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VIRG IN IA GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY
UNIVER SITY OF VIR G INIA
THOMA S LEONARD W ATSON ,P H . D .
D IRECTOR
Bu l let in No . VIII
Bien n ial Report
ON THE
M ineral Produc t ion of Virgin iaDuring the Calendar Years
1 9 1 ] and 1 9 1 2
THOM AS L . W ATSON
W ITH CHAPTE RS ON
Z ircon iferous Sand stone Near
A sh land , V irg in ia
THOM A S L . W ATSON AND FR ANK L . HE SS
A ND
Geology of the Sa lt and Gyp sum De
pos its of Southw estern V irg in ia
GEORGE W . STOSB
STATE GEOLOGICAL COMM ISSION
W ILLIAM HODGES MANN,Chai rman ,
Governor of Vi rgin ia.
E . A . ALDERMAN,
P res i dent of the Uni versi ty of Vi rgi nia.
J . D . EGGLESTON,
Pres ident of the Vi rgi ni a Polytechni c Insti tute.
E . W . NICHOLS,
Superi ntenden t of the Vi rgini a M i li tary Insti tute.
G. P . JOHNSON,
General Manager of the O. cfi 0 . Rai lway.
THOMAS LEONARD WATSON,
D irector of the Survey .
CONTENTS
BIENN IAL REP ORT ON THE M INERAL P RODUCTION OF V IR G IN IA DURING THE
CALENDAR Y EARS 1 9 1 1 AND 1 9 1 2 . By Thomas L. W a tson .
I l lu str at ion sInt rodu ct ionI ro n o re s and p ig i ro nMangan ese o r esGo ld and s i lve rCoppe rLe ad and z in c
C lays and clay p r oducts
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cru shed ston eFu rnace flux
Ab r a s ive m at e r ia l sMi l l sto n es ( buh r sto ne s )
S i l ica
Fe ld spa rA sb esto sTa lc and soap stoneB a ryt e sGyp sumSalt
M in eral pa intsMar lP yr ite and py rrh o ti teAr s en i cRut i leM ine ra l w aters
ZIR CONIFEROUS SAND STONE NEAR A SHLAND,VIRGINLA. By Thomas L. W at so n
and F r ank L. He ss.
Int rod uct i onGen er a l geology o f the area .
D i st r ibut ion and o ccu r rence o f the sand sto n e
CONTENTS .
TestsCha racte r o f the s epa rat ed z i rcon c rysta l sAsso c i at ed m inera l sMi c ro scop ica l p et rog'raphy
Zi rco n
Cem en tGen es i sEc on om i c aspect sUse s
GEOLOGY OF THE SALT A ND GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF SOUTHW ESTERN VIRG IN IA .
By Geo rge W . Stose.
Locat i onTopographyGeo logySt rat igraphyStructu re
Sa l t and gyp sum ind u st r i es
P r esen t d evelopm en t . .
i
Gyp sumP r esen t d eve lopm en tD epo s i t
-
S n o t at p res en t u t i l izedOr igin Of the d epo s its
Fo rm e r v i ew sOb ser ved r elat io n sConc lu s i on s
Summ a ryInd ex
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ILLUSTRATIONS
FACINGMI CROPHOTOGRAPHS OF ZIRCON SEPARATED FROM SANDSTONEFig. 1 . Zi r co n sepa rat ed f rom sand sto n e , 3 m i l es w es t o f AshlandFig. 2 . Zi rco n sep arat ed from sand ston e
,3 m i l es w est o f Ashland
M ICROPHOTOGRAPH S OF ZIRCONIFEROU S SANDSTONEFig . 1 . Th in sect io n o f Z i rco n i fe r o u s sand ston e, 3 m il es w est o f
AshlandFig . 2 . Th in sect ion o f z i rco n - b ea r ing sand st on e
, 3 m i l es w est o fAshland
FIGURE1 . Map o f Vi rgi n ia show ing locat i on o f slate be lt s2 . Geo logi ca l map Of a pa rt o f m idd le eas te rn Vi rgi n ia , show ing lo ca
t ion o f Zi r con i fe ro u s sand ston e a rea w e st o f Ashland , Hano ve r
Gene ra l ized ea st -w e st sect ion ac ro s s the fa l l - l ine nea r Ashland,
i l lust rat ing the o ccu r rence o f z i rcon —b ea r ing sand sto neInd ex map of so u thw este rn Vi rgin i a show ing locat ion o f sa lt and
gypsum d epo s itsGeo logi c map o f Ho l sto n Va l ley in the v i c in i ty o f Sa ltv i l l eStructu r e sect ion s ac ro ss Ho l sto n Va l leyStru ctu re sect i on s ac ro ss Ho l sto nSect i on o f the fau lted ro ck s i n the c l i ff so uthw est o f Maccrady
P AGE
LETTER OF TRANSM ITTAL
VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA,
CHARLOTTESVILLE,October 1 5
,1 9 1 3 .
To Hi s Excel lency, Hon . Wm . Hodges Mann,Governor of Vi rgi n ia, and
Chai rman of the State Geologi cal Commi ss i on :
SIR : —I have the honor to transm it herew ith for publ i cation,as
Bullet in No. VIII of the Virginia Geological Survey Series of Reports,
a B ienn ial Report on the Mineral P roduct ion of Virginia during the
C alendar Y ears 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2,by Thomas L . Watson
,w ith chapters on
“Zirconif erous Sandstone Near A shland
,Virginia
,
$ by Thomas L . Watsonand Frank L . Hess, and Geology of the Salt and Gyp sum Deposits of
Southwestern Virginia,
$ by George W . Stose.
Respectfully subm itted,
THOMAS L . WATSON,
Di rector.
BIENNIAL REPORT ON THE M INERAL PRODUCTION
OF VIRGINIA DURING THE CALENDAR
YEARS 1 9 1 1 AND 1 9 1 2
BY THOMAS L . W ATSON .
INTRODUCTION
Thi s bulletin includes ( 1 ) a di scuss ion of the m ineral production of
Virginia for the calendar years 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2, ( 2 ) a description of the
occurrence of Zirconiferous sandstone near A shland, and ( 3 ) a summary
of the geology of the salt and gypsum deposi ts of southwest Virginia . The
descr ipt ion of surface features of the State,given in Bullet ins LA and VI
of the Survey,has been om itted in this report .
The statisti cs of m ineral producti on in V irginia for the calendar years
1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 were collected by the V irginia Geo logical Survey in
cooperat ion w ith the Unite d State s Geological Survey . The total number
of product ive operati ons for the two years was large and_
included a
variety of subjects, as indi cated in the tota ls below of annual production .
The total value Of the m ineral industry in 1 9 1 1 amounted to
and in 1 9 1 2,
d istr ibuted as shown in the table
on page 2 .
With but few exception s the return s ind icate substantial ga ins in the
products m ined and quarried in the State . The total aggregate value of
the m ineral industry in 1 9 1 2 Showed an increase of over that
of 1 9 1 1 . The most noti ceable increase was that of coal,and the mos t
marked decrease was in iron ores .
The m ineral products m ined and quarried in V irginia in and
1 9 1 2 are d iscussed in th is report in the follow ing order : Iron ore s,
manganese ores, go ld and s i lver, copper, lead and z inc, t in, coal and coke,clay and clay products, l ime and cement , sand and gravel, stone (granite,l imestone
,sandstone
,sl ate
,crushed stone
,and furnace flux ) , abras ives
(m illstone s ) , s il ica ( d iatomaceous earth ) , mi ca, feldspar, asbestos, talc and
soapstone, bartyes, gypsum,
salt,m ineral pa ints
,marl
,pyr ite and pyrrhotite
,
arsenic,rutile
,and m ineral waters .
2 M INERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA .
M i neral Producti on of Vi rgi n i a i n 1 9 1 1 .
P roduct
C lay p roduct s
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Grani teIron oresIron, p i gLeadLimeL imestoneManganese oresM i l lstonesM inera l watersP y ri teS and and grave lS and s toneS i lverS lateTa lc and s o ap s toneZ inc ( spelter )Other products a
Un i t of Me asurement Quant i ty
Short tonsShort tonsP ound sF ine ounces
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O O O O O O O O O O O O O
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F ine ouncesSquaresShort tonsShort tons
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
V a lue
42061 1
1 1
aIncludes asb esto s, bartyes , cemen t ( P o rt land ) , feld spa r , fe r ro - a l loys , gyp sum ,
d iatom aceou s ea rth ,mangan i ferou s o re , m etal l i c p a in t s, m i ca , o che r , and sa lt .
M i neral P roducti on of Vi rginia i n 1 9 1 2 .
P roduct Uni t of Me asurement Quant i t y V alue
Clay p roduct sCo a l Short tons
Coke Short tonsGrani teIron ores Long tonsIron, p ig Long t onsLime Short tonsL imestoneManganese ore Long tonsMet al s ( go ld, s i lver, copper,le ad , and z inc )M i l lstonesMinera l watersP y r i teS and s toneS and and gravelS lateTa lc and so ap s toneOther productsa
To t a l
aInc lud es ba ryte s,b r iqu ets
'
( fuel ) , P o rtland cem ent , feld spa r, ferrO- a l loy s,gem s
and p r ec i ou s stones, gyp sum , d iatom aceou s ea rth , m angan i fe ro u s o re , oche r , m eta l l icpa int , rut i l e , and sa lt .
IRON ORES AND P IG IRON . 3
IRON ORES AND PIG IRON.
The production of iron ores in Virginia in 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2,shows a
decided fall ing off,both in quantity and value
,from that of the two
prev ious years,1 909 and 1 9 1 0. The production in 1 9 1 2 was the lowest of
any s ingle year dur ing the last fi ve- yea r per iod . It was long
tons,valued at as compared w ith long tons
,valued at
in 1 9 1 1,a decrea se of long tons in quantity and
in value .
The 1 9 1 1 producti on of iron ores in the State represented the output
from forty—two m ines d istr ibuted among fourteen producers operating in
the same number of counties a s aga inst twenty —nine m ines
d istributed among e ight producers operat ing in ten count ies in 1 9 1 2 .
The counties producing iron ore in Virginia during 1 9 1 1 were :
A lleghany,Augusta
,Bedford
,Botetourt
, .C arroll
,Cra ig
, Grayson, Lee ,P age
,P i ttsylvan ia,
P ulask i,Roanoke
,Rockbridge
,and Wythe . Those
producing in 1 9 1 2 were : A lleghany,Bedford
,Botetourt
,C ra ig
,Lee ,
Pul aski,Roanoke
,Rockbr idge
,Warren
,and Wythe .
There i s given in the table below the total product ion of iron ore in
V i rginia,by var ietie s
,from 1 908 to 1 9 1 2
,inclus ive . It w ill be observed
that brown hemat ite i s vastly the mo st important var iety,amounting at
pre sent to per cent of the total production . Red hemat ite is next inorder of importance
,amounting to per cent of the total production
in 1 9 1 2 . The production of magnetite in 1 9 1 1 was small ; there be ing
only one producer . There was no reported production of magnet ite in 1 9 1 2 .
Producti on of Iron Ore i n Vi rgini a, by vari eti es, 1 908 - 1 9 1 2,i n long tons .
Red hemat i te To t al 5 To t a lY e ar B rown h emati te l and magnet i te quant i ty v a lue
1 908
1 909
1 9 1 0
1 91 1
1 9 1 2 I
The average pr ice per long ton of the d i fi erent var ietie s of iron ore
produced in V irginia dur ing 1 9 1 2 follows : Brown hemat ite as
aga inst in 1 9 1 1 and in 1 9 1 0 ; red hemat ite as aga inst
in 1 9 1 1 and in 1 9 1 0 ; and magnetite being the same
as the average value per ton of magnetite in 1 9 1 0 and 1 9 1 1 . These pr ices
represent the value of the ore at the mouth of the m ine,and are taken
directly from the repl ies of the producers .
4 MINERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA .
Owing to the fact that there were less than three producers in most
of the producing counties of iron ores dur ing 1 9 1 2,the production by
counties can not be given . Named in the order of product ion the count ies
were : Botetourt, Wythe , Cra ig, A lleghany, P ul ask i, Lee; Roanoke, Bedford,Rockbridge
,and Warren .
On December one furnace was bu ilding in Virginia,which
will use mineral fuel ; one was rebui ld ing ; and in add ition one cokefurnace was partly erected .
The production of p ig iron in V i rginia during 1 9 1 2 amounted to
long tons,valued at as compared w ith long
tons,valued at in 1 9 1 1
,and long tons
,valued at
in 1 9 1 0.
There is given in the table below the production of p ig iron in Virginia
for the yea rs 1 905 to 1 9 1 2,inclus ive .
Producti on of P i g Iron i n Vi rgi ni a, by years , 1 905- 1 9 1 2 .
Y e ar Value
1 9051 906
1 907
1 908
1 909
1 9 1 0
1 9 1 1
1 91 2
aEst imated .
bBi rk i nb ine, J . P e r son al c omm un icat ion .
CP arker, E . W . P e r sona l commun i cat ion .
LI ST OF IRON ORE PRODUCERS .
OP ERATOR BIINE
A l l eghany O re I ron Co .
B arr O re 8: I ron Co rporati onBoone 's Path l ron C 0
C rescen t I ron O re CoI vanhoe Furnace CoLongda le I ron CO .
Lowmoo r I ron CO . of V i rgin ia
O ri skany O re I ron Corporati on LesseesA l leghany O re I ron
Pa in t Bank O re COPrincess Furnace Co
Pu lask i I ron Co Pu lask i
OFF I CEI ron GateP i ttsvi l l eB a ltimore , Md .
New York , N . Y.
Pi ttsburgh , Pa .
Longda leLowmoor
D ix i e , O r i skanyB arrRose Hi l l StationC rescentBa i l ey C rockett, Fri es ,Gregory , I vanhoe
C i rc le , Longda l eDo l ly Ann , Fenw i ck ,Horse Mounta in , Jordan
MANGANESE ORES . D
OP ERATOR OFF I CE M INE
S e ibe l , H . J . , Jr Happy C reek
V i rgin ia I ron Coa l Cok e Co Roanoke
West End Furnace Co RoanokeWorre l l , N . J Sy lvatusZ inns I ron M in ing CO Wash ington , Pa .
MANGANESE ORES.
Virginia has always been the pr incipal producer of manganese ores
in the United States . The figures of production in 1 9 1 2 were 1 537
long tons,valued at as compared wi th long tons, valued at
in 1 9 1 1 . The figures represent a small increase in 1 9 1 1 over that
of 1 9 1 0,but a decrease in 1 9 1 2 . Notw ithstand ing th is decrease V irginia ,
as heretofore,exceeded in output all other states comb ined .
In add ition to the figures given above,
long'
tons of manganese
ore were reported as stock on hand at the cl ose of 1 9 1 1 , and 4 1 0 long tonsat the close of 1 9 1 2 .
There were 6 producers in 1 9 1 1,and 5 in 1 9 1 2 . The follow ing 5
counties contributed to the 1 9 1 1 production : Augusta,Campbell
,Rock
bridge,Rockingham
,and Warren . In 1 9 1 2 the producing count ies were
Augusta,C ampbell
,Rockbr idge
,and Rockingham .
There are given in the table below the figures of production and value
of manganese ores in V irginia from 1 908- 1 9 1 2,inclusive .
P roducti on Ores in Vi rgini a,1 908—1 9 1 2 .
I A verage v a lueY e ar per ton
aIn add i t i on,2 74 l ong t on s o f m angan i fer o u s i ron o r e w er e so ld .
bIncludes smal l p roduct ion o f m angan i fe ro u s o re.
6 MINERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA .
Greater interest and act iv ity were mani f ested in manganese m ining
in V irginia dur ing 1 9 1 2 than for several years past . The P iedmont
Manganese Corporation, Operating in Campbell County, and the P ittsburghManganese Company
,operating near Elkton
,were
’
engaged chiefly in
develop ing the ir m ines preparatory for steady product ions .
The production of manganiferous iron ores in 1 9 1 2 is included under
Other P roducts, s ince it came from only two producers .
LI ST OF MANGANE SE PRODUCERS .
OP ERATOR OFF IC ECox , Char les W . , A ss ignee , Henry WPoor Co Cr imora
Evington Manganese CO Ev ingtonLucas , H . Leesv i l l e\Ieta l Mfg .
L
.Co ( Succeeded by Niess WanerCO E lktonNi ess “aner Co E lktonP i edmont Manganese Corporati on o fV i rg in ia Lynchburg 1 0
b
m i les east of Lynchurg
S chu ltz , F . W Ba ltimore . Md . M idva leS ei be l . H J Jr Prop . , and L . G . Lackey ,Supt . Happy C reek and Ph i la
de lph ia , Pa . Happy C reekShenandoah O re Co Inc Stuarts Draft St l
fi arts
)Draft ( 6 m i l es
rom
GOLD AND SILVER .
The production of precious metals,gold and 8 1 l \ er in V i rginia during
the vears 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 , was variable , as ind icated in the follow ing
figures : Gold in 1 9 1 1 amounted to fine ounces, valued at
as compared w ith fine ounces,valued at $2 1 8 in 1 9 1 2 a very marked
decrea se ; s il ver 2 1 fine ounces,va lued at $ 1 1 in 1 9 1 1 . aga in st 982 fine
ounces,valued at. $604 , in 1 9 1 2 .
In 1 9 1 1,the gold and s ilver produced in V irginia was fine
ounces in quanti tv and in value more than in 1 9 1 0. Of the gold
produced fine ounces were derived from placers and from
si l i ceous ores : of the s ilver produced 7 fine ounces came from deep m ines
and 1 4 fine ounces from s il i ceous ores . Of the 1 3 properties producing,5 were placers . A ccord ing to McC
‘
askev,
ton s of gold quartz ores
were treated with an average extraction value of per ton .
In 1 9 1 2,the gold production was der ived ent irely from s ili ceous ores .
A ccord ing to McCaskev 4 5 tons of Virginia sil iceous ores were treated
w ith an average precious metal recovery of per ton . The silverproduct ion for the same y ear was der ived from short tons of copper
ores . The 1 9 1 2 production Of precious metals in the State was derivedfrom Fauquier
, Goochland , and Prince Will iam counties . NO product ion
from placer m ining in - the State was reported in 1 9 1 2 .
COPPER . 7
In Hal i fax County development work was in progress at the P oole
gold m ine and the erection of a stamp m ill was contemplated .
In Spottsylvan i a County, the Holl aday m ine of m ixed sulphides of
lead,z inc
,and iron w ith copper
,and y ield ing small values in gol d and
s i lver,has been opened to a depth of 1 50 feet . The ore body
,carrying
large values in lead and z inc,has a w idth up to 20 feet and for the depth
opened i s a most encouraging prospect . The country rock is sch ist . In
add ition to the Shaft some open - p it prospect ing has been done,and in
1 9 1 2 d iamond dri ll ing was in progress . Development work was also underway during 1 9 1 2 by John M . Holladay and Son on the adjoining property,known as the Gr indstone
,whi ch “
was worked for gold many years ago .
The reporta just issued by the V irginia Geological Survey on the gold
depos its of the James R iver Bas in, includ ing the count ies of Buckingham,
Fluvanna,Goochland
,and Cumberland
,should rev ive interest in gold
m ining in that section of the State .
The following table,taken from M ineral Resource s of the United States
for 1 9 1 2,shows the production of gold
,si lver
,copper
,lead
,and z inc in
Vi rginia for the years 1 905 to 1 9 1 2,inclus ive .
Tonnage of ore treated and mi ne producti on of meta ls i n Vi rgi n i a,
1 905
Ore so ldor treated Go ld 8 S i lver 8 Copper LeadSh ort F i ne
tons ounces Poun d s Pound s Pound s77
250
22 1
236
1 28
2 1
982
— 96 1
nInc ludes p lacer go ld and si lver .
COPPER .
The producti on of copper in V irginia in 1 9 1 1 was pounds,
valued at and in 1 9 1 2,
pounds,valued at an
increase of pounds in quant ity and in value . The production
in 1 9 1 2 was der ived from short ton s'
of copper ores and from m ine
aTaber, Steph en Geo logy o f th e Go ld B el t in th e Jam e s R iver B as i n Vi rgin ia ,Va . Geo l . Su rvey, Bu l l . VI I , 1 9 1 3 , 2 7 1 page s
8 MINERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA .
waters of the pyrite mines in Lou isa and P r ince Wi ll iam counties . There
was no production of copper in 1 9 1 2 reported from the m ines of the
Virgil ina d istri ct in Hal if ax County . Annual statisti cs of copper pro
duction in Virginia for the years 1 905 to 1 9 1 2 ; inclus ive , are given in
the table on page 7 .
LEAD AND ZINC.
There was an important product ion of both lead and z inc in Virginia
in 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2,but there was a marked decrease in both in 1 9 1 2 from
that of 1 9 1 1 . The figures are,accord ing to McCaskey : Lead pounds
,
valued at in 1 9 1 1,aga inst pounds
,valued at in
1 9 1 2,a decrease of pounds in quant ity and in value ;
z inc pounds (figured as spelter ) , valued at in 1 9 1 1 ,
as compared w ith pounds,valued at in 1 9 1 2
,a decrease of
pounds in quant ity and in value .
The Aust inv ille,Bertha
,and Little Wythe m ines In Wythe County,
produced lead and z inc in 1 9 1 2 . McCaskey has summarized the 1 9 1 2
production from thi s county a s follows :a “The output i s from both ore and
old ta il ings,wh i ch are concentrated . A small tonnage of ore was also
shipped crude . Part of the concentrates and soft ore were treated in theAustinv i lle oxide plant and the rema inder was shipped . At the Little
Wythe m ine,near C ripple C reek
,the principal producti on is of iron ore ,
but as z inc sulphides are encountered in stre aks they are m ined,hand
sorted,and shipped crude to z inc smelters .
The annual statisti cs of l ead and z inc production in V irginia for theN
Years 1 905 to 1 9 1 2 , inclus ive , are given in the table on page 7 .
TIN .
Though not a producer of t in,the existence of tin ore of excel lent
qual ity in the Irish Creek area of Rockbr idge County has been known formany years
,and in 1 883 and later the depos its were opened in several
places .
COAL
The coal areas of Virginia which have produced or are producing are
( 1 ) the R i chmond coal basin in the e astern border of the P iedmont
aA dvance ch apte r f rom M in e ral R esou rce s o f the Un ited Stat es , Cal end a r Y ea r1 9 1 2 , p . 2 1 .
1 0 MINERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA .
mill ion do llars in value the product ion of any prev ious year . The figures
were short tons,valued at an increase Of
Short tons in quant ity,and in value over 1 9 1 1 . More than
75 per cent of the total increase was from Wi se County, whose productionin 1 9 1 2 was short tons
,against short tons in 1 9 1 1
,
a ga in of short ten s or nearly 20 per cent . In 1 9 1 2, per
cent of the total coal m ined was shot off the so l id , and in 1 9 1 1 . The
number of machines increased from 1 56 in 1 9 1 1 to 1 85 in 1 9 1 2 . Likewisethe mach ine -m ined coal increased from or per cent Of the
total,in 1 9 1 1
,to tons
,or per cent
,in 1 9 1 2 . The quantity
of coal m ined by hand in 1 9 1 2 was tons,as compared w ith
tons in 1 9 1 1 . The average pr i ce per ton of coal m ined in Virginia in
1 9 1 2 was 96 cents,aga inst 9 1 cents in 1 9 1 1 .
The coal m in ing industry in Virginia dur ing 1 9 1 1 showed a very
marked increase over the production for 1 9 1 0,in whi ch year it w ill be
recalled the high-water mark was reached in the production of coal in theState . The figures of production w ere Short ton s
,valued at
Compared w ith the 1 9 1 0 production, the increase in quantitvwas short tons
,and in value The production in Wi se
County increased from short ton s in 1 9 1 0 to Shorttons in 1 9 1 1 ; in Tazewell, from short tons in 1 9 1 0 to
short tons in 1 9 1 1 ; and in Montgomery, from short tons in 1 9 1 0
to short tons in 1 9 1 1 . The production in Lee County decreasedfrom short tons in 1 9 1 0 to short tons in 1 9 1 1 .
In order to avoid d isclosing ind ividual production,the figures for
Henr ico,Pulaski
,and Russell counties are comb ined, and, for the same
reason, it is not poss ible to compare the 1 9 1 1 product ion in these three
counties w ith that of the preceding year . The production of Henr i co,
P ulask i,and Russel l counties combined was short tons
,valued
at The average price per ten in 1 9 1 1 was 9 1 cents,as aga in st
90 cents in 1 9 1 0,and 89 cents in 1 909 . The number of m ining machines
increased from 1 4 2 in 1 9 1 0 to 1 56 in 1 9 1 1,and the mach ine -m ined coal
from short tons in 1 9 1 0 to short tons in 1 9 1 1,
per cent of the total quantity of coal m ined in 1 9 1 1 .
The accompanying table gives the quantity and value of coal produced
in V irginia from 1 908 to 1 9 1 2,inclus ive .
COAL . 1 1
Quanti ty and value of 0m produced in Vi rgini a,1 908 to 1 9 1 2 ,
i nclusi ve.
Y ear
The product ion of coal by count ies in 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 and its di str ibutionfor consumption are given in the tables below :
Goal producti on of Vi rgin i a in 1 9 1 1 and i n short tons .
1 9 1 1
Coun ty
WiseOther coun ties$1 andsmall m inesTotal .91 26 1
1 9 1 2
Lee 269
Tazewell 203
Wise . 91 261
Other counties3 andsmall m ines . 95
'
252
Total .96 251
aHenri co , Montgomery , Pu lask i , and Russel l .
Tot
a
Average
price
$1 .
per
ton
01
92
Average
number
of
days
active
250
2 1 0
274
279
1 2 MINERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA .
There is given in the table below the production of coal in Virginia from1 908 to 1 9 1 2 , inclus ive, by coun t ies .
0m producti on of Vi rgi nia,1 908 - 1 9 1 2 , by counti es, i n short tons .
County
b 790 ,066 b 1 , 1 07 ,056b 1 ,292 ,365 +
2G) 3JQ8 2 1 57 l , $ fi RE
TRJtal 6 , 507 ,997 4Total valueaIncludes Lee , Montgomery , and Pul ask i counties .b Includes Henrico , Montgomery , and Pul aski coun ties .
LIST OF COAL PRODUCERS .
OP ERATOR OFF ICEBeacham Coa l Co . Ch r ist iansburgB ig Tow n Hi l l C reek Coa l Corporati on . . R i ch landsB i g Ve in Pocahontas Coa l CO PocahontasB lack Mountain M in ing Co S tone GapB lacksburg M in ing Mfg. Co . Camb ri aB lackw ood Coa l Coke Co . B lackw oodB lue R i dge Coa l Co . Roanok eBond Coa l CO . . TacomaBondurant Coa l Coke CO . Penn ington GapB ruce Coa l Cok e CO . . CoeburnBuchanan Lumber Coa l Co Camden . N . J
C l inch fi el d Coa l Corporation DanteC l inch R i ver Coa l CoCo loni a l Coa l Coke CoDarby Coa l M in ing CO .
Domesti c Coa l CO .
Dom in ion Coa l Co .
Emp i re Coa l Land Corporati onEsser Coa l Cok e CoF lem ing Co RobertFork R idge Coa l COGood loe B ros . Co. , IncG ray Coa l CO .
Ha l l Rob in ett ( Former ly N . E . D i ck enson ) Coeburn
Huettel Coa l Co NortonInterment Coa l I ron CO . B i g Stone GapJew e l l R i dge Coa l Corporation Tazew e l lK inzer Son V i car Sw i tchLipps Coa l W i seMonarch Coa l Co . C in cinnati , Oh i oNorton Coa l CO NortonO ld Dom i n i on Development Co R i chmondPocahontas Conso l i dated Co l l i er i es Co . .New York . N . Y .
Pu lask i A nthraci te Coa l CO Parrott , and New YorkN . Y . ParrottRaven Fue l CO Red A sh ( Raven ) RavenRaven Red A sh Fue l CO Red A sh Red A sh
S lus ser Co. , M . C B lack sburg Brush MountainSouthe rn Anth raci te Coa l Co Roanok e Clear A i rSouthern Pocahontas Coa l Co R i chlands SaterStonega Coke Coa l Co B i g Stone Gap A rno , Imboden , Keokee .
Osaka , Roda , andStonega
M INE
BeachamB i g Town Hi l lB i g Vein NO. 1Kamont
Sn id er H i l lB lackw ood , Pardee , andRoaring Fork
. B lue R idgeG reenoBondurantBruceP rospectC l i n c h fi e l d , CranesNest, and DanteCl inch R iverDo rchesterDarbyDomesti cMabe l EdgarS eaboardEsservi l l eBannerG reenoP in HookJew
COKE . 1 3
OPERATOR M INE
Stonegap Co l l i ery CoSuther land Coa l Coke COTown Hi l l Coa l CoV i rgin i a C i ty Co l l i ery CoV i rgin i a I ron , Coa l Coke Co
Vi rgin i a Lee Co. , IncV i rgin ia -Tennessee Coa l CoW i s e .Coa l Cok e COYe l low C reek Coa l Coke Co. , Inc
COKE.
The coking coals of Virginia are confined to the coal - producing countiesin the extreme southwestern part of the State . Development of the region
began in 1 883 . Virginia i s hand i capped in the manufacture of coke bythe fact that it has but few local markets for its product .
The production of coke in Virginia during 1 9 1 2 amounted toShort tons
,valued at aga inst short tons
,valued at
in 1 9 1 1,an increase Of short tens
,or per cent, in
quantity,and or per cent
,in value .
The number of coke -making establ ishments was 1 8 for each of theyears 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 . The total number of ovens was reduced from
to whi ch represents an abandonment of - 88 oven s dur ing the year.
There were ovens in operation in 1 9 1 2 and in 1 9 1 1 . The
average value of coke per ton in 1 9 1 1 was and in 1 9 1 2,
Of the 1 9 1 1 production Of coke short tons ) in Virginia,short tons came from W ise County
,w ith a value of
The other counties producing in 1 9 1 1,l isted in order of production
,were
Tazewell, Lee, and A lleghany. Of the total coke production in 1 9 1 2
short tons ) , Short ton s,valued at came from
Wise County . Named in order of production,the other counties producing
in 1 9 1 2 were : Tazewell,A lleghany
,and Lee .
The statisti cs of the manufacture of coke in Virginia from 1 908 to
1 9 1 2,inclus ive
,are shown in the followi ng table .
Stati sti cs of themanufacture of Coke in Vi rgi nia,1 908 - 1 9 1 2 .
Ovens
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Co al used( shortt ons )1, 785jBl
1,42 5JKB
I m p e r i a l , Inman ,L inden , M a r i O n ,Toms C reek
V i rgin ia LeeCoa l CreekW i seYe l low C reek
Yield o f Coke Tot al Value O fcoal in produced value coke atcoke ( per ( short o f coke at ovenscent ) tons ) ovens per ton
G lamorganSuther land.Town H i l lV i rgin i a C i ty
1 4 MINERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA .
A l l the coa l used in coke -making in Virginia is of exceptionally highgrade and requ ires no preparation before charging i nto the ovens
,save
that of crushing . Hence,all the coal used in the manufacture Of coke
in the State dur ing the years 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 was unwashed . Of the
short tons of coal made into coke during 1 9 1 1,
were
slack and were run - Of -m ine . Of the total quantity of coal
short tons ) used in the manufacture of coke in 1 9 1 2
short tons were unwashed slack and short tons were unwashed
run—of —mine .
The character of the coal used in coke -making in Virginia dur ing thela st fi ve- year period ( 1 908 to 1 9 1 2 ) i s shown in the table below .
Character of 0m used i n th e manufacture of Coke i n Vi rg in ia
1 908 - 1 9 1 2 ,i n short tons .
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LI ST OF COKE PRODUCERS .
OP ERATOR M INE
B lackw ood Coa l Coke COCo lon ia l Coa l Coke Co .
Emp i re Coa l Land Co rpo rati onIntermont Coa l I ron CoLowmoo r I ron Co . of V i rg in iaNorton Coa l Co . NortonPocahontas Consol id ated Co l l i er ies Co ,
In PocahontasStonega Coke Coa l CO B ig Stone GapStonegap Co l l i ery CoSuther land Coa l Coke CoV i rgin ia I ron , Coa l Coke CoW i se Coa l Coke CO Do rchester
CLAYS AND CLAY PRODUCTS.
In 1 9 1 1, the total value of all clay products in Virginia
,includ ing
the value of pottery products,fire clay
,and m iscellaneous clay m ined
and sold in the State,amounted to a decrease of $98 7 24
over 1 9 1 0. The 1 9 1 2 production amounted to in value,an
increase of or per cent over 1 9 1 1 . The pr incipal clay
B lackw oodDorchesterR i ch landsNortonCov ington and Low
moorNortonPocahontasI m b o d e n , K e o k e e ,O saka , and Ston ega
G lamorganDo rchesterA ppa lach i a and Tom sCreek
Dorchester
CLAY S AND CLAY PRODUCTS . 1 5
product in the State i s common br ick, with front br i ck rank ing second,valued at in 1 9 1 2 . A lexandria and I; .
‘
nri co are the two principal
common bri ck- producing counties,with Wash ington
,D . C .
,and R i chmond
the ir ch ief sources of supply .
The table on page 1 6 gives th e statist i cs of cl ay products in Virginia
from 1 908 to 1 9 1 2,inclusive . The item “M iscellaneous$ in the table
includes all products not otherwise specified,such as fire cl ay
,p ipe clay,
clay for moulding,fancy or ornamental br ick
,fire br i ck
,sewer p ipe
,and
pottery products . In order to avoid d isclo sing ind iv idual production,it
becomes necessary to comb ine these items under a Single head .
From the accompanying table i t will be seen that the total number of
common and front br ick manufactured in Virginia in 1 9 1 1 wasvalued at d istributed a s follows : common br ick
,
valued at and front br ick,valued at
The average value per thousand in 1 9 1 1 was : Common bri ck , f ront
br i ck,
The total number of common and front br i ck manufactured in Virginiain 1 9 1 2 was valued at an increase of
in quant ity,and in value over the 1 9 1 1 production . Of the 1 9 1 2
production,
were common bri ck,valued at and
front br i ck,valued at The average value per thousand
in 1 9 1 2 was : Common br i ck,
front bri ck,
The total number of fancy or ornamental br i ck and of fire br ickproduced in V irginia during 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 must be concealed in order to
avoid d isclos ing figures of ind ividual product ion . For the same reasonit is not poss ible to give the production of common br i ck
,by count ies
,
during each of the years 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2,except for the fo llow ing counties
During 1 9 1 1,A lexandria
,M
,valued at Augusta
,895 M
,
valued at Henr i co, M
,valued at and Nansemond
,
M,valued at and dur ing 1 9 1 2
,A lexandr ia
,M
,
valued at Augusta,6 53 M
,valued at Chesterfield
,
M, valued at Fa irfax
,M
,valued at
Henr ico, M, valued at and Nansemond, M
,valued
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1 8 M INERAL PRODUCT ION OF VIRGI NIA .
OPERATOR OFF ICER i ch lands B r ick Corporat ion NortonRoss lyn B 1 i ck C o ash ington D C .
Sa int Pau l Norma l Industr ia l School . . I aw 1 en cev i l le
Shrum B ros . Da y tonSouthern Br i ck Co. ( Former ly Geo. JF letch ei )
Souths ide B r i ck Co. , Inc :
Suffolk C lay C0
Sweet B r iar Inst i tuteTi p Top Br i ck CoTravi s , F rank MTurne r , W . RU p d ike , E stonV i rg i n ia B r i ck Co
V i rg in ia Br i ck CoV i rg in ia B r i ck WorksVu l can Fi re B r i ck Co
Wa lker . W . T . , B r i ck Co
W' ard Br i ck C0
Washington B r i ck Terra Cotta CoWatson -Fi tzg era ld Corporat ionWaver ly B r i ck Co . , In c . l ’eters burgWest Bros . B r i ck Co Wash ing ton D CWest End B r i ck Yard (W . .I . Ready . Prop . ) R i chmond and Man
Wi l l iamson , Hedgecock Fonta in e , Inc . “ Mart insv i l l eWood , D r . Geo . B Empor ia
CLAY M I NED A ND SOLD .
OPERATOR M I NEBranch
,John P
D i ck i nson Fire B r i ck C0Vu l can Fi re B r i ck CoWi l l s
, T . L
POTTERY .
OPERATOR OFF I CE M INEAkron Smok ing P ipe Co Mogadore , Oh ioPowhatan P ipe Co M i chaShenandoah Pottery Co. , Ltd Iroad w a v
LIME.
The production of lime in Vi rgini a during 1 9 1 1 , amounting to
short tons valued at came from 4 4 producers distributed among
the following 1 3 counties : Augusta,Botetourt
,Frederick
,Giles
,Loudoun ,
Montgomery, Rockbridge , Rockingham,Russell
,Shenandoah
,Tazewell
,
Warren,and Washington .
The production of l ime in V irginia during 1 9 1 2 amounted to
short tons,valued at These figures
,when compared with the
figures of production during 1 9 1 1 , represent a decrease of short tons
in quantity, but an increase of in value . There were 4 5 producers
of lime in the State during 1 9 1 2,and the production was distributed among
the following 1 3 counties : Augusta,Bath
,Botetourt
,Frederick
,Giles
,
Loudoun,Montgomery, Rockbridge , Rockingham
,Russell
,Shenandoah
,
Tazewel l,and Warren .
F reder i cksburgR i chmondSu ffolkSweet B r iarT i p TopNew Londonl'eters burg
($
h a 1 ° lottesv i l l e
W ash ington , D .
Sutf ol k
R i chmondBa lt imore , Md .
Wash ington . D . C .
Ga laxW ash ington , D . C .
Danv i l l e
C .
W ORK SR i ch landsRoss lynLawrencev i l leDay ton and Harr i sonburg
Freder i cksburgBarnes Sid i ngLady sm i thSweet B r ia rTi p TopNew LondonEttr i cksChar lottesv i l l eRe l eeSu ffolkEast Fu l tonWi lmon t
. A rl ing tonGa la xR ivers ide ParkDanv i l l e and Leaksv i l l eJunction
Waver lyRe leeH en r i co
Cheste rFonta ineEmporia
LIME .
There are given in the table below the production and value of lime in
Vi ri gin i a during 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 , by counties .
P roducti on and value of Lime i n Vi rginia i n 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 , by counti es .
1 91 1 1 91 2
P roducti on P roducti onCounty Sh ort t ons V a lue Sh ort t ons Va lue
aInc luded unde r othe r count ies .
bIncludes Fr ede rick , Gi l e s , Loudoun ,1Montgom ery , Rockb ridge , Russel ] , Tazewel l ,
W arr en,and W a shington coun ties .
CInc ludes Bath , Gi l e s , Loudoun , Mon tgom e ry ,Rockbridge , Russel l, Tazewel l , and
Wa r r en .
In the table below is given the product i on of lime in Virginia in 1 9 1 1
and 1 9 1 2,by uses .
P roducti on of Lime i n Vi rgi nia during 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 , by uses ,
i n short tons .
Quantity V a lue Quantity Va lue
Bui ld ing l imeHyd rated l ime ( a ) ( a ) ( a ) ( a )P ap er mi l l s (b ) (b )Ferti l izerTanneriesCh emi ca l w ork s ( b ) (b ) (b ) (b )Deal ers— uses notM i sce l l aneousc 1
aOn ly a sm al l quan tity of th e l ime p roduced i n V i rgin i a i s hyd rat ed .
bInc luded und e r m iscel lan eous .
CInc ludes l im e for chem ical work s and oth e r pu rpos es in 1 9 1 1,and l ime for
pap e r m il ls , chemical work s , and oth e r purpose s i n 1 9 1 2 .
20 M I NERAL PRODUCT ION or VIRGINIA .
LIST OF LIME PRODUCERS.
OPERATOR OFF I CEBarl ey , Lou is C A l exandr iaB lankensh ip , S. M D eerfi el d
B r istol L ime Stone Co. , Inc . B i i s tol , Va .-Tenn .
B rown , C . H Stuarts D raftConner , I . N Vauc luse Stat ionCooper , I . Ccupp , G . V o o o o o o o o o o o 0 0 0 . o . o . o . 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o
Spring CreekCupp , Stewart Spr ing C reekDav is , C . w B lacksburgD i l lon ’s , E . , Sons Ind ian RockD r iver , Ira Sidn eyEag le Rock L ime Co Eag le RockEureka L ime Co V i car Sw itchFel l sw orth L ime Works Staun tonFiber
,John ‘ W . Spr ing Creek
Fifer , John Spr ing CreekGrove , M . J. , L ime Co Limek i ln . Md .
Harr is , J . A . Stuarts D raftHa rr i s , . .I W . Stua 1 ts D raftH ess , S. L Sp r ing C reekHog shead , Chas . A Mossy CreekK i racofe , C . S B r idgewaterLeesburg L ime Co. , Inc LeesburgL imeton L ime Co L imetonL inv i l l e L ime C0 L i nv i l l eM cc lure , J . D Startann eryM c l lw ee, C . E . Z eppM cK immy , A . G LuckettsM i chae l
,J . W . . Spr ing Creek
M i l ler,E . E . Br idgewater
M i l l er , G . E . B r idg ewaterMoore L ime Co. Ri chmondNatura l Br idge L ime Co G lasgowNew R iver L ime Co R i pp lemea
Oak R idge L ime Fi rm M t. SolonOrndorfi . M . M . . Q 1 and a
O y l er , Geo. VPowhatan L ime Co StrasburgPu l l ins , A . C Mt . SidneyR iverton L ime Co . R ivertonRockbridge L ime Stone Co . Lex ingtonRockda le L ime Co Toms B rookRowe , O . F .D eerfi el d
Rusm i sel l e. J . A Mt. SolonShenandoah L ime Co Strasburg JctStanda i d L ime Stone Co St 1 asburgStaunton , C i ty of StauntonStrasburg L ime Co . StrasburgStuart Land Catt l e Co E lk GardenTazewe l l Wh i te L ime Works North Tazewe l lThompson , T . W H intonW h eel barger- Rumsey L ime Corporat ion . . Day ton
CEMENT.
There are only two plants for the manufacture of P ortland cement in
V irginia,namely, that of the Virginia P ortland Cement Company at
Fordwick,Augusta County, and that of the Norfolk P ortland Cement
Corporation at Norfolk . The Fordwick plant has a capacity of
barrels,and is sell ing the O ld Dominion cement in the ‘
North as well as
in the South . The materials used by th is plant in the manufacture of
Old Dominion cement are Lewistown limestone and shale . The Norfolkplant i s the first plant built in the South to manufacture P ortland cement
from shell marl as the principal calcareous material instead of the hard
K ILN2 8 m i l es w . of Staun tonD eerfi el dBenhamsStuarts D raftVauc luse StationH intonSpr ing CreekSpr ing CreekB lacksburgInd ian RockMount Sidn eyEag l e RockV i car Swi tchStauntonSpr ing CreekSpr ing CreekStephen s Ci tyStua rts D raftStuarts D raftSangerv i l l eMossy CreekBr idg ewaterLeesburgL imetonL i nv i l l eStartanneryZepDLuckettsSangerv i l l e
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B r idg ewaterBr idgewaterEag l e Mounta inSherwoodR ipp l emeadM t . SolonO randaWinchesterStrasburgM t . SidneyR ivertonLex ing tonToms B rookD eerfi el d
M t. SolonStrasburg Jct .StrasburgStauntonStrasburgE lk GardenNorth Tazewel lHarr isonburgDay ton
SAND AND GRAVEL . 2 1
rock— l imestone . The marl and cl ay deposits used by this plant are located
on branches of James River ne ar Sm i thfi el d and Chuckatuck.
Inasmuch as there were only two plants in Virginia producing P ortl and
cement in ( 1 9 1 1,the figures of production are combined with those of
another subj ect in order to avoid disclosing i ndividual operations . The
same condition holds for the 1 9 1 2 production .
LIST OF CEMENT PRODUCERS.
OPERATORNorfolk Portland Cement Corporat ionV i rg in ia Port land Cemen t Co
SAND AND GRAVEL.
The production of sand and gravel in the State during 1 9 1 2 amounted
to short tons,valued at as compared with short
tons,valued at in 1 9 1 1 . These figures represent an increase
over the 1 9 1 1 production of short tons in quantity, and
in value .
In 1 9 1 1,there were 31 producers
,operating in 20 counties . The
production by counties, during 1 9 1 1 , was as follows : Giles, short
tons,valued at Henrico
,short tons
,valued at
Rockingham,
short tons, valued at Spottsylvan i a
short tons,valued at and other counti es,
a short tons,
valued at
In 1 9 1 2,there were 3 1 producers
,operating in 2 1 counties . The
production by countie s, during 1 9 1 2 , was as follows : Gile s,
short
tons,valued at Henrico
,short tons
,valued at
Roanoke,
short tons,valued at Rockingham
,short
tons,valued at Spottsylvan ia, short tons
,valued at
and other counties,b short tons
,valued at
The following table shows the details of the industry, and the com
parati ve quantities and values from 1 908 to 1 9 1 2,inclusive .
aIncludes A l exand r i a, A l l eghany , August a , Campbel l , Ca rolin e , Char le s Ci ty ,D i nwi ddi e , E l i z ab eth C i ty , New Kent
,Nor folk, P r inces s Anne, Pula sk i , Roanoke,
Scott , Shen andoah , and Wythe.
bIncludes Al exand ri a , A l l eghany , August a , Campb el l , Carol i n e, Cha r l es C i ty ,D i nwidd i e , E l i zabeth City , Hanover, New Ken t
,Nor folk
,P i ttsyl van i a ,
P r incess Anne,Pul aski , W i se, and W yt he .
VIRGI NIA .OFMINERAL PRODUCT ION2 2
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LIST OF SAND AND GRAVEL PRODUCERS.
OPERATOR OFF I CE P IT OR RED
Appomattox I ron Works PetersburgB i ckford Sand Grave l Co HamptonBotto. J . L . , Sand Co R i chmondB rom i law B r i ck CO A lexandr iaCa lhoun . James W . , B ro North R iver
J . S Ed inburgColumb ia Grani te D redg ing Co Wash ington , D . C .
Cooper G lass Si l i ca Co Sa l emCow ard in . S. P R i chmond
T Lur i chHoldcroft
D i l l s . M . C B lu ff C ityE l l is . Atwe l l C LyndhurstF rench , J . E . , B ro CurveF rench , K . S . ( Sold to Wh i te Sand Co. ) . . Narrowsl-Iarbaugh . S. I . , M rs R i chmondHun ter , C . E Farmers ’ F r iend P lowWorks F reder i cksburgL i l l i e . Georg e W R i chmondLowmoor I ron Co of V i rg in ia LOW IDOOI
’
hi ercer 1\Ii ] ler R i chmondMonger , J . H North R iverNat iona l M f g . Co . , Inc LynchburgNorfolk Sand Grave l Corporat ion NorfolkNorfolk Southern R y . Co NorfolkLaughon B . . Co .
Pulask iPort Republ i c FoundryQuar l es . GReynolds Wh i te Sand CoR iéhmond . F reder i cksburg Potomac R y
o.
Shepherd . Lark i nSouthern Sand Grave l CoSummerman . Thomas HWater Works Supp ly Corporat ionW ebb . J . HWi l l s . T. L
STONE .
The stone industry in 1 9 1 2 was third in importance among those based
upon the mineral wealth of the State, being surpassed only by the coal and
cl ay products .
ores .
The total production exceeded in value that of the iron
The value of the annual production of stone in Virginia from 1 908
to 1 9 1 2 i s given in the accompanying table .
Value of the annual producti on of Stone i n Vi rgi ni a from 1 908 - 1 9 1 2
i nc lusi ve.
Ye ar Granite Sand st one Sl ate Limest one Tot al
31 943 56 32805 42
1 072 382
The total value of the diff erent kinds of stone quarried for the periodof years for wh i ch statistics are given, shows that the quarrying of granite
F reder i cksburgMassaponaxLowmoorR i chmondHarr isonburgLynchburgHamptonCape H en ryDe l ton ( LaughonSid ing )
Port Repub l i cR i chmondB r i stolF reder i cksburgAppa lach iaF reder i cksburgIvanhoeNorfolkRoanokeLynchburg
MI NERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGI NIA .
i s the largest industry in stone, wi th limestone next, and slate third . The
production of sandstone for the period represented in the table is rel at ivelyunimportant .
The value of the total production of stone in the State during 1 9 1 2
was against in 1 9 1 1,an increase in value of
Grani te.
The production of granite in the State during 1 9 1 1 was valued at
against in 1 9 1 0,a. decrease in value of or
nearly per cent . Twenty- eight producers distributed among 1 6
counties contributed to this production . The counties were : Campbell,Chesterfield
,D inwiddie
,Fairfax
,Fluvanna
,Goochland
,Greenesvi l le,
Henrico,Loudoun
,Lunenburg
,Mecklenburg, Nelson, P i ttsylvan ia, P rince
Will iam,Spottsylvan ia, and Stafford .
The value of the granite production in 1 9 1 2 was which
represents an increase in value of over the 1 9 1 1 production .
There were 1 5 counties producing in 1 9 1 2,namely, A lexandria, Campbell ,
Chesterfield,D inwiddie
,Fairfax
,Fluvanna
,Goo
-
chland,Greenesvi l le
,
Henrico,Loudoun
,Lunenburg
,Nelson
,P i ttsylvan i a, P rince William,
and
Sta fford,and the output was distributed among 2 5 producers .
There are given in the table below the value and uses of the granite
and gneiss quarried in Virgini a during the years 1 908 to 1 9 1 2 , inclusive .
Value of Grani te produced i n Vi rgin ia,1 908 - 1 9 1 2
, by uses .
1 908 1 909 1 91 0 1 91 1 1 9 1 2
So ld i n the roughBui ld ingM onumenta lOth er
Dressed f or bui ld ingD res sed f or monument al workM ade int o p aving b l ocksCurb ingF lagg ingRubb leR ip rapCrushed st one
R o ad -makingR ai lro ad ba l la stConcrete
Oth erM i s ce l l aneous $
Tot a l
aIncluded unde r mi scel lan eous .
bInc lud es d re ssed for monumen ta l work,flagging, and othe r pu rposes .
1 , 1966 ,77
990
1 6 336
4 400 1 220
2 6 M I NERAL PRODUCT ION OF VIRGI NIA .
marked increase over that of 1 91 1 . The value of the production in 1 9 1 2
was against in 1 91 1,an increase of or
per cent .There were 34 producers of l imestone d uring 1 9 1 1
,operat ing in 1 6
counties as follows : A lleghany, Augusta,Botetourt, Gi les , Loudoun,
Montgomery, Roanoke, R ockbridge, Rockingham,
Russell, Shenandoah,Smyth, Tazewell, Washington, Wise, and Wythe . There were 33 producers
of lim estone in Virginia in 1 9 1 2,the production coming from the same
counties as in 1 9 1 1,except that Montgomery and Russell counties had no
production,and there was one additional county, Warren, producing .
The production of l imestone in V irginia from 1 908 to 1 9 1 2,inclusive
,
and the uses for which it was quarried are given in the table below
P roducti on of Limestone i n Vi rgi nia, from 1 908 to 1 9 1 2 , by uses .
1 908 1 909 1 91 0 1 91 1 1 91 2
R ough bui ld ing 7 1 5 1 25 $5 ( a )D ressed bui ldi ng 1 29
1 5 45 ( a )Curb ing 79 750F l agg ing 1 1 0 7
Rubb leR ip rapCrush ed st one :R o ad -makingR ai lro ad b a l l astConcrete
5
5 31 1 583b 31 ,880
c
Tot a l $280,542
aInc luded unde r miscel lan eous .bIncludes rough bui lding, paving, and a lk al i work s .CIncludes a lkal i work s , pap er m ill s . rubbl e, and smal l p rodu ction of ma rbl e .
LIST OF LIMESTONE PRODUCERS.
OPERATORA l leghany L ime Co. . IncA l l eghany O re I ron CoBr istol L ime Ston e Co. , IncBunn CO .
Box ley , W . WC la i k County Construct ion CoCooper , I. CCr igger , R . CCu lbert , W . FD i l lon ’s Sons . E Ind ian
Eag l e Rock L ime Co
STONE . 2 7
OPERATORFel l sworth L ime WorksFisher Co. , S. EFishersv i l l e L ime Gr ind ing COIvanhoe Furnace CoK inzer Vermi l l ionLarn er Co. , W i l l iamLeesburg L ime Co. , IncL imeton L ime CoLongda l e I ron CoLowmoor I ron Co. of V i rg in iaMark l ey , C .
Mathews Curt i s Co. , IncMoore L ime Co . .
Natura l B r idg e L ime CoO r iskany O re I ron Corporat ionPaxton , C . HPeters Co. , R . LPowhatan L ime CoPu lask i I ron COR iverton L ime CoRockbr idge L ime Ston e CoRockda l e L ime CORu l e , W . R
Staunton , C ity ofStuart Land Catt l e CompanyVaughan Construct ion COV i rg in ia I ron , Coa l Coke Co
We l l s , John S StauntonWy thev i l l e Town Quarry Wy thev i l le
Sandstone.
The production of sandstone in Virginia is sl ight,and it varies greatly
according to the local demands . The production in 1 9 1 2 was valued at
as compared with in 1 9 1 1,a decrease of There
were 3 producers during 1 9 1 2,and 5 during 1 9 1 1 . The value of the
annual production of sandstone in the State from 1 908 to 1 91 2 , inclusive,i s shown in the accompanying table .
Value of Sandstone producti on i n Vi rgi ni a, 1 908- 1 9 1 2 .
LIST OF SANDSTONE PRODUCERS.
OPERATORGa ither Construct ion CoHa l l , L . MMathews Curt is Co. , IncPeak C reek Sandston e CoWarden Ha i l ley
0
QUARRYStauntonStrasburg Jct .Fishersv i l l eIvanhoeTazewe l lStauntonLeesburgL imetonLongda leLowmoorRoanokeC l ifton ForgeEag l e RockSherwoodBel l s Va l l eyNatura l B r idgeB ig Stone GapStrasburgPatterson and IvanhoeR ivertonLex i ngtonToms B rookA b i n g d o n and E lk
GardenStauntonE lk GardenRadford and RoanokeB a r r e n S p r i n g s ,Buchanan , and Radford
StauntonWy thev i l l e
M I NERAL PRODUCT ION OF VIRGI NIA .
Slate.
There are five principal slate areas in V irginia, which, named in the
order of their comm ercial importance, are : ( 1 ) The A rvonia belt in
Bucki ngham and Fluvanna counties ; ( 2 ) the Keswick-Esmont belt in
A lbemarle County ; ( 3 ) the Snowden belt in Amherst and Bedford
coun ties ; ( 4 ) the Warrenton belt in Fauquier and Culpeper counties ; and
( 5 ) the Quantico belt in Spottsylvan ia, Staff ord, and P rince Willi am
coun ties . These are shown on map,
fig . 1 . The production during the
ye ars 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 was from the Arvonia and Keswick -Esmont belts .
In 1 9 1 2,Virginia ranked fourth among the slate - producing states . The
productive quarries are at Esmont,A lbemarle County, and Arvonia and
P enlan,Buckingham County . The product from these quarries i s used
exclusively for roofing .
The total production of slate in 1 9 1 2 was squares,valued at
as compared with squares,valued at in 1 9 1 1
,
an increase of squares in quantity and in value . The average
price per square in 1 9 1 2 was and in 1 9 1 1,
a decrease of
per square . In 1 9 1 1,there were 7 producers of slate operating in
two coun ties, namely, A lbemarle and Buckingham,as against 8 in the same
counties in 1 9 1 2,with the principal part of the production for each ye ar
from Buckingham CountyThe amount and value of the annual production of slate in Virgi nia
from 1 908 to 1 9 1 2,inclusive
,are given in the accompanying table .
P roducti on of Slate i n Vi rginia,1 908 - 1 9 1 2 .
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
The number of squares,as given in the above table
,includes both
first and second qualities,and the average price per square does not give a
fair indication of the prices obtained for most of the stock .
30 M I NERAL PRODUCT ION OF VIRGI NIA .
LIST OF SLATE PRODUCERS.
OPERATORBuck ingham Slate Co. , IncLeSeuer Sl ate Co. , IncNat iona l Slate Corporat ion of V irg in ia( Former ly New York Buck inghamS late
Pen lan Slate CoP itts Slate Co. , A . LR ichmond Slate Co. , IncStandard Slate Corporat ionW i l l iams Slate Co
Crushed Stone.
The value of the producti on of crushed stone in V irginia in 1 9 1 1 wasagainst in 1 9 1 2
,an increase of $6 7 535 . This material
is used exclusively for road -making,railroad ballast
,and concrete
,and
includes a wide range of rock - tvpes , such as the crystalline sil iceous rocks .
l imestone,etc .
The value of the crushed stone produced in Virginia from 1 908 to1 9 1 2 , inclusive , i s given in the t able below .
Va lue of annual producti on of Crushed Stone i n Vi rg in ia . 1 908 1 9 1 2 .
Granite , Gneis s . etc .
R oad B a l ConYear making l a st crete
1 04 945
Furnace Flux .
Limestone,used in smelting operations for flux
,i s quarried and shipped
to the numerous blast furnaces in the State . The utilization of l imestone
as flux constitute s the largest consumpti on of the V irginia stone . Each
of the principal l imestone horizons in western V irgini a suppl ies some stone
as flux to the iron furnaces,but the Cambro—O rdovician and Lewistown
(Helderbergian ) l imestones are the principal sources of stone for thispurpose .
Of the total production of l im stone in the State in 1 9 1 1
only 39 per cent was sold as flux and util ized in the blast
furnaces,and in 1 9 1 2
,32 per cent was sol d for the same purposes .
Limest one
R o ad B a l Conmaking l a st crete
ABRASIVE MATER IALS. 31
The value of the limestone sold as flux in 1 9 1 2 was against
in 1 9 1 1,a sl ight decrease .
There are given in the tab le below the annual production and value
Of l imestone as furnace flux in V irginia. from 1 908 to 1 9 1 2,inclusive .
P roducti on of Furnace F lux Vi rgi ni a,1 908 - 1 9 1 2
,
Year Quantity
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ABRASIVE MATERIALS.
Mi l lstones (Buhrstones ) .
The millstone industry in Virginia is limited to the quarries in Brush
Mountain,near P rice’s Fork
,Montgomery County. A very marked
increase in the production was shown for the years 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 . The
value of the production in 1 9 1 1 was nearly three and a half times that of
1 9 1 0,and that of 1 9 1 2 was much larger than for 1 9 1 1 . The value of
the millstone production in 1 9 1 1 was and in 1 9 1 2,
an
increase of These figures represent the value of mill stones of1 2
,1 4
,1 5
,1 6
,20
,2 2
,24
,2 6
,30
,36
,4 2
,and 4 8 inches in size
,and of a
small output of Chasers ( drag stones ) . F ive operators contributed to the
production for each of the years 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 .
The value of millstones produced in Virginia from 1 908 to 1 9 1 2,
inclusive,is given in the table below .
Va lue of M i l ls tones produced i n Vi rgi nia,1 908 - 1 9 1 2 ,
i nc lusi ve.
Year1 908
1 909
1 91 0
1 91 2
LIST OF ABRASIVE PRODUCERS.
OPERATOR OFF I CE QUARRYCowan M i l l stone CO . ( Former ly R . E .
Sn ider )L i nkous , F . C . H . MC l inger, R . L . , Co B rush Moun ta in
,n ea r
Pr i ce, B . S. , Co . Pr i ces ForkPr i ce ,
32 M INERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGI NIA .
SILICA .
Under this heading are included three forms of sil ica whi ch have
rather wide distribution in the State . These are quartz,chert
,and
diatomaceous earth . There was no reported production of quartz and
chert in 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2,although preparations were in progress during
1 9 1 2 for working several of the quartz deposits in 1 9 1 3 . The Vulcan
F ire Brick Co.,Baltimore
,Md .
,with operations at Roll ins Fork
,King
George County, was the only producer of diatomaceous earth in Vi rgin ia
during the years 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 , respectively, and, in orde r to avoid dis
clos ing individual production,its Output i s included under “Other
P roducts . $
MICA .
A lthough Virginia has been an irregular producer of mica for many
years, there was no production reported in 1 9 1 2,and only one producer
in 1 9 1 1,namely, the Chestnut Mountain M ica Company, near Rocky
Mount,Franklin County. Interest was revived in several of the Virgini a
m ica mines in 1 9 1 2 , and active preparations were in progress for worki ngi n 1 9 1 3
LIST OF MICA OPERATORS.
OPERATORChestnut Mounta i n M i ca Co
Corson M i ca CoFin k , C . E . J . BHanover M i ca Co .
Meck lenburg M i ca M in ing Co
Otter H i l l M i ca M in esP inchbeck M i ca M inesReed
,M rs . E . P .
R idg eway M i ca Co .
Rutherford , A . HV i rg in ia Asbestos CoWinston , Chas . PWooton Fonta ine
FELDSPAR .
The entire production of feldspar in the State during the years 1 9 1 1
and 1 9 1 2 was from a single operator,the Domi ni on State M ines Corpo
ration, P rospect, hence the figures of production are combined with those
of another subj ect,in order to avo id disclosing individual returns .
ASBESTOS.
No production of asbestos has been reported in Virgi nia since 1 906 .
although the mineral has been noted in several of the P iedmont counti es,
OFF I CEDanv i l leE Stroudsburg , PaI rwinHew l ettSouth H i l lFind lay , Oh ioChu laI rw inP i ttsburgh , Pa .
Amel ia C . H .
Terre Haute , IndAme l ia C HAxton
M INERocky Moun tAme l iaI rwinHewl ettSouth H i l lB edford CityAme l ia C . H .
I rw inR idgewayAme l ia C . H .
B edford Ci tyAme l ia C . H .
Mart insv i l le
34 MI NERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINIA .
The yearly production of talc and soapstone in Virginia from 1 908 to
1 9 1 2,inclusive
,i s given in the table below .
P roducti on of Ta lc and Soapstone i n Vi rgi ni a,1 908 - 1 9 1 2 ,
i n short tons .
Year Quantity
LIST OF TALC AND SOAPSTONE PRODUCERS.
OPERATORBu l l Run Ta l c Soapston e CoC l imax Soapstone CoFa i rfax Soapstone CoHorst , John B . , Son
O ld Dom in ion Soapstone Corporat ionPhoen ix Soapston e COP iedmon t Soapston e CoUt i ca M in ing M i l l ing COV irg in ia Soapston e COV i rg in ia Ta l c Soapston e CO
BARYTES.
The production of barytes in V irginia for each of the years 1 9 1 1 and
1 9 1 2 can not be publ ished separately without disclosing the output of
individual operations,hence the figures are combined with another subj ect .
LIST OF BARTYES PRODUCERS.
OPERATOR M I NECh ism, Dani e l C P i ttsy lvan i a Coun tyLanghorne , R . H Ev ing tonNul s en , K l e in Krausse M f g . Co Toshes
GYPSUM .
Gypsum of excellent quality was mined in 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 by the
Southern Gypsum Company at North Holston, three and a half miles north
east of Saltville, Smyth County, and by the United States Gypsum Com
pany at P lasterco, Washington County . The crude gypsum is treated in
the mills of the two companies on the respective properties,and the product
put upon the market in the form of wall plaster and land plaster . The
geology of these deposits i s described by George W. Stose on pages 5 1 - 73
of this report .
0 0 0 0 0 0
O FFI CEC l ifton Stat ionE lm ington , or
Yo rk . N YW i eh leC l ifton Stat ionE smontNew York , N YAsbest in eO rangeSchuy l erVerd i ersv i l l e
QCAR l iYC l ifton '
Stat ion
E lm ingtonW i eh l e
C l ifton Stat ionDamonA rr ing tonAsbest i neRhoadesvi l l eA lb erene and Schuy l e rVerd iersv i l l e
SALT, M I NERAL P AINTS,MARL . 35
The figures of production for each of the years 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 are
combined with another subj ect,in order to avoid disclosing individual
production,since there were only two producers .
LIST OF GYPSUM PRODUCERS.
OPERATORSouthern Gy psum Co IncU . S. Gy psum Co. ( a )
aForm erl y Buena Vi st a P l a st e r and Min i ng Co . , P l a ste rco.
SALT.
Salt brines and rock salt occur in the Holston Valley of southwest
Virgini a in associat ion with gypsum . More than 50 wells have been
drilled,ranging in depth from 300 to feet . These wells are confined
to the immediate vicinity of Saltville , and are controlled by the Mathieson
A lkal i Works . Since 1 903 the brines have been utilized exclusively for
the manufacture of soda products,chiefly sodium carbonate and caustic
soda .
The geology of these deposits is described by George W . Stose on pages
5 1 - 73 of this report .
MINERAL PAINTS.
The production of mineral p aints in V irgin i a during 1 9 1 2 was limited
to the natural product ocher and came from one producer each in Bedford
and P age counties . In 1 9 1 2 the production included ocher and p igments
( z inc oxide , ZnO) made directly from ores . The output in ocher was
from Bedford,P age
,and P ulaski counties
,and that of z inc oxide (ZnO)
from the Bertha M ineral Company at Austinville, Wythe County . The
figures of product ion of mineral paints for 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 are combined
with those of another subj ect .
LIST OF MINERAL PAINT PRODUCERS.
OPERATORFraz i er Pa in t COH iwassee Chem i ca l Color M inesSt i g l eman . W . T
V i rg in ia O cher Corporat ion ( a )
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o o o o o o o o o o
aFormerlv Page Oche r Co rpor at ion , Stan l eyton .
MARL.
Greensand and shell marl s are widely distributed over the Coastal P lain
region of V irginia , but there was no reported production of e ither during
36 M I NERAL PRODUCTION OF VIRGINI A .
1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 . Shell marls in Isle of Wight County were dug and used
by the Norfolk P ortland Cement Corporation in the m ix for the manu
facture of P ortl and cement at their plant in Norfolk .
Fresh water calcareous marls of excellent grade and in quantity are
found in several counties of the Valley region west of the B lue R idge .
A ctive preparations were in progress during 1 9 1 2 in Bath and Rockingham
counties to mine these marls for agricultural purposes .
PYRITE AND PYRRHOTITE.
V irginia has long held first position as a producer of pyrite among
the pyrite - producing states in the United States . The production for the
years 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 was from four operators as follows : Cab in Branch
M ining Company’ s mine
,near Dumf ries
, P rince Will i am Coun ty ;Arminius Chemical Company ( Inc . ) and Sulphur M ining and Railroad
Company’s mines
,and 4 miles
,respectively, north of M ineral, Louisa
County ; and the P ulaski M ining Company’s mine at Monarat, Carroll
County. The ore mined. by the P ulaski M ining Company at Monarat is
chiefly pyrrhotite, which is util ized in their plant at P ulaski .
In addit ion to the producing properties in 1 9 1 2 named above,one new
property was being developed and plans for the reopening of several old
ones were in progress . The O ld Dominion Pyrite M ining Company begandeveloping in 1 9 1 2 a property located about 1 mile east of the Arminius
mine and about 2 miles north of M ineral in Louisa County. P reparations
were being made to reopen the Boyd Smith mine situated north of M in eral,between the mines of the A rminius Chemical Company and the Sulphur
Mining and Railroad Company. The mine on Austin Run,near Stafford
,
Stafi ord County, developed by the Austin Run M ining Company was takenover by the Old Dominion Sulphur Company, for reopening and working.
The production of pyrite ( concentrated and crude ) in Virginia duri ng1 9 1 2 amounted to long tons
,valued at against
long tons,valued at in 1 9 1 1
,an increase of 1 1 6 78 long tons in
quantity and in value . There was an increase in the average price
per ton from in 1 9 1 1 to in 1 9 1 2 . The average sulphur content
in pyrite produced in V irginia during 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 was about 4 3 per cent .There is given in the table below the production of pyrite in V irgin ia
from 1 908 to 1 9 1 2 , inclusive .
ARSENIC, RUT I LE, M I NERAL WATERS. 37
P roducti on of P yri te i n Vi rginia,1 908 - 1 9 1 2 , inclusi ve.
Ye ar
LIST OF PYRITE PRODUCERS.
OPERATOR OFF I CEA rm in ius Chem i ca l Co . MineralCab in B ranch M in ing CO Ba lt imore , Md .
Pu lask i M in ing Co New York , N. Y.
Sul phur M i n ing Ra i l road Co R i chmond
ARSENIC.
The mines of the United States Arsenic M ines Company, located 1 4
miles southeast of Christian sburg,at Brinton
,Floyd County, did not
produce during 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 . The ore i s arsenopyrite, a sulph—arsenide
of iron (FeAsS) , and occurs in lenses in quartz - sericite schist .
RUTILE (Titani um) .
Virginia is the only producer of rutile in the United States, and much
of the product is shipped abroad . The Am erican Rutile Company,Operating at Roseland, Nelson County, was the only producer in 1 9 1 1 and
1 9 1 2 . This company i s mining and milling rutile in the hard rock syenite,and in 1 9 1 2 added a magnetic separating machine to its equipment . The
nelsonite occurrence of rutile in the same district is not now mined . There
was no production of rutile in 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 from the recently exploited
deposits of Goochland and Hanover counties in the central eastern portion
of the Virginia P iedmont province .
The 1 9 1 2 production was large and greatly in excess of that of any
previous year
MINERAL WATERS.
The production of mineral waters in Virginia during 1 9 1 2 showed a
marked increase in quantity and value over that of the previous year 1 9 1 1 .
In 1 9 1 2,the production of mineral waters was gallons
,valued
at as compared with gallons,valued at in
1 9 1 1, an increase of gallons in quantity, and in value .
These figures are exclusive of the quantity of water used in the manufacture
38 MINERAL PRODUCT ION OF VIRGI NIA .
of soft drin ks . The average price per gallon of the w ater sold in 1 9 1 1
was 1 2 cents, and in 1 9 1 2 , 1 3 cents .
The following table gives the production and value of mineral waters
in V irginia from 1 908 to 1 9 1 2,inclusive .
P roducti on and value of M i neral Waters i n Vi rgi ni a, 1 908 to 1 9 1 2 .
Ye ar V a lue
aAmount used for soft d rink s not includ ed .
Of the gallons of mineral waters sold in Vi rginia during
1 9 1 1,valued at worth was sold for medicinal purposes
and worth for table or domestic use ; and during 1 9 1 2,of the
worth sold,
was for medicinal purposes,and
was for table or domestic use . The total number of springs reported as
producing in 1 9 1 1 was 4 3,and in 1 9 1 2
,4 5 . These were distributed among
the fol lowing 2 4 count ies : Alex andria,Amelia
,Augusta
,Bath
,Botetourt
,
Chesterfield,Culpeper
,Franklin
,Henrico
,Loudoun
,Mecklenburg,
Montgomery, Norfolk, Nottoway, P rince Edward, P rincess Anne Roanoke,Rockbridge
,Rockingham
,Surry, Sussex , Tazewell, Warwick, and Wythe .
Virgini a occup ied third place in 1 9 1 1 and 1 9 1 2 in the num ber of
commercial springs in the United States,and also in the value of medicinal
waters sold . A s indicated above nearly one - half of the output is sold for
medicinal use . Eleven springs reported resorts in 1 9 1 2,accommodating
people,and at 6 the water is used for bathing . The returns show
that about gallons of water are used to make soft drinks,in addi
tion to the sales .
Out of a tota l of 62 springs credited to V irgini a,4 3 reported sales in
1 9 1 1, and 4 5 in 1 9 1 2 . The list of producing springs for the years 1 9 1 1
and 1 9 1 2 i s as follows :
A lleghany Springs,A lleghany, Montgomery County.
Basic Spring, Basic C ity, Augusta County.
Bear Lithi a Spring,near Elkton , Rockingham County.
Beaufont Spring,South Richm ond
,Chesterfi eld County.
Berry Hill M ineral Spring, Elkwood , Culpeper County.
M I NERAL WATERS. 39
B lue R idge Springs,near B lue R idge Springs
,Botetourt County .
Bowman Spring,near Staunton
,Augusta County .
B road Rock M ineral Spring, near Richmond, Chesterfield County.
Brugh Spring,Nace
,Botetourt County.
Buckhead Lithia Spring,Buckhead Springs
,Chesterfield County.
Buffalo Li thia Spring,Bufi alo Lithia Springs, Mecklenburg County.
Burnetts Spring,Hudson M ill
,Culpeper County .
Campfield Lithia Well, R ichmond, Chesterfield County.
Carper Lithi a Springs,R adford
,Montgomery County.
Como Lithia Spring,East R ichmond
,Henrico County.
Coppahaunk Mineral Springs, Waverly, Sussex County.
Crockett A rsenic Lithi a Spring,Crockett Springs
,Montgomery County .
Diamond Spring,D i amond Spring
,P rincess Anne County.
Erup M ineral Spring, near Glencarlyn, A lexandria County.
Farmville Lithia Springs,Farmville
,P rince Edward County.
Fonti cel lo M ineral Spring, near Manchester, Chesterfield County.
Harris Anti - Dyspeptic Spring, Burkeville, Nottoway County.
Healing Springs,Hot Springs
,Bath County.
Iron -Lithi a Springs,Tip Top
,Tazewell County .
Jeffress Spring,Jeffress
,Mecklenburg County.
Kayser Lithia Springs, Staunton, Augusta County .
Kiwassa Lithia Springs, near Manchester, Chesterfield County.
Landale Spring,near O cean V iew
,Norfolk County.
Lithia Magnesia Spring,Rocky Mount, Frankl in County.
Magee Chlorinated Lithi a Spring,Clarksville
,Mecklenburg County .
Massanetta Spring, near Harrisonburg, Rockingham County.
Mecklenburg Mineral Spring,Chase City, Mecklenburg County .
M i co Well,A lexandria
,A lexandria. County.
Mulberry Island , Mulberry I sland, Wai w i ck County .
Nye Lithia Sp i ings, Wytheville , Wythe County .
Otterburn Lith ia. Spring,near Ameli a, Amelia County
P aeonian Springs,P aeonian Springs , Loudoun County.
P ickett Spring,Worsham
,P rince Edward County.
Roanoke Li thia Spring,Roanoke
,Roanoke County.
Rockbridge A lum Springs,Rockbridge A lum Springs
,Rockbridge
County .
Rubino Heal ing Springs, Healing Springs, B ath County.
Seawright Spring , near Staunton , Augusta County.
Stribl ing Springs , Stribl ing Springs, Augusta County.
Tri pho M ineral Spring, Claremont, Surry County .
V i rginia Etna Spring, V inton , Roanoke County .
Virginia Lithia (Lion Mineral ) , near R i chmond .
Virgini a Magnesian A lkaline Spring, near Staunton, Augusta County.
Wal lawhatoola Springs, M illboro , Bath County .
Wyri ck M ineral Spring, Crockett, Wythe County.
There are 4 9 springs listed above,three of which produced in 1 9 1 1
that did not produce in 1 9 1 2 . These were D i amond Spring,Iron Lithia
Spring, and Kiwassa Lithia Spring .
ZIRCONIFEROUS SANDSTONE NEAR ASHLAND,
VIRGINIAa
BY THOMAS L . WATSON AND FRANK L . HESS.
INTRODUCTION.
In 1 9 1 0 Mr. August Meyer, of Richmond, Vi rginia, submitted to one
of the writers a specimen of rock obtained about three miles west of Ash
land,which was thought to contain rutile . It was a fine- grained fri able
dark reddish- brown rock,in which grains of ilmenite or some similar black
mineral were distinctly visible . The color of the other gra ins was appar
ently s imilar to that of the rutile found 1 0 to 1 5 miles farther southwest,in Hanover and Goochland counties, and under a hand lens no difference
in appearance could be distinguished . As the rutile of these counties
occurs with a very black ilmenite, it was thought that the specimen might
possibly be a fine- grained mass of titanium minerals. M i croscopic exam i
nation of a thin section, however, showed the rock to be a sandstone com
posed of very small grains of ilmenite and zircon ( z irconium sil icate,ZrSiO
4 ) , together with a few grains of other minerals, chiefly quartz and
silicates,cemented with limonite .
In June,1 9 1 1
,the writers
,in company with Mr. Meyer, Visited the
local ity from which the latter obtained the original specimen, on the farm
of Mr. F . B . Sheldon, 3 miles west of A shland , Hanover County, and about
20 miles north of Richmond .
GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE AREA .
The area of Z irconiferous sandstone forms a part of the western edge of
the Coastal P la in,near and along the overlap of the sediments upon the
older crystalline rocks of the P iedmont P lateau ( see map, fig . A long
this edge ( the“fall - l ine$ ) the surface is somewhat roughened from erosion,
but to the east it becomes more gently rolling and i s e ssentially flat and
featureless . The area l ies on the south side of South Anna R iver, but
wi thin its drainage basin and only a short distance southwest of i ts
confluence with the North Anna to form P amunkey R iver .
aBu l l . 530-P , U . S. Geol . Survey , 1 9 1 2 ; al so Bul l . Phil . Soc . , Un iversity of
V i rgi n i a , Sc i en t i fi c Sect i on , 1 9 1 2 , vol . 1 , NO . 1 1 , pp . 2 67 -2 92 .
4 2 ZIRCONIFEROUS SANDSTONE NEAR ASHLAND,VIRGI NIA .
formation transgresses the underlying older Coastal P lain sedimentaryformations
,and its western margin rests upon the crystall ine rocks of the
P iedmont P lateau .
a The Calvert formation in Vi rginia i s about 200 feet
thick and consi sts c hiefly of sands, clays, marls, and diatomaceous earth,fine- grained sands being predominant . D iatomaceous earth has not been
identified in the A shland area.
Extending westward from the foot of the west slope of the low ridgementioned above are the cry stall ine rocks of the P iedmont P lateau
,chiefly
granites and gne i sses,most of which are of pre - Cambrian age . The con
tact between the sedimentary formations of the Coastal P lain and the crys
tal l ine rocks of the P iedmont P lateau extends across the State in roughlya general north - south l ine and in position nearly coincides with the
meridian 78 °
30’
.
lD
In the southern part of the State the Calvert formation is overlain bythe St. Mary
’s formation (middle M iocene ) , and along the western edge
the St. Mary’s transgresses the Calvert and rests on the cry stall ine rocks
of the P iedmont P lateau .
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE OF THE SANDSTONE.
i n the A shland area the sandstone does not outcrop in a continuous
bed . It was seen only in the form of irregul ar flat fragments l y ing loose
upon the surface . The fragments are of the same reddish—brown to yel low
color as the specimen submitted by Mr. Meyer . In size the fragments
range from those as large as a man’s fist to some measuring 2 feet long, 2
feet broad,and 6 inches thick . There is as much variation in texture as in
si ze . and the rock accord ingly ranges from a t y pical fine- grained sandstone
to a typical moderately coarse conglomerate , with intermediate gradations .
Much of it i s very fine - grained showing littl e vi sible quartz . Other pieces
are of vary i ng degrees of coarseness, some containing quartz and quartzi te
pebble s 2 inches in diameter . Some pieces show cross - bedded structure .
The largest number of the sandstone fragments were seen on a small
mound 1 50 y a rds southwest of Mr. Sheldon’s house,and scattered frag
ments can be found both to the north and the south for a distance of half
a mile . On Mr. J . B . Davi s’s farm,which adj oins the Sheldon farm on
the north,there are many pieces of the sandstone , though most of them are
smaller . However many of the pieces, especi ally those found farthernorth are of lighter col or and lower specific gravity than the fragments
aV i rgin i a. Geol . Survey . Bull . NO . IV,1 9 1 2 , p . 1 2 6 et s eq .
bSee th e geologica l map o f Vi rgin ia , V irgi n ia Geologica l Survey ,Cha rlot t esvi l l e
1 0 1 1 .
TESTS. 4 3
from the Sheldon farm,though one of the ri chest specimens collected was
from the l ine between the Thomas Kie s and John Boschen farms, half a
mile north of the Sheldon farm . The specific gravity i s of value in field
examination,for specimens having low specific gravity show only a few
grains of z ircon,whereas those having high specific gravity carry a large
percentage of the mineral .
It i s probable that the hard lumps of sandstone represent the local
cementation of a sandy bed which, in most places, i s soft or but sl ightlyconsol idated
,a characterist ic of the Chesapeake group (M iocene ) . P artly
or wholly indurated sands, yielding somewhat highly ferruginous crusts
and beds of sandstone,are common in the formations of the Virginia
Coastal P lain near its western margin . So far as the authors are aware
these ferruginous sandstones have been generally regarded'
as composed
chiefly of quartz grains cemented by iron oxide . At no point beyond the
A shland area,so far as known
, h ave they been tested for z ircon or other
uncommon heavy minerals .
At the home of Mr. Benj amin Wright,three— eighths of a mile southwest
of Mr. Sheldon’s house,a highly Z irconiferous and but sl ightly consol i
dated sand bed was cut in the lower part of a well 1 4 feet deep . This bed
is probably the same one from which the indurated or hardened fragments
of Z irconiferous sandstone have come . P erfectly rounded water-worn
quartz and quartzite pebbles,mostly quartz, up to 3 inches in diam eter
and usually white in color, were taken from this well at a depth of 1 4 feet .
None of the Z irconiferous material was found south of Mr. Wright’s well,
and decomposed granite i s exposed in a road 200 y ards southwest of his
house .
A hundred yards northwest of Mr. Sheldon’s house a bed of Zi rcon i f
erous sand,similar to that cut in the Wright well
,was exposed in a
shallow prospect hole . The Z irconiferous sand was 1 8 inches thick andwas underlain by clay and covered by a few inches of soil .
From the appearance of the float and the sand cut in the prospect hole,
the Z irconiferous bed is thought to be probably not more than 2 to 3 feet
thick . The data at hand indicate that it is probably a narrow lens three
eighths of a mile long and of unknown but probably of less width .
TESTS.
The zircon was separated from six lump samples weighing from 50 to
1 00 grains each as follows : The lumps were first treated with hydrochlori c
acid to dissolve the cement of limonite . In two specimens small lumps
4 4 ZIRCONIFEROUS SANDSTONE NEAR ASHLAND, VIRGI NIA .
resisted dissolution and w ere treated with aqua regia on a steam bath for
two days, which resulted in dissolving the cement and disintegrating the
sand . grains . After washing by decantation the sand was digested with a
mixture of sulphuri c and hydrochloric acids to remove ilmenite and quartz
and then washed . The specimens thus treated yielded z ircon as follows
Zi rcon obtai ned from sandstone near A sh land,Vi rgi nia.
Loca l ity Z ircon
Specimen from l ow h i l l , F. B . Sh eld on’s farm . .
Specimen from low h i l l , F . B . She ld on’s farm . .
Sp ecimen from low h i l l , F. B . Sl i el don’
s farm . .
Specimen from 1 00 y ard s northwest of F. B .
Sh e ld on’s h ouseSpecimen from W righ t
’s we l lSpecimen from top o f h i l l on l ine b etween
Th omas Kies ’ and John B oschen’
s l and
A ccessory heavy m inerals in the form of impurit ies, such as cyanite ,garnet, and staurolite , could not be separated from the z ircon by the
method used,and the results given in the table above are perhaps 2 to 3
per cent too high,though certainly not more . Owing to possible losses
through the severe treatment during separation and to the loss of fine
z ircon in decanting, the tests are a s l ikely to show less as more than the
quantity present . The results are not,of course
,to be regarded as exact
,
but the method of selecting random specimens from float rock would not
warrant more accurate determinations .
It i s not thought that the method used in separating the material
introduced appreciable errors,as a blank test run on finely pulverized z ircon
by treating it with a mixture of sulphuric and hydrofluoric acids, showed
at the end of three days no trace of zircon in solution .
The z ircon crystals in the material are minute, averaging less than
mm . in diameter . Out of about 96 grams of z ircon separated,a small
quantity was caught on a sieve of 60 meshes to the l inear inch ; possibly1 per cent would not pass through a sieve of 80-mesh ; nearly 1 7 per cent
grams ) passed through an 80—mesh and was caught on a 1 00-mesh
sieve 7 7 per cent grams ) passed through a 1 00-mesh sieve and was
caught on a 1 50-mesh sieve ; and more than 2 per cent grams ) passed
l .
— Microphotograph of zi rcon sepa ra ted f rom sand ston e obt ain ed 3 m i l e s westof A sh land , V i rgin ia . Pa ssed th rough a. 1 50-mesh s i eve . Round i ng of th egra in s f rom w ea r i s show n , bu t i n manv ca se s the origina l c ry st a l out lin e canbe seen . Magn ified 9 7 diamete rs .
Fi g . 2 .
— l\'Ii croph otograph of zi rcon sepa rated f rom sandston e obt a i n ed 3 m i le s westof A shl and
,V i rgin ia . Passed th rough an 80-mesh sieve and caught on a
1 00-mesh sieve . Rounding of the gra in s from wear i s p ronounced . Largep ri smatic grain to right of cen te r i s cyanit e , Magn ifi ed 9 7 d i amete r s .
MICROPHOTOGRAPHS OF ZIRCON SEPARAT'ED FROM SANDSTONE .
CHARACTER OF THE SEPARATED ZIRCON CRYSTALS. 4 5
through a 1 50-mesh sieve . Most of the accessorv minerals ( impurities )can be caught on an 80-mesh sieve .
CHARACTER OF THE SEPARATED ZIRCON CRYSTALS.
The zircon crvstal s,a s separated above
,are mostlv of short, stout form,
th ough they include a smaller number of elongated forms, possibly one and
one—half times as long as thick . In mass they are pinkish or pinkish brown,but on heating to redness they become colorless . Under the microscope
individual crystals are pink or yellow,but much the largest number are
colorless . The crystal s in most specimens are very much worn, but the
crystals in the specimens from the prospect hole northwest of Mr.
Sheldon’s house show beautiful crystal form . Though nearly all of the
z ircon is undoubtedly worn, the wear in general may be in part apparent
only, as small z ircon crystals formed in p lace very commonly have outlines
that do not show good faces or angles . The difference in the amount of
wear of the particles which were caught on a 1 00-mesh sieve and of those
which passed through a 1 50-mesh sieve is striking ( see P l . I , figs . 1 and
The greater mass of the larger crystals small as they are seems sufficient
to cause much more fracturing from the force of impact when thrown
around by waves and currents .
ASSOCIATED MINERALS.
A ssociated with the z ircon are quartz and a. variety of heavy minerals,including garnet ilmenite
,rutile
,staurolite
,cyanite, and an isotrop ic
green mineral which has not been definitely determined but which may be
pleonaste or hercynite . Occasional fe ldspar and pyrite were noted in
several thin sections of the rock . A s stated above,these are all cemented
with limonite,possibly in part sili ceous .
Ilmenite is the most abundant mineral in the rich pieces and its grains
are of about the sam e size as those of z ircon . The quartz and cyanite
grains are generally several t imes as large . In places the fine- grained
z ircon and ilmenite surround quartz pebbles an inch long with the other
dimensions somewh at smaller .
No magnetite was found in the materi al .
MICROSCOP ICAL PETROGRAPHY .
The petrography of the rock is simple, but the general character of the
minerals and their relations to one another and to the cement are more
4 6 Z IRCONIFEROUS SANDSTONE NEAR ASHLAND,VIRGI NIA .
definitely established by microscopic than by megascopic study. Con
si dered as to mineral composition the ten thin sections of the rock studied
may be divided into two groups, ( 1 ) z ircon - ilmenite sandstone and ( 2 )quartz sandstone . The rounding of the ilmenite and zircon grains i s
pronounced,but the quartz sand is remarkably angular
a
( see P l s . I and
II ) . Both are cemented more or less firmly by oxide of iron, chieflylimonite and probably a less hydrous ox ide of reddish color, possibly gothite
or hematite .
Of the minerals present in the sandstone zircon,i lmenite
,and quartz
are the three most abundant, and are described below in the order named .
Occasional grains of an unstriated feldspar were noted in one or two of
the quartz - rich sections,and red to yellowi sh- brown rutile in partially
rounded grains of variable size is sometimes present,always in association
with ilmenite . Ferromagnesian minerals are entirely absent .
Zir con .
In the thin sections the z ircon is mostly colorless, though occasional
l ight yellow and pinkish crystal s were observed , and is readily identified
by its high refraction and double refraction . The grains usually show
rounded outline and many of them are nearly spherical . They range from
approximately equidimensional to elongate forms, and the angles or corners
of those that exhib it squarish to rectangular cross - section s usually show
more or less rounding ( P ls . I and II ) . Crystal outl ine i s f requentl v
observed but as a rule it i s modified by rounding from w ear . Zircon grains
separated from the rock and examined under the m icroscope usually show
rounding from wear and rather dull luster (P l . I figs . 1 and The most
perfectly rounded grains are apt to exhibit the least luster . The zircon
grains average from to m i n . in d iameter. Some of the larger
elongated grains measure as much as mm . in the d irection of elongation .
Some grains show cleavag e and manv indeterm inable inclus ions .
A fairly noticeab le feature in manv of the zircon grains i s an apparentirregular
,thin
,cloudy and l ight — colored peripheral zone or border
,which
appears i sotrop i c or but feebly double retracting . Thi s border probablyrepresents the pitted surface made by pounding against other fragm entsand possibly to some alteration from hv dration .
aTh i s i s i n a ccordance with the invest igat ion of Ma ck i e on the rounding of sandg rain s , w ho obse rved th at. gr ain s of z i rcon were rounded more r eadi ly than those of
qua r tz , due pos sibly to th e gr eat e r den sity7 of the zir con . See Mackie , Wm .,T ran s .
Edinburgh Geol . Soc 1 89 7 v ol . v i i,pp . 2 98 - 3 1 1 .
VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. BULLET IN VIII PLATE II.
Fig . 1 . of a th i n s ect ion o f Z i rconife rous sand ston e obt a i ned3 m i le s w est o f A sh land
,V i rg i n ia . The gra in s of high r el i ef showing rounding
f rom wea r a re zi rcon ; the smal l e r . angula r , whit e g ra in s a re qua rt z ; and thebla ck groundma ss i s most l v i lmenite ; the whol e i s cemen ted with limon it e .
Mag nifi ed 9 7 d iamet e r s .
Fi g . 2 . of a. th in se ction of zi rcon —bea r ing sandston e obt a i n ed3 m i l es we st of Ashland , Vi rgin i a . Th e wh i te , angular gra i n s a r e mostlyqua rtz w i th a few of feld spar ; the scat te red round i sh gra i n s of high r e l i efa re z i rcon
,and the bla ck g roundma ss i s most ly limon it e, wh i ch forms th e
cement,wit h some grain s of i lmen ite . Mag nifi ed 9 7 diameter s .
ILMENITE, QUARTZ, CEM ENT. 4 7
Ilmeni te.
I lmenite i s most abundant in the z ircon - rich thin sections . It exceeds
zircon in amount and i s least in quantity in the quartz— rich sections, and
almost absent from some . It i s remarkably fresh , in grains of about the
same size as the z ircon grains,probably most of them a fraction larger
,
and of irregular though somewhat rounded outline .
Quartz.
Quartz is present in every thin section but varies greatly in amount
from occasional grains in the zircon - i lmenite - rich rock to the dom inant
and vastly the most abundant mineral in the quartz - ri ch rock . It is l ike
wise subj ect to much variation in size and shape of grain . The grains
generally range between and 1 mm . in diameter,though smalle r and
larger ones were noted,and in contrast to zircon and i lmenite are mostly
angular in outline . Well - rounded grains are not numerous .
The quartz grains are of granitic character and some contain abundant
liquid and sol id inclusions . Many of them show pronounced strain shadows
as the result of dynamic forces to which the original rock from which theywere derived was subj ected . The quartz gra ins in the same thin section
will usually average larger in size and more angular in outl ine than the
z ircon . The general character of the quartz grains i s shown in P late II,
figure 2 .
Cement .
In hand specimens the cement i s a decided reddish - brown color . In
thin sections it is opaque and generally brown in reflected light, and
occasionally transparent and deep red in transmitted l ight . It i s sharplydiff erentiated from the m ineral gra ins, which are remarkably fresh . No
gradation from the iron - bearing mineral grains into the cement was
observed , such as would be expected if the cement were derived by alteration
of those iron - bearing minerals present in th e rock .
GENESIS.
The z ircon and i lmenite concentration evidently represents an oldbeach segregation along but within the western margin of the M iocene
sediments of the Coastal P lain, of probably Calvert age, and i s s imilar to
the bl ack- sand beaches of New Jersey, California , O regon, New Zealand,
New South Wales,and numerous other coasts
,and to the gold - bearing
garnet ( so- called “ruby sands of the beaches at Nome,A l aska ( see fi g .
The zircon and other heavy minerals resistant to atmospheric agencies
were derived by weathering processes from the crystall ine rocks , chiefly
4 8 Z IRCONIFEROUS SANDSTONE NEAR ASHLAND,VIRGINIA .
granites and gneisses,of the P iedmont P lateau
,which extend westward
from the Coastal P lain contact . These formed the country rock of the
shore, and the z ircon and associated mineral s derived from them by
weath ering were accumulated by waters near the mouth of a smal l streamor behind a sheltered point
,while the quartz sand was largely worn and
ca rried away by the currents of the sea .
Zi rcon is an almost constant minor accessory mineral in the cry stallinerocks , especially granites and gneisses , of this old shore and its extensionw estward
,and in places it occurs in large masses . Thin sections of granites
occurring immed iate l y west of A shland and at other places in the P i edmontP lateau of Virginia show the presence of z i rcon . chiefly as inclusions in the
quartz and feldspa r. Near Gouldin post- ofli ce, 1 0 to 1 5 miles soutl'
i i-vest ofthe A shland a rea
,pieces of zi rcon 3 inches i n d i ameter weathered out of
peg i nati te dikes have been noted on th e surface . Massive zircon withoutcrvstal outl ine . measuring -l by 6 inch es, has been observed in the pegmatites
of Amelia County, Virginia . Similar dikes occur in the gnei ss—granite
c omplex of the P iedmont P lateau,form ing the old shore - line which extends
en tirely ac ross Vi rgin ia from Maryland into North Carolina,roughly
(co incid ing w ith the meridian of 7 7 ° The z ircon in the sandstone was
n ot derived . however, from the pegmatites in which it occurs in com
parat i vely large masses . but from the granites and gnei sses wh i ch carry it
Q
Fare -Cam b ria n granI I
Ih ‘
l
and gnei s s e s‘
s
f
,
Fig . 3 . ea st -west s ection a cros s th e fal l - l in e n ea r A shland V i rgi n ia ,i l lu st rat ing th e o ccu rrence of zi rcon -bea r i ng sand ston e .
in innumerable verv small crvstals . It seems probable that similar z ircon
rich sandstones mav accur at numerous points along this old shore - l ine .
Many zircon - bear i ng deposits may be covered by later sediments and some
mav have been removed by erosion, but it i s probable‘
that others,which
may be richer or poorer, will be discovered along the contact of the granite
and gneiss of the P iedmont P lateau with the overlvmg sediments of the
Coastal P l ain .
It is probable that some magnetite was present with the ilmenite,and
glauconite i s abundant at places in the Calvert formation . The altera
tion of e ither of th ese mineral s might produce limonite,which forms the
cementing material . An occasional pyrite grain was observed in one or
ECONOMIC ASPECTS. 4 9
two thin sections,and some hand specimens of the rock exhibit cavitie s
which suggest the removal by decay of some previously existing mineral .
From microscopic study of thin sections of the rock, it seems more probable,however
,that the principal source of the cement was chemical precip i ta
tion from iron - bearing waters that percolated or filtered through the sand
deposit .
ECONOMIC ASPECTS.
The uses of zircon enumerated below are largely suggested rather than
actual and their practicability i s mostly dependent on the cheapness of
the z irconia and the quantity available . Bohma states that large quantitie s
of native z irconia ( zirconium oxide ) known as baddeleyite are found near
Sao P aulo, Braz il, and that much has been shipped to Germany. This
material,at the time he w rote
,was being furnished at the following prices :
Composi ti on and pri ces of baddeleyi te.
P rice per t onDesignati on P 6 2 0 3 (2000 p ound s )
P er cen tZ i rcon— S— Erz
Zi rcon— Z— Erz
Z ircon— NS— Erz
aRema i nder E 20 .
The mineral quoted is in the form of oxide and for most purposes would
be more desirable than z ircon,which would have to be reduced to the oxide
,
and should sufficient native oxide be found to supply demands, competition
would be difficult for z ircon . For ferrozirconium or zirconium carbide
the z ircon could possibly be used without reduction to the oxide .
Should the demand for z ircon and further testing of the A shland de
posit warrant exploitation,operations could be carried on with comparative
ease . The rock crushes e asily ; the z ircon and associated heavy minerals
could be separated from the quartz by shaking tables, and the ilmenite
could be picked out by a magnetic separator .
The demand for z ircon is now small but, with the probabl e increased
use of zirconia (ZrOz ) , it will likely soon become greater .
Bohmb sums up the known and probable uses for z irconium substanti
ally as follows :
aBohm, C . R . , Di e Techni sche V e rwendung der Zi rconerd e, Chem . Zeitung,
Jah r 35 . Novembe r 1 4 ,1 9 1 1 , pp . 1 2 6 1 - 1 2 6 2 .
bBohm, C . R . Op . c i t . ,
pp . 1 2 6 1 - 1 2 6 2 .
50 Z IRCONIFEROUS SANDSTONE NEAR ASHLAND, VIRGI NIA .
USES.
Zirconia (Zr0 2 ) has been used in place of l ime and magnesia as theincandescing material in the oxy
- hydrogen blowpipe, and a very small
quantity of z irconium nitrate is used in making mantles for gas lights .
Large quantities of z irconia were once used in the Nernst lamps, a form of
incandescent electric lamp in which a small stick of zirconia and yttria i s
used as a glower,but its consumption is not now so large , owing to the
competition of metall ic filament l amps . Zirconium carbide has been used
in making incandescent electric lamps,but this also has been superseded
by metall i c filament lamps . The property of incandescence possessed byzirconia has tempted arc - lamp manufacturers to use it in their electrodes,but thus f ar it has not been used successfully. Zirconi a i s an excellent
insulator for both electric ity and heat and when mixed with a conductor
can be used f or electri c heaters . In the Heraea s i ridium furnace the
irid ium mav be protected by a glaze made from a zirconium salt in placeof the thorium or yttrium salts now used . Zirconi a makes an excellent and
very refractory crucible, which i s manufactured in manv sizes by a German
firm . Its refractoriness makes z irconia a suitable,l ining for electri c
furnaces,and Bohm suggests that it might be used for saggers
,but for the
ceram ic trade i t must be free from iron and cheap . He also suggests its
use for the walls of furnaces,for the making of molds to withstand high
temperatures,and for heat insulation . Owing to its inertness zi rconia
is suitable for chemical w are,and many forms are manufactured from it .
The same property has led to its recommendation for certain medicinal
uses,and in Rontgen ray therapy i t i s used in p lace of bismuth nitrate
,
which has sometimes given bad e ff ects . Zi rconia i s a beautiful soft white
powder which is well adapted'
f or making paints and lacquers,as it i s
unaffected by gases, acids, or alkalie s , and has good covering power . It
makes a good opaque glass,but for this use the borate is better than the
oxide . It i s used for a pol ishing powder in place of tin oxide . Ferrozi r
conium is manufactured by one German firm for use in steel . Zirconium
carbide i s extremely hard and makes a valuable abrasive . Glass 7 mm .
- inch ) thick is cut with it as read i lv as w ith a diamond .
Clear z ircons of browni sh,orange , or reddish color are cut for gems and
are then known as hyacinths . There is no probability of stones sufficientlylarge for cutting being found at the A shland locality, but they may be
present in some of th e pegmatites of the crystalline area .
GEOLOGY OF THE SALT AND GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF
SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIAa
BY GEORGE W . STOSB .
LOCATION.
Large deposits of salt and gypsum are known to occur along a belt of
country 20 miles long running northeas tward from the Village of P lasterco,Va.
,and lying in Washington and Smyth counties . Much of this territory
i s in or near the valley of the North Fork of Holston R iver,and thi s
5 0 M i le s
Fig . 4 .
— Index map of southwest e rn V i rginia. Th e a rea desc r ib ed and mapp ed i n
th is r eport. i s ind icat ed b v th e shaded r ectangl e . Ra i l road conn ect ion s f o r th i sa rea on ly are show n .
portion i s made accessible to ra i lroad transportation by the Saltville branch
of the N orfolk Western Railway, which j oins the main line at Glade
Spring . The location and relations of this area are shown in figure 4 .
Two gypsum plant s and one salt or a lkal i w orks are now in ope rati on in
aRepub l i shed w ith rev i s ion f rom ( ontri but i on s to E conom i c Geology , 1 9 1 1 , U . S .
Geological Survey Bul l . - 530,Pa rt I .
5 2 SALT AND GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF SOUTH \-VESTERN VIRGI NIA .
thi s area . Numerous old gypsum workings and prospects indicate the
extent of the deposits,some of which are at present not commerc ial lv
workable because of lack of transportation facilities . The active mines,old w orkings
,and prospects are shown on the geologic map in figure 5 .
TOPOGRAPHY .
Th e area. represented on the accompanying map (fig . 5 ) comprises a
mountain ridge feet high separating parallel valleys and ris ing
above an adj acent deeply dissected plateau . The ridge,named P ine
Mountain at the southwest and Brushy Mountain at the northeast trends
in a general N . 70°
E . direction and its elevati on ranges from to
feet . It is cut nearly at right angles by several deep water gaps
through wh ich pass the w aters from Cl inch Mountain that dra in into theNorth Fork of Holston River. This stream flows southwestw ard
,in
general hugging the foot of P ine Mountain,and its valley descends from
an alt itude of feet at the northeast to feet in the soutl‘
iweStern
part of the area . The plateau to the southeast ranges from to
feet in altitude and i ts surface is dissected into narrow trans verse ridges
and rounded hill s .
GEOLOGY .
St ratigraphy .
The rocks in which the deposits occur are of Mississippian Lower
Carboniferous age . A generalized section of the Carboniferous rocksderived from several detailed sections in the vicinity of the mines is asfollows :
Generali zed secti on of Carbon i ferous rocks i n th e i‘ i ci ni ty of Saltvi l le, Va .
Newman l imeston e Fe et .
Ha rd a rgi l l aceous limeston e or ca lcareous sha le,w i th a
few beds of c ry sta l lin e limeston e . 400+R ed ca lca reous sand ston e and coa rs e c r i noida l l imeston e
,
with some beds of a rgi l laceousLigh t - blue to gr ay a rgil l aceous, Sha ly l im estone '
and cal
ea rcon s shal e,with a few thicke r fossil ife rous l ime
ston esLargely th i ck even -
gr ain ed blue fos si life rous l imeston e ,with some beds of c ry sta l l in e fossi life rous limeston e .
-t
5 4 SALT AND GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA .
Th e basal black shale and reddish - sandy beds are not uncommonly exposed
in the lower spurs of P ine Mountain,but the earthy limestones and shales
of the formation are seen in few places . A few fossils have been foundin some of the thin calcareous beds and certain dark shales near the middle
are in places highly fossil iferous . At the base are coal seam lets and under
clay s that carry plant remains . The invertebrates have been assigned byGeorge H. Girty to the upper M i ssissippian, and he correlates the formation
with the Moorefi eld shale of A rkansas . It also probably represents the
low er part of the Mauch Chunk of P ennsylvania . In places plastic red
and oli ve to bluish cl ays with gypsum deposits occur in the midst of the
Macerady formation . Thei r occurrence and relations are discussed under
the heading “Origin of the Deposits,
$ on pages 64 - 73 . This formation
has been called the P ulaski shale in geo logi c reports describing ad j acent
areas to the northeast . and this name would be used here were it not that
P ulaski has a prior establi shed usage for an Ordovici an formation in
New York . The new name Macerady i s here given to the formation, from
the v illage of that name on the North Fork of Holston R iver,where the
best secti on of the formation was measured .
The Newman limestone i s calcareous throughout but contains Shalyportions which weath er readily to clay and soil . The l imestone generallymakes hill s
,which in most places assume rounded forms due to dissect ion
by Stream s flowing across the trend of the beds into the larger longitudinal
streams . The formation is highly fossil iferous and the fauna. indicates
its general equival ence with the Greenbrier l imestone of West Virgini a and
P ennsvl van i a and the Batesv ille sandstone of A rkansas .
P re- Carboniferous rocks are present in two tracts within the area
presented on the map (fig . Beneath the basal C arboniferous sandstone
lie Devonian sediments . mostly shales and sandstones, about feet
thick . underla in in turn by’
Si lurian sediments,also mostly shales and
sandstones . These are not differentiated on the map,as they do not
concern the problems here discussed . These rocks occupy the northwestern portion of the mapped area and form the slopes of Cl inchMountain
,which is capped by the basal Silurian formation, the Clinch
sandstone of Medina age .
In the southeastern part of the area mapped are Cambrian Strata,mostlv hard gray to blue magnesi an l imestone and dolomite, which are
also undifferentiated on the map . The oldest of these Cambrian rocks are
adj acent to the Carboniferous,with successively younger beds to the
southeast .
STRUCTURE . 55
Structure.
The Cambrian rocks on the southeast. are part of a great overthrust
mass which rode on a flat fault plane over the Carboniferous strata on
th e northwest,as Shown in the structure sections in figures 6 and 7 . The
Cam brian strata dip rather uniformly 30°
- 40°
SE .
,success ively older
Cambrian - strata appearing at the northwest . Massive gray dolomite and
magnesian limestone of C ambrian age are adj acent to the fault throughout
most of its course in the mapped area and probably form the competent
strata that carried the thrust . There is no indication of an anticlinal
axi s in these lower l imestones southwest of Saltville, where this formation
has a narrow outcrop,but northeast of Saltville there i s close folding in
the broad belt of this formation adjacent to the fault w ith all dips over
turned to the southeast . A stil l lower Cambr i an formation of red
argillaceous shale and sandstone i s exposed over part of this area . This
folded portion of the Cambrian mav represent the axis of an overturned
anticl ine,the breaking and overthrusting of which initiated the fault ing .
This i s no local or minor fault,however
,for it has been traced throughout
the southern Appalachians into the Rome fault . which has been demon
strated to have a horizontal displacement of at least 5 miles in the v i c in i tv
of Rome, Ga. A thrust fault of such magnitude and length must have a
deep — seated origin and its plane may be a shear plane cutt ing d i agonal lv
across the strata,without folding except that produced by frict ion or drag .
The fault plane i s exposed at several places in the area , dipp ing south
east,and its inclination varies from 20
° to F igure 8 i s a sketch of
the faulted rocks in the cl iff southwest of Macerady. Next to the fault plane
the dolomite of the overthrust. mass is hardened and the bedding obliterated
and the vertical bed s farther from the plane of movement are j ointed
parallel to the plane . The softer Shaly limestones beneath are mashed
and altered bv circulating w aters to cl ay adj acent to the fault .
Another section of the fault laid bare by old gypsum workings 2 miles
east of Broad Ford show s the Cambrian dolomite resting on red and green
ola v containing gypsum ,with 1 foot of black banded carbonized calcareous
clay gouge directly beneath the fault plane, which d i ps 20°
- 40°
SE . In
places‘
a dolomite breccia of large and small masses marks the fault contact .
In the railroad cut at P la sterco the cemented breccia i s freshly exposed
and its components are seen to be largelv dolomite, with minor fragments
of chert,limestone
,and shale .
Opposite Macerady Gap a mass of Cl inch sandstone of Si lurian age
and associated rocks of sufficient Size to make a hill 2 50 feet high and
nearlv 1 mile long was caught up along the fault and i s shown on the
m -ap ( fig 5 ) by the fault dividing west of North Holston .
Fig. 6 .
— St ructu re sect ion s ac ros s Hol ston V al ley along l in es ind icated by lett er s on
th e ma rgin s of the geologic map ( fig. On,Newman l imeston e ; Cmc,
M acerady format ion ; Cp , Price sand ston e ; SD , undi ffe ren t iated Devon ian andSi lu rian rock s ; 6 und iffe ren tiat ed Cambrian rock s
,most ly dolomit e . Scal e,
doubl e th e scal e of figure 5 .
58 SALT AND GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF SOUTHVVESTERN VIRGINIA .
K — K'
J — J'
H — H'
1 1 g 7 .
— St ructur e section s ac ross Ho l s ton V a ll ey along lin es ind i cat ed by l et te rs on
the margin s of the geologi c map ( fi g . On, Newman limeston e ; Cm c ,
M acerady format ion ; Cp , P rice sand ston e ; SD,undiff e ren tiat ed Devon ian and
Si lu r i an rock s : P. und i ff e ren t iated Cambrian rocks,most ly dolom i t e . Sca le ,
doubl e the sca l e of figu re 5 .
STRUCTURE SECTIONS. 59
The outcrop of the fault plane Is very crooked in the northeastern part
of the area, owing to the facts that the plane is very flat in most places
and is probably somewhat folded or wavy along the strike . Where the
fault l ies between the Cambrian
dolomite and the Shale of the
Macerady formation,it affords
favorable channels for circulating
underground water,from which
springs issue at many places,
and large solution channel s are
formed that may have aided in
breaking down and removing the
overlying dolomite at their out
lets along the fault and may have
assisted the formation of deep F ig. 8 .— Sect i on of the faul ted rocks i n the
cl iff southwest of M acerady , V a . a ,reentrants In the trace Of the Massiv e Cambr ian dolomit e , beddingplane , These reéntrants are ve rtical but indis tinc t, join t ing pa ra l le l
.
to
fault ; b , zone of a lt e r ed dolom i te,bedd i ng
un famably underlal fl by Soft en t i r e ly obl i te rat ed ; 0, zon e of - a lter ed andd ays of the Macerady formation )
“ c rushed a rg i l laceous material , bandedp ar al l e l to the fault ; d , e arthy limeston e
Whmh form 1 OW flats generally and ca l ca reous sha l e ( Carbon ife rous ) .
without rock exposures . The
reentrant at Saltville is one of the largest,and is entirely barren of rock
exposures . Another reentrant i s at Broad Ford,where there are only a
few outcrops of the lower harder beds in the Macerady. Northwest of
Chatham Hi ll i s a st ill larger reentrant,due to the flattening of the
general structure and a corresponding wider exposure of the softer rocksafter being stripped of the overthrust Cambrian dolomite . These reentrant
areas are the chief places where salt and gypsum deposits have been found
and are of especial interest in the study of the distribution and origin of
these products .
The rocks northwest of the fault,except those immediately adj acent
to it,l ie in a monocline
,dipping 2 5 °
- 40°
SE .,which culminates in Clinch
Mountain,northwest of the area mapped . The soft Carboniferous rocks
near the fault are bent into an overturned syncline . The sections in
figures 6 and 7 illustrate the progressive rise in this syncl ine from
southwest to northeast . As the Newman limestone ri ses northward in
the shallowing syncline, erosion has removed its upper portion and it s
remnant gradually diminishes in thickn ess from feet in the most
southern section until northe ast of Saltville it i s entirely absent . The
60 SALT AND GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA .
soft underlying Macerady formation does not extend all the way along
the southeast side of the syncline , but is faulted out in the southwestern
part of the area . Where present on the southeast Side it i s vertical or
overturned .
No outcrops are vis ible in the broad flat at Saltvi lle , but the absence
of hard outcropping strata and the record of only soft rocks of Macerady
type in the deep wells at this p lace indicate that the syncl ine is followed
on the east by an anticl ine whose east l imb carries the P rice sandstone
below the points reached by the drill but apparently not deep enough to
bring the Newman limestone down to the surface , so on the sections the
rocks are shown to be undulating in the portions under cover of the
overthrust fault .
Northeast of Saltville the beds of the Macerady formation are so poorlyexposed that their attitude is not generally Shown . At the cliff west of
Macerady the last clear exposure of the syncline is preserved in the ledges
of shale and sandstone . Just east of North Holston a small anticl inal
roll of thin limestone in the Macerady i s an indi cati on of the undulations
probably exi sting throughout thi s band of soft rocks . East of Broad Ford
a. similar gentle fold i s exposed in the small stream gully crossing the
lowland .
Farther northeast the structure flattens more and more,and in the
reentrant northwest of Chatham Hil l a thin l imestone in the Macerady
formation indicates a very gentle syncline, followed on the southeast bya gentle anticl ine and another syncline , which is sharply turned up at
the fault . The gentle syncline is also Shown in the southward swing of
the P rice sandstone outcrops forming Brushy Mountain at the northeast
end of the area mapped .
From the overturned syncl ine of Newman limestone at the southwest
it might at first be concluded that this was a syncl ine associated with an
overturned anticl ine on the southeast,which broke and was thrust over
upon the syncl ine . However,it is concluded from a wider study of the
structure that the fault did not originate in a broken fold but is of deeper
seated origin , being manifest by a shear plane cutting diagonally across
the strata and folding and crumpling those at the overridden contact bv
reason of friction and drag.
62 SALT AND GYPSUM DEPOSITS or SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA .
of the North Fork of Holston R iver,about a mile distant
,where it is
converted into baking soda and the other sodium products ;
For the conversion of salt to these compounds l arge quantities of pure
calcium carbonate are used, and an aerial bucket tram carries crushed
limestone from the company’ s quarry 3 miles southeast across the limestone
hills . As the l imestone must be free from magnesium and other impurities,satisfactory rock is d iffi cult to obtain in quantity. P art of the present
supply comes from quarries at Marion,Va.
,about 2 5 miles distant by
rail on the main l ine of the Norfolk Western Railway. About 600 tons
i s used dailyGypsum.
Gypsum has been used for fertilizer for many years, and as early as
1 835 the great possib ilities of this deposit as a source of supply for the
agr i cultural lands of Virginia were recognized . Over a decade ago gypsum
was converted to plaster of P ari s by roasting on only a small scale, as the
product did not then have wide usage,but the adoption of this kind of
pl aster for walls in buildings,especially as a finishing coating
,because
of its superior hardness and whiteness,has made i ts production a large
and profitable industry. When mixed with cement it acts as a retarder,
greatly increasing the value of that product, and for gyp sum to be used
in this way there i s now a large demand . AS land plaster or fertil izer
the gypsum is simply ground and not roasted . It has proved verybenefi ci al
'
to certain soils and for certain crops, being highly recommended
for peanut cultivation .
P resent dec eloznn ent— Two gypsum companies are operating in the
area at the present time . The United States Gypsum Co.,with off ices in
Chicago,leased the Robertson tract
,adj oining the Mathieson A lkal i Co .
’s
property on the southwest, from the Buena Vista P laster Co . and has been
operating for the last few years . This plant is located in a narrow exten
sion of the broad flat at Saltville, separated from it by a low divide .
Two shafts furnish access to the workings,which are reported to be about
1 00 feet below the surface,each set of workings seeming to be in a distinct
body of gyp sum . A third abandoned shaft leads to another mass of the
deposit,and as other new bodies are located by drill ing over the bottom
land additional shafts will be sunk . Large deposits of gypsum on the
eastern edge of the tract directly adj o ining the Mathieson property were
previously worked out by the owners .As just mentioned
,the gypsum in this mine seems to be in detached
masses of great size and not in continuous beds,as might be expected .
SALT AND GYPSUM I NDUSTRIES. 63
This will be referred to again - later under the heading O rigin of the
Deposits . The gyp sum is mostly a whi te to gray granocrystal l ine rockinclosed in clay, the gray variety streaked with fine dark argillaceousmaterial . Numerous small anhydrite crystal s are scattered through some
of the gyp sum from the old southernmost Shaft,and these appe ar more
prominently on weathered specimens . The gypsum is brought to the
surface by elevators and conveyed by tram cars to the company’ s mill
,
where it i s roasted and pulverized . The molding of pl aster bricks,tiles
,
and hollow blocks in the company’s Shep i s a new branch of the industry
in this region .
The Southern Gypsum Co .
’s plant and ofli ce are at North Holston,reached by the company
’s branch railroad from Saltville . The mine is
on the old P ierson p laster- bank farm,in one of the embayments of lowland
adjoin ing'
the North Fork of Holston R iver which is underlain by the softshales of the Macerady formation . The shaft in the lowland is conn ected
by an aerial bucket tram with the main roasting and grinding plant at
the railroad on the hills ide . A large part of the crude product is ground
for ferti lizer at the lower mill near the shaft,much of the gyps iferous
clay being of the right mixture to be used in this way for land plaster,effecting agreat saving in the expense of mining . For wall and finishing
plaster and cement retarder only the purer lump gypsum is employed .
The bulk of the gypsum here i s much l ike that at the United StatesCo .
’s plant,granular and crystall ine . Some large sheets of pure selenite
are encountered,and small veinlets of satin spar are common in the clay.
Large masses of black argilla ceous materi al called “black rock$ occur inthe midst of the gypsum,
and apparent bedding of the gypsum is indicated
by banding of black grains of the same materi al . The gyp sum is reported
to occur in beds of considerable thickness and extent and not in i solated
masses,as at the United States Co .
’s mine . The deposits have been tested
by bore holes over all the river bottom of the embayment . The beds varygreatly in thickn ess, however, being somewhat lenticular in shape . The
gypsum formerly outcropped at the river, where it was mined in open cuts
in the early days for fertilizer . It is now mined from the shaft in the
bottom land in all d i recti ons'
at a maximum depth of about 1 00 feet .
Deposi ts not at present uti li zed— O ld partly filled p its where gyp sum,
or “plaster,
$ as it is commonly called, was mined from the surface in
earlier days are visible all along this belt from a point a mile west of
P lasterco to the vicinity of Chatham Hi ll .'
Large quantitie s of good
gypsum still remain in these old workings . Near P lasterco large p its,
6 4 SALT AND GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA .
abandoned shafts,and caved - in ground abound, marking the places where
the Buena V ist a Co . and the Robertsons formerly operated extensively and
removed much of the available gypsum that was close to the surface .
Smaller openings were made in the embayment about 1 mile to the south
west,but the deposits there have been only slightly explored . They are
all owned by the old Buena Vi sta Co . and are leased to the United States
Gypsum Co . In the Saltville Valley thick deposits of gypsum are reported
in all the wells drilled for salt,and some beds at the surface w ere formerly
mined for the manufacture of a kind of cement . They are owned by the
Mathieson A lkal i Co . and are not now being worked .
At North Holston and in the embayment j ust east of it several old
gypsum p its formerly worked on the P ierson and Miller farms are nearlyobliterated . Several old pits are to be seen also near Broad Ford, some
to the west but most of them in the broad embayment to the east . One
is sti ll open in the river bank on the Taylor farm ,about a mile east of
Broad Ford,where the gypsiferous shales have been dug out from beneath
the overthrust Cambrian dolomite . Another p it on the Taylor farm is
among the low hills to the northeast,beyond the point where the North
Fork of Holston R iver leaves the belt of the Maccrady formation . A shaft
on the adj acent Barnes place opened a large deposit by drifts but i s now
abandoned and filled with water .Northeast of the Taylor farm conditions continue to appear favorable
for the occurrence of gypsum ,except that the exposed area of the Macerady
formation is narrow,but gypsum is not known to have been reported in
the next 3 miles . Beyond , however, on the Buchanan property, important
deposits occur and were mined on a large scale and crushed in the com
pany’s mill on the property. The smaller holes have fallen in and been
filled up,but some of the larger ones are full of water and are reported
to be very deep . P its are scattered over the broad embayment in the
Maccrady.
formation not only in the Locust Cove Creek bottom but also on
the low divide and small val ley to the west . Several pits were also located
north of Chatham Hill,and the crude gypsum was crushed in a water
power mill on the river at Chatham Hi ll .
ORIGIN OF THE DEPOSITS.
Former Vi ew s .
In his early description of these deposits W . B . Rogers correctlyidentifies the beds inclosing them as “Lower Carboniferous$ and states
further that they are at the fault contact between these beds and olde r
ORIGI N OF THE DEPOSITS. 6 5
l imestones . As to their origin he adopts the explanation that oxidiz ing
iron pyrites in the shales produced sulphuric acid, which, acting on lime
stone,converted i t into calcium Sulphate . He says :
a
In sp ecul at ing upon th e origin of th e gyp sum of th i s regi on , th e r ead i estexp l an at ion that suggest s it sel f i s that wh i ch ascribes i ts p roduct i on to Sim i l a rcauses w i th those which gave b i rth to the gyp sum of the Te rtiary st r ata of lowerVi rgi n ia . It h as been in cidenta l ly remarked above that pyritous s late occur s i nf ragmen t s mi ngl ed with the gyp sum and c l ay of the s alt wel l s and othe r p l ace s .
Suppos i ng th e va l l ey to have once been fi l l ed with th e debri s of th i s S l ate and of
th e n ei ghbori ng limeston es , w e would have all th e mat e ria l s b rought togethe r wh i chare n ece ssa ry for th e p roduct ion of the gyp sum ,
whi l e th e S l a t e a fter decompos i t ionwould become th e c l ay ey mat rix i n which th e c ry stal s would col l ect . This View i s
render ed more p robabl e f rom the occur ren ce , even in th e m i d st of the solid massesof p l a st e r , of fragmen t s of the s i l i ceous rock wh i ch sk i rt s th e val l ey on the south .
I t i s at l east ce rtain t hat the gyp sum ha s not been depos i t ed here,as in some
othe r part s of th e wor ld,from the wat ers of the rmal Sp rings hol ding i t in solut i on ,
since i n that case i t would be found dispos ed in l ay e r s as t r aver t i n e an d not i n th ei r r egula r and scatte red cond i tion wh ich h as been desc ribed .
J . J . Stevenson,b in 1 885
,after describing the mining development
,
occurrence, and distribution of the gypsum and salt, arrives at somewhat
Simila r conclusions,as follows
1 . The gyp sum d eposit s are not bed s of Ca rbon iferous or Cambro-Si lu rianl imeston es ch anged i nto gy p sum .
2 . These depos i t s occupy deep ba s i n s , wh i ch have been e roded in Lower Ca rboni ferou s Sha le or limeston e or i n th e hard
,sl i ght ly cal ca reous sandston es of th e
Knox group . In at least two loca lities b ranche s prot rude f rom the ma in body intod rain s or r av i n es , so that th e hor i zon tal p l an r esembl e s somewhat the sp l a sh madeby th rowing soft mud aga i n st a wal l .
3 . The cha rac te r of th e deposit i s whol ly i nd ep enden t of the rock s on wh i chi t r est s .
4 . The gyp sum occur s i n i r regula r masse s , in cased i n red marly c l ay ,wh i ch
p en et rat es th e gyp sum to a var iabl e d i stan ce ; the re i s l e ss of th i s c l ay i n the
east e rn ba s i n s than at Sal tv i l l e .5 . A t a va riab le depth sa lt occurs with the gyp sum ,
and th i s sal t con t a i n s .
very lit t l e of i od i des or b rom i des .6 . B lue c lay over l i e s th e gyp sum at a ll local i t i es yet exam i n ed .
7 . No fossi l s of any sort have been found thus fa r i n th e gyp sum ,i ts i ncas i ng
red c l ay, or in the overly ing blue cl ay ; but just west from Sal tvi l l e a cong lomeratec emen t ed by gyp sum occu rs , in wh ich r ema in s of Mastodon have been found ; th i sover lies the blu e c l ay and inc loses many f ragmen t s of both blue and red c lay .
8 . These gyp s i fe rous deposit s occur i n the v i c in ity of th e Sa l tvi l l e faul t .
But th e amoun t of the e ros i on and the gen e r a l r e lat i on of the gyp sum to theb lue c l ay , w i th th e r el at ion of th e l at t e r to th e Quate rna ry conglomerat e , suggestthat the gyp sum i s not olde r than the Te r t i ary ; un t i l some fossi l s have beend iscovered , howeve r , the question of age must b e r ega rded as undeterm i n ed .
Cap el lin i asc ribes th e format ion of thi s gyp sum $at Ca stel lin a Mar i t tima ] tothe act i on of sulphur Sp rings on calcium carbonate he ld in solution ; so that th e
aRogers , W . B . , A rep r int of annual report s on the geology of theV i rgi n ia s , 1 884 , pp . 1 4 1 - 1 42 .
bP roc . Am . Phi los . Soc .,vol . xxn
, 1 885 , pp . 1 57 - 1 60.
6 6 SALT AND GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA .
ca rbonat e was changed i nto sulphate and deposit ed as such i n th e lit tora l lake s of
the m iddl e Miocen e . The origi n of the Hol ston gyp sum i s to b e accoun t edfor i n some s imi l a r w ay . Seve ra l d eep ba sin s we re occupied by l akes ; that of th eSa l tvi l l e ba sin r eceived not a l i tt le ca lca reous mat t e r f rom the Lower Ca rbon ife rousbed s forming i ts northe r ly shore , and some doubtl es s was rece i ved f rom the washof the Knox bed s on the southe rly shore ; in the bas i n s fa rthe r ea st the calca r eousmatte r de r i ved f rom the wash should be fa r inferior to argil l aceous matt e r . Butthe composit ion of th e gyp sum shows l es s of the red c l ay at Buchan an
’s than atSal tvi ll e . The p r i ncipal source of the ca lca r eous matt e r must b e looked for not in
the wash from the shor es but i n sp r i ngs . That cal ca reous sp rings can p roduced eposit s a s exten sive as thos e of thi s r egi on i s sufficient ly shown by the ext en sivedeposit s a round many of the sp rings at the fa r W e st . The calc i um ca rbonate i n
solut ion would be conver ted in to calcium sulpha te by the sulphurous sp rings a lsoi ssuing f rom the faul t
,and th e gypsum would be d epos i ted a s such .
Th e r ed ma rly c l ay s were d er ived f rom the wash and a re more abundan t atSal tvi l l e, where the soft r ed sh al e s at th e top of th e Lower Ca rboni fe rous a re ful lyexposed on the northe rly s i de of the b asin .
E . C . Eckel,
a in 1 902,concluded that the deposits were interbedded as
original sediments in the “Lower Carboniferous$ :
Though the sal t and gyp sum d epos i ts h ave been long known and worked andhave been exam in ed by many geolog i st s , a w i de range of opinion exist s a s to the i rage and origin , a s w i l l b e se en on compa ring the l it e rature of the subject . I t i ssuffi cien t i n this p l ace to note that
,as to age, the deposit s have been var i ous ly
r efer red to th e Silu rian,Ca rbon ife rous , T riass i c , Tertia ry ,
and P l eistocene , wh i l ed iff e ren t authoritie s have con sid e red them as or iginat ing from deposition f rom sea
wate r , f rom deposit ion from lake s , by the decomposit ion of py rite and result inga ction on f ragmen t s of l imeston e , or by the a ct i on of sulphu r sp r i ngs on unweathe redl imeston e .
The work of the l a st fi eld sea son would seem to p rove tha t both the sa lt andgyp sum deposit s originat ed from deposition , th rough the evapora tion of sea wat e ri n a pa rtly or en ti r e ly inc losed ba sin , and that th ey a re of Lower Ca rbon ife rous age,being immediat ely ove r la in by the mass i ve bed s o f th e Greenbr ier l imestone andunderl ain by Lower Ca rbon ife rous sandston es .
Observ ed R el at ions .
The most striking fact in connection with the gypsum and salt deposits
of this district i s that they have been found in quantity only in the shales
of the Macerady formation along the Saltville fault . These shales also
outcrop along the North Fork of the Holston southwest of Saltville,on
the west side of the syncline , but so far as known neither gypsum nor
s alt has been observed in this area of the formation . Stevenson reported
gypsum on both sides of the fault on the M iller and Buchanan tracts
northeast of Saltville,but these observations seem to be in error in that
the fault was not accurately mapped, which is not strange , for the altered
Carboniferous limestone very closely resembles the Cambrian dolomite ,and some of the red shales of the Cambrian closely resemble those of the
Carboniferous .
aBu l l . U . S. Geol . Survev No . 2 1 3 , 1 903 , p . 406 .
ORIGI N OF THE DEPOSITS. 6 7
An eff ort has been made to obtain a carefully measured section of the
Macerady formation to determine the posit ion of the gypsum and salt
bearing beds,but with scant sri ccess . In the broad flats where the gypsum
occurs there are generally no outcrops except red clay and gypsum,and
consequently there is l ittle hope of solving the relation southwest of
Saltvi lle . Not even the base of the Macerady, which i s the most definite
key horizon, i s exposed there .
Northeast of Saltville there are a few good exposures, but generallywhere the gypsum occurs the inclosing rocks are soft cl ays and are hidden .
The river cliff southwest of Macerady i s the best exposed section of these
beds in the area,and the following detail s were measured there :
P arti al secti on of Macerady formati on west of Macerady,Va.
Da rk c rumbly fos si life rous sha l e and ea r thy gr ay limeston esA lt ernate thick e arthy l imeston e cal ca reous Shal e, and th in c rystal l i ne
fos si l ife rous l imeston esMa ssive - bedded bluish tough cal ca r eous and a rgi l l aceous sandston e with
fos s i life rous cal ca reous lay e rs .
Gr ay sand ston e , weather ing b rown .
Shaly earthy contor t ed sandy limeston eHa rd th i ck - bedded bluish calca reous sandston eSofte r Shaly earthy sandstoneTh ick bed of ea rthy s andstoneHa rd impur e l imeston e, w i th chert nodulesTh i ck soft e arthy s and ston e . .
Shaly ea r thyTh i ck - bedded to Shaly earthy sandston eCovered
, probab lv some red shal e , Shaly ea rthy l imeston e, and soft ea rthysand ston e
R ed Shaly s andston e and Shale , mot t l ed yel lowRed sha l e i n part , r est cove redRed Shaly sandston e, mott l ed ye l low .
Shaly gr ay sand ston e , with phosphatic fi sh p late sSandy sha le , in pa rt cove redSoft shal e , light bufl
'
to da rk d r ab ; light -
gray fi re c l ay w i th root let sle aves , and twigs at ba se
B l ack coaly fi ssi l e shale .
Sl abby blue even -
gra in ed i r r egula r -bedded s andston e , weather ing buff ( topof P rice sandston e ) .
68 SALT AND GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA .
The next best partial section is j ust east of Watson Gap, 2 miles
southwest of Broad Ford,which Is as follows :
P arti al secti on of Macerady formati on eas t of Watson Gap, Va.
Th i n -bedded ea rthy l imeston e , with some ha rd den se bedsPurp l e fi ssi l e shal e
,with some ea rthy l imeston e s
Fi ssil e r edMicaceous red sandston e , mott l ed y el lowFi ssil e and c rumbly r ed Shal e, mot tl ed y ellowHa rd y el low and red agglomera tic sha leC rum bly r ed sandston e and some y el low shaleHa rder red sandston e, i n pa rtRed a rgil lit e and sha le , with d rab sandy concret i onarv masse sGr een i sh fi re c l ay ,
with root l et s , r ed at su rfa ceC rumbly and fi s si le r ed and y el low shal e .
Soft greeni sh m icaceous sandston e , purp l ish a t topSoft y el low shal eB l ack fi s sil e coa ly shal eThin s and ston e and fi r e c l ay, with root l et sGreen ish fi s si le shal eThin i r r egula r -bedded sandston eSandy light -buff fi re cl ay, with root l e t sCovered , p robably th in sandston e an d shaleMassive -bedded g reen ish -
gray ca l ca reous sand ston e ( top o f P ricesandston e ) .
Just east of Broad Ford is another fair exposure that shows the
relations of the gyp siferous shales to the rest of the formation :
P arti al secti on of Macornay formati on eas t of Broad Ford , Va.
Thickn es s
Feet .
Soft r ed and gr een shal e andcl ay ,
with some soft thi ckb rown sandston e and ea r thyl imeston e W eathe r or change l at e ra l ly i nto
Red a gr een shal e .
gyp sum -bearing red p l a stic c lay s withRed ri pp l ed s and ston e s econda ry l imeston e l ay er sGray shal e w i th red sandston eb ed
Red shale.
and sandstoneGray sh al eThin b lack fi s sil e coa ly shal e .
Ea rthy l imeston e and ca lca reous sha l eCove red
,p robably i n pa rt soft earthy limeston e
Red sandston e and sandy shal e (with un expos ed gray sandston e , sha le ,and carbon aceous seams to base of format ion ) , estimated
70 SALT AND GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA .
The distribution of gypsum throughout several hundred feet of strata
in the wells at Saltville and P lasterco indicate s that, even i f the beds have
a relatively steep dip, the gypsum has a wide vertical range in the south
western part of the area and may replace higher beds in the formation
than occur at the surface in the northeast .
Conclusions.
It can not be determined posit ively from the well records whether the
deposits are in thick cont inuous beds or,as has been found to be the
condition in the mines at P lasterco,In detached segregated masses . The
dist inct interbedding,however
,of the gypsum with limestone
,shale
,red
clay, and rock salt in the Saltville wells precludes the idea that the
deposits were formed in wash from the surrounding higher area s into a
trough or lake,as suggested bv Stevenson . The gypsum beds have nowhere
been mined deep or far enough to determine how they change laterallyinto other sedimenta ry rocks . This must be inf erred from such facts as
can be gathered in the mines,on the surface
,and in the well records .
The conclusion expressed by Eckel that the deposits are stri ctly sedi
mentary in origin, having been derived from the evaporation of confined
bodies of water under salt - pan conditions,i s believed by the writer to be
only partly correct . The fact that the beds of alm ost soli d gypsum50 to 1 00 feet in thi ckness vary greatly, occurring at intervals along the
belt of these rocks,with barren areas between
,and
,so far as kn own
,not
at all on the northwest side of the syncline away from the fault, does not
harmonize with this view . That salt - pan conditions could be so local and
st ill persist for so long a time as to form such thick beds of gypsum and
that these conditions could be repeated over and over again in the same
place while not occurring at all in intervening areas i s highly improbable .
The facts that the gypsum is segregated in workable deposits in theMacerady formation at intervals along a fault contact, with barren areasbetween, and that none occurs in the same formation, so far as known,where not adj acent to the fault
,are more reasonably explained by assuming,
first, that gypsum was originally deposited as disseminated grains and
innumerable thin leave s with argi llaceous and calcareous silt and earthysand of the Macerady formation in a partly inclosed arm of the sea, at
times subj ected to intense evaporation ; second, that the gypsum was later
concentrated in the same formation by ground waters, which, circulating
along the fault, dissolved part of the dissemin ated calcium sulphate and
redeposited it in adj acent gyp s iferous beds, the gypsum being segregated
ORIGIN OF THE DEPOSITS. 7 1
by chemical sele ction . The calcium carbonate in the calcareous Silt was
likewise di ssolved by the meteoric waters and the -
gypsum has taken itsplace, possibly by direct replacement, the waters, being carbonated, dis
solving the calcium carbonate and depositing the calcium sulphate .
A sample of unaltered earthy limestone from the horizon of the gypsum
bearing clays of the Macerady formation near Broad Ford was analyzed for
F . A . Wilder, president of the Southern Gypsum Co.,and was reported to
contain 4 per cent of CaSO4 . Another sample from the limestone quarryacross the river from the Mathieson A lkal i works
,analyzed in the chemical
laboratory of the U. S. Geological Survey, showed per cent of CaSO4present . This may represent the amount of d i sseminated g ypsum present
in the original calcareous Silt .
In addition to the facts mentioned above pointing to this conclusion,several other observations may be cited . The occurrence of large crystall ine
Sheets of selenite in the granocrystal l ine mass and especially of small ve inlets
of satin Spar in the otherwise barren inclosing clay, affords posit ive proof
that solution and redeposit ion may have taken place to some extent . The
massive gypsum has the appearance of bedding, due to the banding of grayimpurities
,but on close observation this i s found to be not sedimentary
banding parallel to the inclosing strata but concentric banding parallel to
inclosed bodies of “black rock,
$ fine particles of the argillaceous material
producing the dark banding . These argillaceous masses may have resulted
from less soluble clayey masses in an otherwise calcareous gypsi ferous bed
which was gradually encroached upon during the concentration of the
gypsum and particles of it were left as banded impurities in the gypsum ;Similar drab argill aceous concretionary masses were observed in the red
argill ite 94 feet above the base of the Macerady formation on the road east
of Watson Gap . O r,on the other hand
,the argillaceous impurities may
have been segregated in the rounded masses by chemical repulsion during
the concentration and purification of the gypsum . At least,both the
banding of the gypsum and the rounded masses of argillaceous “blackrock$ appear to have resulted from the secondary segregation of the gypsum .
The red plasti c clay that generally incloses the gypsum is probably the fine
argillaceous impurity of the earthy l imestone left as a residuum,expelled
by the crystall ine segregation of the gypsum, and stained“red by contained
iron highly oxidized when set free during the process . Thin layers of fine
grained limestone in the gyps iferous clays Were apparently redeposited from
solution as another secondary mineral .
This theory as to the method of the concentration of gypsum is not
new,for it has been proved beyond much doubt that the remarkable domes
7 2 SALT AND GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA .
of salt and gypsum in Louisiana and Texas were formed by the deposition
of these mineral s along spring l ines at the exposed intersection of fissures
or f aultsflL having been dissolved and transported from some deeper- lying
beds . Secondary l imestone , apparently s imilar to the crackled layers in
the clays of the Holston Valley area, also occur in the domes associatedwith the salt and gypsum . The fact that the Louisiana deposits were
derived from lower beds suggests the possib il ity that the salt and gyp sum
in the Holston Valley area were also derived from beds at a lower horizon,that the solutions rose along the fault
,and that these minerals were
deposited at or near the surface in their present posit ion . This explanation
however,is untenable
,inasmuch as none of the older formations which
outcrop to the west on the Slopes of Clinch Mountain— not even the
representative of the Sal ina,the great salt and gypsum bearing formation
of New York— contain deposits from which these minerals could have beenderived
,and furthermore
,as such strictly secondary deposits would be
found only at or near the surface, whereas the Holston Valley deposits
occur interbedded in the Maccradv formation to considerable depths .
If the theory of secondary concentration above suggested is the correct
explanation of the origin of the gypsum in the Holston Valley area, it
accounts for the absence of the mineral in quantity on the west s ide of
the syncl ine away from the fault, the occurrence of natural outcrops of
gypsum close to the fault, and the greater thi ckness of the depos its toward
the southeast as developed by borings in the Saltville , P l asterco, NorthHolston
,and other tracts tested . In accordance with this theory it may
be predicted that, the gypsum will be found to extend under the overthrust
Cambrian dolomite as far as the Macerady formation is at the fault contact,and when the deposits near the surface are worked out deeper mining may
be carried in this direction .
The beds of rock salt undoubtedly had the same origin as the gyp sum
and may be regarded as concentrations of somewhat saliferous beds, the
associated calcium carbonate of the earthy l imestone being dissolved out
and its place taken by salt , segregated by solution and redisposition
th rough chemical selection . Whether workable beds will be found assoc i ated with all the gypsum deposits can not at present be determined
,
but where salt has not been encountered in min ing the gypsum there is
still a prospect that it may be discovered at greater depth close to or under
the overthrust dolomite . This is especially true southwest of Saltvil le,
aHarri s , G. D. , Rock sa l t : Bull . Lou i siana Geol . Survey No. 7 , 1 907 ; Oi l andgas in Louis i ana : Bull . U . S. Geol . Su rvey No. 4 29 , 1 9 1 0.
SUMMARY . 73
w here the overriding Cambrian l imestone conceals most of the Maccrady“formation, as it i s apparently turned under in a minor anticl ine next to
the fault . Southwest of P lasterco both salt and gypsum may be expected
along the fault some distance from its outcrop under the overthrust mass
w here the Macerady formation i s probably at the fault contact . This may
be proved by either drill ing through an unknown thickness of toughd olomite southeast of the fault or boring diagonally under it in the soft
rocks at the fault contact .
SUMMARY .
The gypsum and salt deposits of southwestern Virginia described in
this report are believed by the writer to have been derived from calcareous
argillaceous sediments which originally contained disseminated gypsum
and salt precip itated in a partly inclosed arm of the se a during the
deposition of the Macerady formation, these minerals having been con
centrated in the same formation by ground waters which circulated along
the fault contact between the Carboniferous and Cambrian rocks, dissolved
the calcium carbonate from the earthy l imestones, and segregated the
gypsum and salt in the gyps iferous and saline beds by chemical selection .
INDE$
Ab rasive mat erial s,3 1 .
Li st of p roduce rs , 3 1 :Mi l l ston es ( buhr ston es ) , 3 1 .
P roduction of,3 1 .
A r sen ic,37 .
Asbestos , 32 — 33 .
A ssociat ed m i n e ra l s , 4 5 .
Baddel ey i t e, composition and p rices of , 49Ba ryte s , 34 .
List of p roduce r s,34 .
Cement,20— 2 1 .
Li st of p roduce r s , 2 1 .
Mic roscopica l p et rography ,4 7 .
Chara ct er of coal used in the manu fac
tu re of coke i n V i rgin ia , 1 4 .
Cha ract er of sepa rated zi rcon cry st a l s , 4 5 .
C l ay s and c lay p roduct s , 1 4 — 1 8 .
Li st of p roduce rs , 1 7— 1 8 .
Stat i stics of p roduction , 1 5 .
Coal , 8— 1 3 .
Li st of p roduc e r s , 1 2 — 1 3 .
Sta t i stic s of p roduct ion . 1 1 — 1 2 .
Coke , 1 3— 1 4 .
Cha ract e r of coal u sed in th e manufa ctur e of cok e i n V i rgin i a , 1 4 .
List of p roduce rs , 1 4 .
Sta ti st ics of manufa ctu re , 1 3 .
Compos i tion and p r i ce s of baddeleyi te, 4 9 .
Conc lus i on s salt and gy p sum deposi ts of
southwest ern V i rginia , 70— 73 .
Coppe r , 7— 8 .
P roduct ion of 7— 8 .
C rushed ston e 30.
Va lue of p rodu ction , 30.
D i st ribution and occur rence of Zi rcon i f
erou s s andstone n ea r Ash land 4 2
4 3 .
Econom ic a sp ect s zi rcon ,4 9 .
Composition and p r i ces of badd eley i t e .4 9 .
Feld spa r, 32 .
F lux,furna ce 30— 3 1 .
P roduction of,3 1 .
Forme r views , or ig i n of sa lt and gyp sumdeposit s of southwest e rn V i rgin ia ,6 4 — 6 6 .
Furna ce flux,30— 3 1
P roduct ion of , 3 1 .
Gen e r alized sect i on of a wel l a t Sa ltvil l e
,
6 9 .
Ca rbon iferousSal tvi l l e , 52 .
Gen era l geology of Zi rcon ife rous sandston e a r ea. n ea r A sh land
,40—4 2 .
rock s i n v i c in i ty of
Gen e sis , 4 7— 4 9 .
Geology of the sal t and gyp sum deposit sof south west e rn V i rginia , 5 1 — 73 .
Geology , 52 — 60.
St ratigr aphy ,
St ructur e , 55— 60.
Locat ion , 5 1— 52 .
O rigin of the depos i t s, 6 4 - 73 .
Conc lusion s , 70— 73 .
Former view s,6 4— 6 6 .
Ob served rela t ion s ,Gen e r a lized section of
Sa l tvi l l e , 69 .
Pa rt ial section of M acerady for
mation ea st of B road Ford , 6 8 .
Pa rt ial s ect ion of M acerady for
mat i on ea st of W a tson Gap ,6 8 .
Pa rtia l sect ion of Macerady for
mat ion west of M acerady , 6 7 .
Section of wel l a t P l a ste rco, 6 9 .
Sa lt and gyp sum indust ries , 6 1 — 6 4 .
Gy p sum , 6 2— 6 4 .
Sa l t . 6 1 — 6 2 .
Summary , 73 .
Topogr aphy , 5 2 .
Geology ,salt and gyp sum deposit s of
southwest ern Vi rgin ia 52 — 6 0.
St rat igraphy ,52 — 54 .
St ructure , 5 5— 60.
Gold and s i lve r , 6 — 7 .
Tonnage of ore t r ea ted and min e product ion of metal s i n Vi rg i n ia , 7 .
Gran i te , 2 4 — 2 5 .
L i st of p roduce r s , 2 5 .
Numbe r and va lu e of gran it e pavingblock s p roduced , 2 5 .
V alue of p roduct ion , by uses , 2 4 .
Gravel , sand and , 2 1 — 2 3 .
Lis t of p roduce rs . 23 .
P roduction of , 2 2 .
Gyp sum ,34 — 35 6 2 — 64 .
Deposit s not at p r esen t util ized . 63— 64 .
L i st of p roduce rs , 35 .
P re sen t developmen t . 6 2— 6 3 .
Gy p sum,sa l t and , i ndust rie s , 6 1 — 6 4 .
Gy p sum ,6 2 — 6 4 .
Sa l t 6 1 — 6 2 .
I lmen ite , microscop i cal p et rography of , 4 7 .
In t rodu ction . bienn ial r eport on th e m i ne ra l p roduction of Vi rgin ia , 1 — 2 .
Tab les . min era l p roduct i on of Vi r
gin ia , 2 .
Zi rcon iferous sand ston e n ea r A sh land ,V i rgi n ia . 40.
a wel l at
INDE$ .
I ron ores and p ig i ron , 3— 5 .
List of i ron ore p roduce r s 4 — 5 .
P roduction of i ron ore,3 .
P roduction of p i g i ron , 4 .
Lead and zinc,8 .
Lime,1 8— 20.
L i st of p roduce r s , 20.
P roduction of , 1 9 .
Limeston e , 2 5— 2 7 .
Li st of produce r s , 2 6— 2 7 .
P roduct i on of , 2 6 .
L i st of m in e ra l wa te r sp rings , 38— 40.
Location,s a lt and gyp sum deposi t s of
southwest e rn V irg in ia , 5 1— 52 .
M acerady format ion ea st '
of B road Ford , 68 .
Macerady formation ea st of W at son Gap ,
6 8 .
Macerady formation west of M acerady , 67 .
Manga n ese or es , 5— 6 .
Li st of p roduce r s , 5 — 6 .
P roduct ion and value of,5 .
Manu fa ctur e of coke , sta t ist ics of , 1 3 .
Marl, 35
— 36 .
Mica, 32 .
Li s t of op e r ator s , 32 .
M i l l ston es ( buh rston e s ) 3 1 .
Li s t of p roduce r s , 3 1 .
V a lue of p roduct i on of , 3 1 .
Min e ra l pa i n t s,35 .
List of p roduce r s , 35 .
M i n e ra l p roduct ion , tabl e s of , 2 .
Mine ra l wate rs,37 — 39 .
L i st of sp rings, 38— 39 .
P roduction and valu e of,38 .
Numbe r and va lue of gran it e pav i ngblock s p roduced i n V i rgin ia , 2 5 .
Obse rved re lation s , sa l t and gyp sum d eposit s of southwest V i rgin i a ,
6 6 — 70.
Gen e ra l ized section of a wel l at Sal tvil l e . 6 9 .
Pa rt i a l section of Maccradv formationeast of B road Ford ,
6 8 .
Part i a l sect i on of M acerady formationeast of W at son Gap ,
6 8 .
Pa rtia l sect ion of M acerady format ion'
west of M acerady , 6 7 .
Sec tion of wel l a t Pl a st e rco, 6 9 .
O re s , i ron , 3— 5 .
L i st of p roduce r s,4 — 5 .
P roduct ion of , 3 .
O rigin of sa l t and gyp sum deposit s of
southwest e rn Vi rgin i a , 6 4 — 73 .
Con c lu sion s . 70- 73 .
Former Views,6 4 - 6 6 .
Obse rved relat i on s ,P ig i ron , p roduc t ion of
,4 .
P roduce r s,bary t es , 34 .
c ement,2 1 .
m
c lay s and c l ay p roduct s , 1 7— 1 8 .
coaL 1 2 — 1 3 .
coke, 1 4 .
gran ite , 2 5 .
gyp sum , 35 .
i ron or es,4 — 5 .
l ime, 20.
limeston e , 2 6— 2 7 .
mangan es e ores,6 .
m ica, 32 .
m i l l ston es , 3 1 .
min e ra l pain t s, 35 .
m in e r a l wate rs,38— 39 .
py rit e and py r rhotit e , 37 .
s and and gravel , 2 3 .
sand ston e,2 7 .
s lat e , 30.
t al c and soap ston e, 34 .
P roduction,baryt es , 34 .
c l ay s and cl ay p roduct s , 1 5 .
coa l , 1 1 — 1 2 .
coke,1 3 .
coppe r , 7 .
furnace flux, 3 1 .
g ran ite , 2 4 .
i ron ore s , 3 .
l ea d and zinc,8 .
lime, 1 9 .
limes tone,2 6 .
mangan e se or es , 5 .
meta l , 7 .
m il l ston es . 3 1 .
min e ra l, of Vi rgin i a , 2 .
m in e ral wate rs, 38 .
pig i ron , 4 .
py r i t e and py r rhot it e , 37 .
sand an d gr avel , 2 2 .
sand ston e , 2 7 .
sl a te,2 8 .
ston e , 2 3 .
ston e,c rush ed , 30.
ta lc and soap ston e, 33
— 34 .
Py r i t e and py rrhot i t e , 37 .
L i st of p roducer s , 37 .
P roduction of , 37 .
Py r rh ot i te , pyrit e and , 37 .
Qua rtz , m ic roscop ica l p et rography ,4 7 .
Rut i l e ( t i tan ium ) , 37 .
Sa lt 35,6 1 — 6 2 .
P resen t d evelopmen t , 6 1 — 6 2 .
Sal t and gyp sum deposit s of southweste rn Vi rgin ia , geology of , 5 1
— 73 .
Sa l t and gyp sum indust r i es , 6 1 — 6 4 .
Gyp sum , 6 2— 63 .
Sal t , 6 1 — 6 2 .
Sand and gravel , 2 1 — 2 3 .
L i st of p roducer s , 2 3 .
P roduction of,22 .
7 6 INDE$ .
Sand ston e , 2 7 .
List of p roduce r s, 2 7 .
P roduct i on of , 2 7 .
Sand ston e Zircon iferous , n ea r A shlandVi rgin ia , 40
Se ction of well a t Pl a st erco 6 9 .
Sect i on s , pa rt ial , 6 7— 6 8 .
Macerady format ionFord , 6 8 .
M acerady format i on ea st of W a t sonGap , 6 8 .
Maccrady format ion w est of M acerady,
east of B road
Si l i ca , 32 .
Si lve r , gold and ,6 — 7 .
Tonnage of ore t r ea ted and min e product i on of meta ls . 7 .
Soap ston e,ta lc and
,33— 34 .
List of p roduce rs , 34 .
P roduction of,33— 34 .
Sp rings , m in era l wat e rs , list of,38 — 39 .
Stat i st ic s of manu factu re of coke . 1 3 .
Ston e 2 3— 3 1 .
C rushed ston e,30.
V a lue of annua l p roduction of,30.
Fu rnac e flux , 30— 3 1 .
P roduction of, 3 1 .
Gran i t e,24 — 2 5 .
List of p roduce r s,2 5 .
Number and va lue of paving block s , 2 5 .
Value of p roduction, 2 4 .
Limeston e, 2 5
— 2 7 .
Li st of p roduce rs,2 6 — 2 7
Product i on of,2 6 .
Lis t of p roduce r s,2 5
,2 6 2 1 30.
Sandston e , 2 7 .
L i st of p roduce rs,2 7 .
V alue of p roduct ion,2 7 .
Slat e,2 8— 30.
L i st of p rodu ce r s 30.
P roduc t ion of 2 8 .
V a lue of p roduction of,2 3 .
St ra tigraphy , sa lt and gyp sum deposit sof southwest e rn Vi rgi n ia 52 — 54 .
Gen e ra l i zed sec tion of carbon ife rousrock s in th e vicin ity of Sa ltv i l l e
, 5 2 .
St ru ctu re . sa lt and gy p sum deposit s ofsouthwest e rn Vi rgi n ia ,
Summary , geology of sa l t and gyp sumdeposit s of southwest e rn V i rginia ,
Table s min e ral p roduct i on of Vi rgi n ia , 2 .
Ta lc and soap ston e , 33— 34 .
L ist of p roducer s , 34 .
P roduct ion of , 33— 34 .
Test s , 4 3—45 .
Zircon obtain ed f rom sandston e nea rAshland
,Vi rgin ia , 4 4 .
Tin, 8 .
Titan ium ( rut i l e ) , 37 .
Tonn age of ore t reat ed and min e pro
duct ion i n V i rgin ia , 7 .
Uses Zi rcon ife rous sandston e,50.
Zinc,l ea d and
,8 .
Zi rcon i fe rous sand ston e n ea r A sh land .
Vi rginia , 40— 50.
A s sociated min e ra l s , 4 5 .
Cha ract e r of sepa rat ed zi rcon c ry st a l s ,4 5 .
Dist ribut ion and occu r rence of th esandston e 4 2— 4 3 .
Econom ic a spect s , 4 9 .
Composit ion and p r i ces of badd eleyi te
,4 9 .
Gen e ra l geology of the a rea ,40— 4 2
Gen esi s , 4 7— 4 9 .
Int roduct ion,40.
Mic roscopica l pe t rog raph y . 4 5— 4 7 .
Cemen t,4 7 .
I lmen it e , 4 7 .
Qua rtz , 4 7Zi rcon
,4 6 .
Test s,4 3— 4 5 .
Zi rcon obtain ed f rom sandston e n e a rA shland 4 4 .
Uses,50.
Zi rcon . mic roscopical p et rography of ,4 5— 4 7 .
Cemen t,4 7 .
I lmen ite 4 7 .
Qua rtz , 4 7Z i rcon 4 6 .
Zi rcon obta in ed from sandstone n ea rA shland , V i rgin ia , t est s , 4 4 .