Environmetal problems related to manure management

Greenhouse gas emission from manure stores

Global growth in livestock production Increase focus on animal manure

production and protection of environmentGrowth in cattle production per capita, FAO stat

Trends in agricultural production

Livestock barns From farm to industry

•Ammonia•Greenhouse gases•Odour

Nitrate leaching

Micro-nutrients, heavy metals (Cu, Zn…)Euthrophication

Erosion Phosphorous

Livestock production - A sources of pollution

Uptake in crop

•Ammonia•Greenhouse gases•Odour

Spreading in field

Stored solid manure

Stored liquid manure

Animal house

Agriculture is a major sources of plant nutrients to the ocean

Nitrogen

ton N per year

0 20000 40000 60000

Phosphorus

ton P per year

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Total

Agriculture

Other

Total

Agriculture

Other

Environmental issues related to agricultural production groundwater pollution

• Agriculture is the only source to Nitrate in groundwater• Groundwater is used as drinking water in DK.• Nitrate enrichment is considered a health problem,

concentration should be lower than 50 mg NO3 L-1

Nitrogen and phosphorous loss to lakes and rivers

Enhanced plant growth causes:

Colouring of the water reducing depth affected by sun rays

Reduces oxygen content

• N and P increase plant and algae growth in the ocean

• Increased amounts of decaying organic plant material depletes oxygen content

• In consequence fish are dying

• This is a problem in warm years with little wind

Ocean – oxygen depletion

Duce et al. Science 2008

Nitrogen deposition to

oceansHot spots

Duce et al. Science 2008

Ammonia emission from Danish agriculture

• Ammonia in the atmosphere originates from Agriculture

• The total ammonia emission is ca. 70 000 ton or 25 kg N per ha (76% originates from animal production)

Stald LagerMark Græssende dyrLudning af halm SlamAfgrøderHandelsgødningAfbrænding markAnimal housing

Manure stores

Field applied manure

Crops

Mineral fertilizers

Ammonia treated strawGrassing livestock• Ammonia and sulphate or

nitrate in the atmosphere forms particulates that is a risk to health

• When deposited ammonia may change ecosystem that is susceptible to eutrophication

Losses of N in relation to N application to fields

N emission

Manure + Fertilizer, N kg ha-1

0 50 100 150 200 250

N e

mis

sion,

kg N

ha

-1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

AmmoniaNitrous oxideLeaching

N emission

Surplus N, N kg ha-1

0 50 100 150 200

N e

mis

sion,

kg N

ha

-1

0

10

20

30

40

AmmoniaNirtrous oxideLeaching

Odour

Odour

Reduce value of houses in neighbohood of livestock farm

Nuisance of odour is related to:

Number of animals &

Distance

Animal units

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Maxim

um

odour

dis

tance

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Svinestald Boligområde

<5 LE/m3

Lugtkilde

Svinestald Boligområde

<5 LE/m3

Lugtkilde

Pig barn Residential area

Greenhouse gas emission:

Methane and nitrous oxide

IPCC 2006

Livestock contributes:

37% of global CH4 emission

65% of global N2O emission

(FAO 2006, Livestock long shadow)

Contribution to net global warming (Anthropogenic):

Methane accounts for 30%

Nitrous oxide accounts for 10%

(IPCC, 2007)

Effect of methane and nitrous oxide:

1 kg CH4 equals effect of 23 kg CO2

1 kg N2O equals effect of 296 kg CO2

(IPCC 2007)

Greenhouse Gas emission from animal manure

Manure is the source of the gases:• Methane: CH4

• Nitrous oxide: N2O

Global warming potential• Methane: 23 • Nitrous oxide: 296

Content:

• Manure management and GHG mitigation

• Driving variables and interaction with climate

• Mitigation technologies

• Models for assessing effect of management and technologies

• Conclusion

Livestock or manure

Methane

Pct.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Enteric fermentationManure

Poultry

Dairy cows

Pigs

104

0.26

4.8

Nitrous oxide

Pct.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

kg C

H4 a

nim

al-1

year-1

Montegny et al. 2006

Methane emissionEffect of source i.e. solid or liquid manure

Biomasse:Animal manureOrganic waste

Hydrolysis

Dissolved substrate

Acidogenesis

H2+CO2

Acetognesis

VFA>C2

CH4+H2O+ CO2

CH3-COOH

Methanogenesis

Biomasse:Animal manureOrganic waste

Hydrolysis

Dissolved substrate

Acidogenesis

H2+CO2

Acetognesis

VFA>C2

CH4+H2O+ CO2

CH3-COOH

Methanogenesis

Manure housing

kg CO2-C eqv. LU-1Y-1

0 2000 4000 6000

Manure stores outside

kg CO2-C eqv. LU-1Y-1

0 100 200 300

Dairy cow, solid manure

Pig slurry

Pigs deep litter

Cattle slurry

Cattle deep litter

Pig deep litter

Nitrous oxide emission from animal manure, low oxygen partial pressure

nitrogen Manure

Interface

Atmosphere

)(

)()(

)(

)(

)()(

)()()(

23

2

22

2

2

4,3

,34

,3

NNO

ON

NON

EmissionEmission

ON

ON

Emission

NOrg

NHNHTAN

HNHNH

NH

Emission

L

G

L

G

L

L

G

Surface of soil, surface of manure stored - Mosaic of aerobic and anaerobic areas

Solid manure store – nitrous oxide(Hansen MN et al. 2005)

b

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 30 60 90 120

Days after start of storage

Con

c. o

f N2O

, pp

m

a

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 30 60 90 120Days after start of storage

Con

c. o

f N2O

, pp

m

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 30 60 90 120

Uncovered

Covered

10 cm below surface

Centre

Un-covered heap Covered heap

Nitrous oxide

Manure housing

kg CO2-C eqv. LU-1Y-1

0 2000 4000 6000

Manure stores outside

kg CO2-C eqv. LU-1Y-1

0 100 200 300

Dairy cow, solid manure

Pig slurry

Pigs deep litter

Cattle slurry

Cattle deep litter

Pig deep litter

Farming systems with and without Anaerobic Digestion producing biogas

Animalhouse Store Field

Methane Nitrous oxide

Pre-store(small)

Biogasdigester

FieldStoreAnimalhouse

Methane Nitrous oxide

Inlet

Reduce methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, biogas digestion

Biogas energy

The model include effect of organic matter VS, temperature and storage time

Temperature, oC

0 5 10 15 20 25

Met

hane

em

issi

on,

g C

H4

kg-1

VS

pr.

mon

th

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

9010% VSD

30% VSD

60% VSD

VSD is the fraction of manure that is digestible

Methane emission is related VSD

Methane emisison is related to Temp

Methane emission is related to storage time

Methane emission is related to inoculum

GHG emission - effect of anaerobic digestion of animal slurry in a biogas plan

CH4 & N2O emission

effect of biogas treatment

GHG emission, kg CO2 eq. kg-1 VS

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Housing

Store

Biogas plant

Applied slurryUntreated

Biogas treated

Whole system

You may use the IPCC algorithm

•  T animal category, S system and k climate region

• F(T) = annual CH4 emission for a livestock category T, kg CH4 LU-1 yr-1

• VS(T) = daily volatile solid excreted for livestock category T, kg dry matter LU -1 day-1

• 365 = basis for calculating annual VS production, days yr-1

• BMP(T) = ultimate methane production for manure from a given livestock category T, m3 CH4 Kg-1 of VST. In your calculations the ultimate methane production rate given in this compendium should be used (Table 3).

• 0.67 = conversion factor of m3 CH4 to kilograms CH4

• MCF(S,k) = methane conversion factors for each manure management system S by climate region k, %

Exampel of use of IPCC equation, fattening pig

Expression for Units Data

F(T)

= annual CH4 emission for a livestock category T,

kg CH4 LU-1 yr-1

71

VS(T)

= daily volatile solid excreted for livestock category T,

kg dry matter LU -1 day-1

2.3

365

= basis for calculating annual VS production,

days yr-1 365

Bo(T) = ultimate methane production for manure from a given livestock category T,

m3 CH4 Kg-1 of VST.

0.356

0.67

= conversion factor of m3 CH4 to kilograms CH4

0.67

MCF(S,k)

= methane conversion factors for each manure management system S by climate region k,

% 35

67.0100

),(365)( )(0)(

kSMCFBVSTF TT

In your calculations the following model can be used

F(T) Annual CH4 emission for a livestock

category T

Kg CH4 animal-1 yr-1

VS(T) Annual volatile solid excreted for livestock category T

Kg VS animal-1 yr-1

BMP(T) Biochemical methane production for manure from the livestock category T

m3CH4 kg(VS)-1 0.350

MCF(S,k) Methane conversion factors for each manure management system (S) and climate (k)

% 35

There will be on cow or buffalo and about three fattening pigs per unit: animal -1 yr-1

In the IPPC system is used a livestock unit (LU), which in Europe is about 33 pigs produced per year, on dairy cow or several hundreds chicken