envr430: health effects of environmental agents course director, l.m. ball...
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ENVR430: Health Effects of Environmental Agents
Course director, L.M. Ball [email protected], 6-7306 Office Rosenau 158
Where: McGavran-Greenberg 1304www.unc.edu/courses/2009fall/envr/430/001/
When: Monday Wednesday Friday, 1 to 1:50 pm
Why:
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ASPH Competencies
I. Discipline-specific Competencies: Environmental Health Sciences
Describe the direct and indirect human, ecological and safety effects of major environmental and occupational agents
Describe genetic, physiologic and psychosocial factors that affect susceptibility to adverse health outcomes following exposure to environmental hazards.
Describe federal and state regulatory programs, guidelines and authorities that control environmental health issues
Specify current environmental risk assessment methods.
Specify approaches for assessing, preventing and controlling environmental hazards that pose risks to human health and safety.
Explain the general mechanisms of toxicity in eliciting a toxic response to various environmental exposures.
Discuss various risk management and risk communication approaches in relation to issues of environmental justice and equity.
Develop a testable model of environmental insult.
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Environmental Health
Environmental Health comprises those aspects of human health, including
quality of life, that are determined by interactions with physical, chemical, biological and social factors in the
environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing, correcting,
controlling and preventing those factors in the environment that may adversely affect the health of present and future
generations.Pew Environmental Health Commission
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Environmental Agents
• Microbial• Chemical• Physical
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Textbooks
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Textbooks
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Review
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Physical Hazards
• Heat• Cold• Trauma
• Radiation– Ionizing radiation
(radioactivity)– Non-ionizing radiation
• X-rays• UV• Infrared• Microwave• Radio• Electromagnetic
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Chemicals
“Naturally-Occurring”
“Anthropogenic”
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Naturally-Occurring Chemicals
Microbial toxinsBacterial toxins (Often complex
polypeptides)Botulinus toxin (Clostridium
botulinum )Shigatoxin (Shigella dysenteriae )
Fungal toxins (mycotoxins)Ergot alkaloids (Claviceps purpurea)Aflatoxins (Aspergillus spps)NH
HN
http://foodsafetyinfo.org/phpbb/viewtopic.php?t=5312
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N
CH3
O C
O
H
HH
OH
Plant Constituents
• Alkaloids– Atropine– Solanine
• Pigments• Methane• Terpenes• Urushiol
Atropine
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Animal Constituents
• Alkaloids• Snake venom• Ciguatoxin
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Combustion Products
• Gases• Hydrocarbons• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Phenanthrene
Benzanthracene
Benzo[a]pyrene
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Minerals
• Dust (e.g. Ca, Al, Si)• Leaching into groundwater
– Selenium– Arsenic
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Anthropogenic Chemicals
• Inadvertent introduction
• Deliberate use
Service station near Wallace, NCAfter Hurricane Floyd, Sept 15, 1999
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Inadvertent introduction
• Industrial by-products
• Insulators• Effluents• Wastes • Spills• Improper
disposal
Apex Fire, Oct 2006
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Industrial solvents
• Aromatic hydrocarbons
• Chlorinated hydrocarbons
CH3
HC CH2
Benzene Toluene
Styrene
Cl
Cl
ClCl
Cl
Cl
C C
Cl
ClCl
Cl
C C
Cl
ClCl
H
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
TetrachloroethylenePCE, Perc
TrichloroethyleneTCE
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Drinking water disinfection
by-products• Trihalomethanes
– Chloroform CHCl3– Bromodiloromethane CHBrCl2– Dibromochloromethane CHBr2Cl
– Bromoform CHBr3
• Haloacetic acids– Trichloroacetic acid CCl3-COOH
– Dichloroacetic acid CHCl2-COOH
– Dichlorobromoacetic acid CCl2Br-COOH
– Dibromoacetic acid CHBr2-COOH
– Dibromochloroacetic acid CBr2Cl-COOH
– Tribromoacetic acid CBr3-COOH
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Combustion products
• Gases: CO, CO2, O3, peroxyacyl nitrates, nitrogen oxides (NOX: N2O, NO, NO2), sulfur oxides (SOX: SO2, SO3)
• Particulate matter (PM)• Hydrocarbons• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
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Deliberate use
• Pesticides• Fertilizers• Food additives• Plasticizers• Pharmaceuticals• Waste disposal
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Insecticides
• Chlorinated hydrocarbons• Organophosphates• Carbamates
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Herbicides
• Broad-spectrum• Broad-leaf• Grassy-leaf
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Fertilizers
• Nitrates• Phosphates
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C
SNH
O
O O
Saccharin
Food additives
• Anti-oxidants• Anti-microbials• Sweeteners• Other flavoring
agents• Coloring agents• Humectants• Anti-caking agents
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Plasticizers
C
C
O
O
OCH3
CH3
O
CH3
CH3
DEHP, Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Bisphenol A
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VIRUS0.1 μm(100 nm)
BACTERIUM
1 x 2 μm
PROTOZOAN
5 μm
NANOPARTICLE
<100 nm
Red blood cell