

atom.jpg

pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/photos/american_w

est

http://www.wfmu.org/Playlists/B

M/PB&J.jpg

Chemical

Potential

Energy

• Fossil fuel

Natural gas

Gasoline

Diesel fuel

Coal

• Wood

• Ethanol

Nuclear Energy

Wikipedia

Fusion Fission

The Sun

Nuclear

Fusion

http://z.about.com/d/space/1/5/Y/Q/sun_tour.jpg Wikipedia

The Sun

Welcome Scholars

Environmental News

• Welcome Back !

• Agenda – Energy Discussion

• Renewable resources

• End of MP

• Midterm

• Notebook collected next week

• Start Bear Terms

Obj. Investigate the natural realm for models of sustainability

Solar Power

www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/images http://www.resourceactionprograms.org/blog/wp-

content/uploads/2009/02/r139061476078vo1.jpg

http://www.coal-is-dirty.com/files/images/blogentry/wind-power.jpg

Gravity Stored Potential Energy

http://www.k2m-energy.gr/Images/hydroelectric.jpg

Gravity Potential Energy

Wave Action

http://trendsupdates.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/wave-power.jpg

Laws of Thermodynamics

• First Law – Energy cannot be created nor

destroyed

• Second Law – In any energy

transformation some energy is “lost” as

low quality energy - heat

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

The First Law of

Thermodynamics

E=MC2

Energy cannot be

created nor destroyed

gas

100 units

Chemical

Potential

Energy

(Low entropy)

75 units heat

energy 25 units kinetic energy

(motion)

+

The Second Law of

Thermodynamics

In any energy conversion

some energy will be “lost”

as less useful energy

Laws of Thermodynamics

Exergonic Reaction

High Quality

Matter

Low Quality

Matter

Low Entropy High Entropy

100 joules 100 joules First Law

Second Law

Entropy

• The amount of disorder in a

system

• The transfer of energy from high

energy (high quality) sources to

low energy (low quality) sources

HEAT

Energy

Matter

Trophic Levels

and

Thermodynamics

Most

energy in

an

ecosystem

is “lost” as

heat

Refuse

Replace

Recycle Reuse

Reduce

?

What does this all mean to us?

High energy requirements

Reduces energy needed

To make new product

Overall energy use Items with more efficient

items

Reduces energy needed

To make new product