enzymes 3: enzyme regulation - kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic...

ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION HLeeYu Jsuico Junsay Department of Chemistry School of Science and Engineering Ateneo de Manila University 1

Upload: others

Post on 01-Aug-2020

0 views

Category:

Documents

0 download

Report

Download

Embed Size (px):

TRANSCRIPT

ENZYMES3:ENZYMEREGULATION

HLeeYuJsuicoJunsay

DepartmentofChemistry

SchoolofScienceandEngineering

AteneodeManilaUniversity1

Page 2: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

Inlivingorganisms,Cmingiseverything.TheacCvityofproteins,includingenzymes,oGenmustberegulatedsothattheyfuncConattheproperCmeandplace.

Page 3: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

Howareenzymesregulated?

Page 4: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

ProteinsarethentransportedtodifferentpartsofthecellbymeansofproteintargeEng.

Proteinthatneedtopassthrumembraneshaveanextraaminoacidsequence(calledsignalsequence)totellthecellthattheyneedtobetransported.

Page 5: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

ProteinsalsoneedtobeconCnuouslydegradedforfuncConregulaConandremovalofdamagedormisfoldedproteins.Theprotein’s“kissofdeath”markerisUbiquiHn.

Page 6: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

ProteinsalsoneedtobeconCnuouslydegradedforfuncConregulaConandremovalofdamagedormisfoldedproteins.Theprotein’s“kissofdeath”markerisUbiquiHn.

Page 7: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

ALLOSTERICENZYMES

Aregulatoryenzymecontrolstherateofthewholemetabolicprocess.

RATEmaybeinfluencedby:1.  Finalproduct2.  Substrate3.  Intermediates4.  Someexternalmolecules(likehormones)5.  Oralloftheabove

Allostericenzymesareregulatoryenzymesthatareregulatedbythereversible,non‐covalentbondingofasignalmolecule(alsocalledeffectormolecule).

Effectormoleculesarelike“stoplights”thatenhance(go!)ordecrease(stop!)enzymeacHvity.

Page 10: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

AllostericenzymesdonotfollowMMkineCcs.Insteadofhyperboliccurves,theygivesigmoidalcurves.

Page 11: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

Allostericenzymesmaybehavedifferentlyinthepresenceofeffectormolecules.

Page 12: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

RegulaConmaybehomotropicorheterotropic.

Page 13: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

AllostericenzymesmaybedescribedusingtheMWCconcertedmodelorsequenCalmodel.

+negaCveeffector

+posiCveeffector

Page 14: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

AllostericenzymesmaybedescribedusingtheMWCconcertedmodelorsequenHalmodel.

Page 15: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

ISOZYMESANDZYMOGENS

Page 16: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

EnzymesthatdifferinaminoacidsequencebutcatalyzethesamereacConarecalledisozymes.

Lactatedehydrogenase(LDH)

Page 17: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

Lactatedehydrogenasesubunitsmaybeoftwopossibleforms:MorH.

Page 18: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

TheyaretailormadetomeettheneedsofagivenCssueordevelopmentstage.MayhavedifferentKMandVmax,occursindifferentCssues,anddifferinregulaCon.

Page 19: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

SomeenzymesareiniCallysynthesizedinaninacCveformandrequireafullmodificaConstepbeforebecomingfullyacCve.TheinacCveprecursorsarecalledzymogens.

 Examples DigesCveenzymes Bloodcloing Proinsulininsulin Procollagencollagen Developmentalprocesses Programmedcelldeath(apoptosis)

Page 20: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

DigesCveenzymesareusuallysynthesizedasazymogenbecausetheycanhaveharmfuleffectsinotherpartsofthebody.

Page 21: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

ZymogensareproteolyCcallycleavedtoformacCveenzymes.Thisprocessisirreversible.

Page 22: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

EnzymeacCvity,oncestarted,isamplifiedinacascadingmechanism.

Page 23: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

REVERSIBLEREGULATION

Page 24: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

SomeenzymeregulaConstrategiesmaybereversiblecovalenttransformaCons

KINASE

PHOSPHATASE

Page 25: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

SomeenzymeregulaConstrategiesmaybereversiblecovalenttransformaCons

Page 26: ENZYMES 3: ENZYME REGULATION - Kimikaregulatory enzyme controls the rate of the whole metabolic process. RATE may be inﬂuenced by: 1. Final product 2. Substrate 3. Intermediates

SomeenzymeregulaConstrategiesmaybereversiblecovalenttransformaCons

An Introduction to Enzyme Science - Elsevier...Chapter 1 An Introduction to Enzyme Science Enzymes are astonishing catalysts – often achieving rate enhancement factors1 of 1,000,000,000,000,000,000!

Enzymes/ Kinetics Study of enzyme catalyzed reactions Rate of reactions Enzyme specificity Mechanism of catalysis There are several good reasons for adding

Spanish-inﬂuenced prosody in Miami Englishconf.ling.cornell.edu/plab/paper/CWP3_2015_Enzinna.pdf · Spanish-inﬂuenced prosody in Miami English Naomi Enzinna 1 Introduction In

How does ethyl Alcohol inhibit the rate of catalyst enzyme activity?

Enzymes – Enzyme Mechanismdmohnen/bcmb3100/lecturenoteschap6to8... · pH-rate profile for papain ... • _____ are inactive enzyme precursors that must be covalently modified to

Molecular)Cell)Biologymcb5068.wustl.edu/MCB/Lecturers/Cooper/s/4... · Catalyst (enzyme): increases rate of a reaction Substrate: molecule on which enzyme acts to form product S ----->

Enzyme Features Increase rate of reaction Active site binds substrate Unchanged by overall reaction

Extent of catalytic rate enhancement by enzyme catalysts · between enzyme and substrate. This mechanism also is known as nucleophilic catalysis because the enzyme usually initiates

Possible Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease by Aldehyde ......reduce Alzheimer neuronal death. A mitochondrial enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), is the rate-limiting enzyme

ENZYME KINETICS AND MECHANISM - Drew Universityrespiration [1]. The scientific study of an enzyme’s rate of catalysis is called enzyme kinetics. Enzyme Kinetics and the Michaelis-Menten

Enzyme Catalysis Serine Proteases · Enzyme catalysis MichaelisMenten Kinetic In 1913 Michaelis and Menten described the reaction rate and specificity for a simple one site reaction

Enzyme Kinetics: Study the rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions. - Models for enzyme kinetics

MOLEBIO LAB #5: Enzyme Kinetics - Goldie's Room Biology/MOLECULAR Labs/v2013... · MOLEBIO LAB #5: Enzyme Kinetics Introduction: Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions. Since

THE EFFECT OF INCUBATION TIME ON THE RATE OF AN ENZYME …fac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/4.the_effect_of... · · 2014-02-04by factors which include enzyme concentration, substrate

BIOCHEMISTRY Enzymes and Coenzymes · 2020. 3. 27. · Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity Enzyme activity • Measure of the rate at which an enzyme converts substrate to products

Effect of Enzyme Concentration of Rate of Reaction

FactorsAffectingMedicalStudents’Uptakeofthe2009 ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/irt/2012/753164.pdfH1N1 vaccine uptake rate amongst medical students and factors that inﬂuenced

Enzyme Action Learning objective: to describe different models for enzyme action and to investigate factors which control the rate of an enzyme reaction

Enzyme Activity Measuring the Effect of Enzyme Concentration · PDF file · 2017-04-19Measuring the Effect of Enzyme Concentration ... enzymes serve to speed up the rate at which

Department of Bio-Engineering Birla Institute of ... · Principles of Enzyme Catalysis: Introduction to enzymes, Mechanistic models for simple enzyme kinetics, rate parameters, Models

NAME: Enzyme Kinetics - Goldie's Room Biology/MOLECULAR... · MOLE BIO/BIOCHEMISTRY Page 1 of 27 NAME: _____ Enzyme Kinetics Introduction: Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions

Enzyme kinetics Why study the rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions? Study of reaction rates is an important tool to investigate the chemical mechanism of

ENZYME INHIBITION. Inhibitors Inhibitors are chemicals that reduce the rate of enzyme reactions. They are usually specific and work at low concentrations

Enzyme Kinetics. Rate constant (k) measures how rapidly a rxn occurs AB + C k1k1 k -1 Rate (v, velocity) = (rate constant) (concentration of reactants)

€¦ · Web view · 2010-07-08Contamination and spoilage of Flesh foods, Eggs and poultry, ... specifications, factor affecting rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions, enzyme

Advanced Oak Seedling Development as Inﬂuenced by

ENZYMES - victorjtemple.comvictorjtemple.com/Enzymes Overview PPP 3.pdf · What is the velocity or rate of an enzyme reaction? ... a certain value causes inactivation of enzyme

Enzymes. Definition of an enzyme Enzymeprotein Enzyme is protein catalystincrease the rate of reactions catalyst (i.e. increase the rate of reactions)

Chapter 5 (part 2) Enzyme Kinetics. Rate constant (k) measures how rapidly a rxn occurs AB + C k1k1 k -1 Rate (v, velocity) = (rate constant) (concentration

Lecture #5 Enzyme Kinetics. Outline The principles of enzyme catalysis Deriving rate laws for enzymes Michaelis-Menten kinetics Hill kinetics The symmetry

The Effect of Enzyme Concentration on the Rate of an ... · The effect of enzyme concentration on velocity The reaction rate will increase as the concentration of enzymes is increased

The effect of temperature on the rate of an enzyme ...fac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/tempreture_and_enzyme.pdf · the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction ... Plot a graph illustrating

The effect of temperature on the rate of an enzyme ...fac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/the_effect_of_temperature_on... · The rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction ... Plot a graph

Enzyme-70 - Continental Research Corporation€¢ Safe to use Enzyme-70 contains four separate catalytic enzymes which ... Use same application rate as ... (or 6 to 12 pounds/million

Enzyme Kinetics · Enzyme Kinetics One of the most fascinating areas of study in chemical kinetics is enzyme catalysis. ... A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a