1

1880 1930

1930 1960

1960 1980

2

governanceaccountability

3

New Public Administration?

---

1968 9 D. Waldo 33

MinnowbrookSyracuse University

Marrini 1971

Toward New Public

AdministrationThe Minnowbrook Perspective

1982 G. L. Wamsley

Blacksburg

---

4

1relevant

2postpositivism

3

4

5

6R. Barton

1

2

3

4

5

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4

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Rosenbloom (19984-5) 5

1

2

3

4

5

19986-12199882001

1

1

W. F. Willoughby1927: 1

2

F. J. Goodnow1900: 3

2

L. D. White

(Gulick,

Luther) POSDCORB

3

1970

Thomas Dye

10

4

5

common sense

consensus(reality)

(sense of

we-relationship)(sense of community)

1968

1Narayanan & Nath

2Bedeian12

3

4

3Scott

4Daft

Peter M. Blau & W. Richard Scott2001

11

20041996

1

2

3

4

5fragmentation of authority

6

7

8

G. A. Boyne200414-17

1

2

3

4

5

6

12

1

2

1

2

3

--

12001676-682

2199742

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1.

13

2.

3.

Wallace Sayre

Bower: 1977: 131government and business

administration are alike in all unimportant respects

1

1

2

3

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

3

1

2

3

D. H. Rosenbloom1998: 6-14

1representativenessdue process

14

2

3

4

D. Waldo 1968 the crisis of identity

fielddirection

Vincent Ostrom 1986

the intellectual crisis

Gerald E. Caiden 1982

the crisis of confidence

Rohr1986The Legitimacy of Administrative

State

Robert B. Denhardt1993the crisis of legitimacy

the crisis of research quality

15

McCurdy Cleary 1984

199713-23

H. F. Fredrickson (1980: 16)New Public administration

Public Administration is a

borrowing field,borrows from many other disciplines

D. H. Rosenbloom

D. H. Rosenbloom1998

1

1

2

3 Wilson 1887

4

5

2

1

21

1

16

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

234

1

2

3

4

5

1-1

2 3

4

17

200032

1996

Managerial Approach

1 19

---

-

2Woodrow Wilson1887The

Study of Administration Leonard White1926

Frederick Taylor1917

3

1---

2

18

3

4

1position

2hierarchical order

3official duties

4authority

5rules and regulations

6impersonality

7 employment based on technical

qualification

8discipline

9security

10separate personal and organizational

lives

11---

dehumanization

Political Approach

1The New Deal

19

2Dwight Waldo1947Paul Appleby

1949Theodore Lowi1969

3

1

2

3

4

5 representativeness political

responsivenessaccountability

4

representative bureaucracy

5agency

1

2

Cultural Approach

1 1970

the

subjective dimension

2Edgar Schein1985

Gareth Morgan1988Peter Senge

20

1990

3

1

2

mindset

3

4

5

4---

flattened management hierarchies

5

---

whole person

one-dimension person

1

2

21

3

4

1-2

1998

golden-rule approachfact-finding

approach

static approachdynamic approach

22

comparative approachecological approach

F. W. RiggsToward a Typology of

Comparative Administration

Agraria

Fused model

Industria

Diffracted model

Transitia

Prismatic model

physiological approachpsychological

approach

indirect approachdirect approach

interpretive theory approach

I. Kant

23

critical theory approach

Hegel

action theory approach

Michael Harmon

face-to-face encounter

intentionalityintersubjectivity

active

24

social

reification

fallacy of misplaced concreteness

1996125

1

2

1

2

3

4

Issac & Michael

9 (Issac & Michael, 1989: 42)

(Historical)

(Descriptive)

(Developmental)

(Case & Fiel)

(Correlational)

(Causal-Comparative)

(True Experimental)

25

(Quasi-Experimental)

(Action)

26

1998

1887-1947

1 1887

2

3

1947-1970

1Herbert A. Simon VS.

2

3D. Waldo

1970

11968 9

5

2

1998

1887-1930

1

1F. W. TaylorHenry L. Gantt

2FayolGulickUrwick

3Max Weber

27

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1930-1960

1

Elton Mayo

A. H. Maslow

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2K. E. BouldingT. Parsons

1887 Woodrow Wilson

28

Jong Jun1994: 49-50

19 1950

1960 1990

1-3

200017-18

()

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

29

()

1.

2.

Institutionalism

neo-Institutionalism

3.

PS.3

4.

5.

1.

2.

3. 1.

2.

4.

5.

6.

7.

30

paradigm

Nicholas Henry

Henry1989

1locus

2focus

11900-1926Goodnow

L. D. White

1

Goodnow, 1900:

3

2 value

freeefficiency

3 L. D. White 1926

21927-1937Willoughby

Gulick & Urwick

4

context

5

6 Gulick & Urwick 1937

Papers on the Science of Administration

POSDCORB

31

31950-1970M. J.

Gaus

1

2

41956-1970J. D.

Thompson

3

4

5

1956

51970-1970

NASPAA

1

2

Vincent Ostrom

Ostrom 1986

Ostrom guiding

ideas

1Ostrom

32

1 Weber-Wilson single-centered

administrative power

2

3

4

2Ostrom bottom

up

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8 Ostrom

Golembiewski1977

1

2

3nonintervention

4cycles of governance

33

Golembiewski Mini-paradigms

Golembiewski 1977

comprehensive

paradigms--

Golembiewski ---

Golembiewski

---

---Golembiewski

Golembiewski

---

Robert Denhardt

1---

2

Golembiewski

1

1199690-91

belief system

34

world view

a way of seeing

a general perspective

unit of consensus

2Kuhn 51970: 10-22

scientific community

paradigm(George Ritzer)

image

.

2

1 2

3Kuhn

Thomas Kuhn

4 incommensurability

anomaly

5 Kuhn 1970 disciplinary

matrix

19949

symbolic generalization

metaphysical paradigms

values

exemplars

35

1

2

3

5gestalt switch

6conversion

1-4

- -

-

percolate up

36

- -

-

-

-

Golembiewski, 1977

Michael Harmon1981Action Theory

Harmon alternative paradigm

active rather than passive

social rather than atomistic

1

2

face-to-face situation

intention

intersubjectivity

Harmon

1

Harmon

37

2

1mutuality

we-relationHarmon

Harmon disaggregated

decisions

2consensual decision-making processHarmon

coercion

3 personal responsibilityHarmon

accountability--

Harmon reification

---artifacts

4

Harmon

38

1administrative action

1

2

3

2Harmon action theorist

conspiracy

proactive administrative style

predispositionbecause

motives

Harmon active

domain---active self predispositions

social domain---social self

predispositions

39

1-5

--- ---

---

---

Harmon, 1981: 70

199454-55

conspiracy of theory

1

2

3

non-conspiracy theory

1

2

3

4

5

40

Burrell Morgan 199486-106

Radical HumanistRadical

StructuralistInterpretivistFunctionalist

1-6Burrell & Morgan

radical change regulation

subjectivity

Radical Humanist

Interpretivist

objective

Radical Structuralist

Functionalist

1

2

3

1

2

41

Kast Rosenweig

Organization and Management

traditional theory

19001930

modifications 19301960

emerging view

19601970

1Max WeberWeber

1864-1920

2Woodrow Wilson 31

11886 11 3

21887 6 The political Science Quarterly

3Wilson6 Weber

value free

6 Woodrow Wilson 1856 VirginiaJohns Hopkins 1902 Princeton

1924 28

42

3 Goodnow1900

1

Wilson

---

businesslike principles

2

3

1

2

3---

1Scientific ManagementFrederick W. Taylor7

1856-1915

11895 A Piece Rate System

7 1856 Midvale Steel

CompanyBethlehem Steel Company

43

ASME

21903 Shop Management

8

A.

B.

C.

31911 Principle of scientific Management

2Gantt Gilbreth

1technologyworking

organizing

2

1financial

incentives

2

3---

4

8

44

1

2---

3------

4

1

2

19Henri Fayol

1841-1925

11908

21916

2Gulick, 1892-1990Urwick, 1891-1983 1937

7

POSDCORB

1

2

3

9 Commentry-Fourchambault of Decazeville 30

45

1Fayol

2Fayol

5

3Fayol 14

scalar chain

4Gulick193710--POSDCORB

1planning, P

2organizing, O

3staff, S---

4directing, D-

5Coordinating, CO

6reporting, R

7budgeting, B

1

1

2

2 10 g. D. Garsone. S. Overman

PAFHRIER PA

FHRIER199870

46

1

2

3

VS.

Waldo1948

instrumental rationality

substantive rationality

1Mary Parker Follett, 1868-1933

2

11920 The New State

21924 Creative Experience

31940 Dynamic

Administration: the Collected Papers of Mary Parker Follett

1

2

3

plus value

4

47

5

1

2

3

4

6Law of the Situation

7functional

cooperation

1

1Max Weber, 1864-1920

2Bureaucratic Model

2 VS.

1traditional authority

2charismatic authority

3legal- rational authority

3

1

2

3impersonality

4

48

5

6

2-1

1996238

4 Bureaucracy

Mintzberg1983: 1-25 Structure in Fives

1mutual adjustment

2direct supervision

49

3standardization of work process

4standardization of outputs

5standardization of skills

5

1the operating core

2strategic apex

3middle line

4techno-structure

5support-staff

6

1simple structure

2machine bureaucracy

3professional bureaucracy

50

4divisionalized form

5adhocracy

7

1

211trained incapacity

3

4

5displacement of goals

6

7

1

1

2

2

1representative bureaucracy

2affirmative action

11 Robert Merton

51

3

4

5

2-2

1996242

The Post-Bureaucratic Model

1Charles Heckscher

M. Weber

1

2Problem Finding

Problem Solving3

2

1---

2

3

3

1

52

institutionalized dialogue

2

3

4mission

5

6 ---principles

rules

53

7

meta-decision-making

Cross-functionalCross-level

8

---

9

10career

patterns

AT&T12 IBM13

11

12 FCC AT&T

SBC 160 AT&T 13 IBM 2% 8%

54

12

Checkpoints---

4

1 VS.

2 VS.

3 VS.

55

4 VS.

5 VS.

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

7

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

56

1

2

3

3

4

(general theory)

57

1930

Behavioralism

1 1927 John Deway

Pragmatism 1950

60 1933

2

1David B. Truman

2

3

1

2

58

3

4

5multi- disciplinary

4

1

G. Scott

cow sociology

2Argyris

---

3Karl R. Popper

falsification

Seeing is Believing

general statementtentatively

true

4Thomas S. Kuhn

logic positivism

incommensurability

59

5Derek L. Philips

truthreal

6Albert Einstien

intuitive

5-

Post- Behavioralism

1

1

197080

John Rawls

2

2

G. Scott humanist organization theory

1

2

3

60

4

5

3

David Easton

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

participative management

4

61

New

Public Administration

Human Relations

Hawthorne experiments, 1924

1

1

19241927

219241928

19241928 1928

1931

2

E. Mayo

informal relationship

3

1G. E. Mayo 1933 The

Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization

2T. N. Whitehead 1938 The

industrial Worker

3F. J. RoethlisbergerW. J. Dickson

62

1939 Management and Worker

4

1

2

3

4

The Hawthorne Experiments

1

2

3

4

5

63

1

244670

103

0.06

2

25

---

3

1928

64

4

1931 11 14

soldering

1 rate buster

2 chiseler

3

squealer

4

1

1

2 ---

3

2

1 A

BC

2

3

4

65

3

1

2

(non-logical social code)

Dynamic Equilibrium Theory

1Chester I. Barnard

21938 the functions of the Executive

coordination

1

-

zone of indifference

2Barnard

3informal organizationBarnard

4

66

199872-75

VS.

acceptance theory of authority

1Herbert Simon1978

2 1946 (Administrative Behavior-A Study of

Decision-making Process in Administrative organization, 1947)

Simon Gulick, Urwick

specializationunity of command

span of control

organization by purpose, process, clientele, and place

Simon

67

---

1The Rational-Comprehensive Theory

1

2economic man

---

Simon

3

2Theory of Bounded Rationality

1

2 Simon administrative man

---

3The Disjointed-Incremental Theory

1Charles E. Lindblom

2

3

68

4

4Mixed Scanning

1Amitai Etzioni

2

3

Simon

1Simon

2Simon Simon

---Simon

3Simon

1

2

69

1

2--

3

The Hierarchy of Psychological Needs

1Abraham H. Maslow

2

11943 (A Theory of

Human Motivation, 1943)

21954 Motivation and Personality

1

2

3

4

70

5

61969

1

2

3

1Maslow

2

3

4

5

6 Maslow

Theory X & Theory Y

McGregor

X

Y McGregor Y

1Douglas McGregor

21960 The Human Side of Enterprise

71

X ---

1

2

3

4

Y ---

1

2

3

4

5

6

organization development, OD

72

-Motivation-Hygiene Theory, 1950s, 1966

Frederick Herzberg

(Work and the Nature of Man, 1966)

1

2

1

1

2

3

4

5

2

1

2

73

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

74

1960

Ackoff1972

1

2

sub-system

suprasystemKast &

Rosenzweig, 1974

3

T. Parsons

4

1

2

1 Ludwig Von Bertalanffy 1951

Human Biology

75

2Kenneth e. Boulding 1956 Management

Science

1

1 parallelism

2

2

1

2

3

cybernetics

1

2

3

76

1

2

3

Kast & Rosenzweig 1974

1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

77

2

1

2

3

4

5

subsystems

structural subsystem

technical subsystem

psychological subsystem

goals and values subsystem

managerial subsystem

1T. Parsons 1960

A.G.I.L.

2Philip Selznick 1949

Tennessee Valley Authority,

TVA

1

1

adaptation

78

goal-attainment

latency/pattern-maintenance

integration

2

strategic subsystem or level

managerial level

technical level

2

1Selznick

Selznick

whole

person

2

79

cooptation

Selznick

John M. Gaus

1936 1947

22

1

2

Contingency Theory

panacea

---

1polarization X Y

80

continuum

2flexibility

3efficiency & effectiveness

4equifinality

5

6If Then

2001130-137

1an open system

2homeostasis

3negative entropyentropy

4

5equifinality

6system evolution

1

2

81

3

1

2

3

vs.

vs. vs.

1closed-system

Taylor Gulick &

Urwick

1

2

3

2open-system

Gouldner

82

1

1

2

2

1

83

2

Gouldner

84

Bozeman 1991 73 the

Maxwell School at Syracuse University

Peters and

Pierre, 1998a: 223-224

1

2

governance without

governmentRhodes, 1997

3hollow states and governments

negotiated states and economies

4

1

2

85

3

moral hazard

D. H. Rosenbloom1998

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

P the P

approach, Down from Public Policy B the B approach, Up from

Business Management

1P down from public policy

1

2

Kettl1993P

86

2B up from business

1

2

Bozeman B

87

Process-Oriented

Farnham & Horton New Public Management,

NPM---

rational approach

---

------

---

3B P

1

2

3

4

5

1

2/external/integrate

/internal/technical

88

3

4

1New RightRanson & Stewart

1

2 quasi market

3

4 purchaserprovider

5

6

7

3 1993 National Performance Review, NPR

1

2

3

4 ---

Al Gore

89

1993 The Report of National

Performance Review, NPR 1993

Government Performance and Result Act of 1993

1John Stewart 1998: 16-22

1

2 the dangers of universalism

3

4

5

6

7 tamed issue

wicked issue

2Dinsdale1997: 382

90

John Stewart1998: 22-26

1

2

3

4

5

D. Waldo 1968 Syracuse University

Minnowbrook Conference Center 33

1988

32

36

relevancesocial justiceadaptation

clients-focushistorical context

8627

91

1

60

public

administrationPublic Administration

Waldo, 1971: xiiiD. Waldo

1968

Frank Marini

Toward a New Public Administration

1988

new

holy words

---

individual moralityauthenticity

individual salvation

D. Waldo, 1971:

xvi-xix H. George Frederickson

Frederickson, 1989: 97

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

92

9

2

Guy, 1989: 219

Holzer, 1989: 221

Guy, 1989: 219-220

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8seams of

society

9

10

11

93

3

2008 9 3 7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnowbrook_Conference

9 3 5

56

:

/

/

( 9 5 7 )

94

300

80

1, 1968 1988

2008

2NPM 30

3

&

4 WaldoMosherRedford

5,

6 3

4

1

G. L. WamsleyC. T. GoodsellJ. A. Rohr

Wamsley 1983

Wamsley

Blacksburg

Blacksburg Perspective

95

2

3

4

1

---

---

2

positivism

96

normative

3depersonalization

objectification---

social equity

4Selznick

12

1

2

97

5-1

- - -

/

Jong Jun, 1986: 50

98

1George H. Frederickson19711997

The Spirits of Public

Administration

publicprescriptiveclient oriented

normative

genericdescriptiveinstitution

oriented

2Herbert Kaufman

social equity

3

Jong Jun1986: 18-21 6

beyond syndication

1

Mathews Mathews,

1984: 122

1

2

3

99

4

2Jong Jun, 1986

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1Robert B. Denhardt Janet V. Denhardt 2000 Public

Administration Review

The New Public Service: Serving Rather than Steering

2 2003The New Public Service:

Serving not Steering

B approach

P approachC

approach

100

1999 Paul Light

The New Public Service

21

1theories of democratic citizenship

2models of community and civil society

3organizational humanism and new public

administration

4postmodern public administration

Denhardt & Denhardt2003: 42-43

7

1serve citizens not customers

yes no

2seek the public interest

101

3value citizenship over

entrepreneurship

4think strategically, act democratically

5recognize that accountability is not simple

6serve rather than steer

rowingsteeringserving

7value people, not just productivity

102

Denhardt and Denhardt2000: 5542002181-182

7 91 12

Bergquist Postmodern Thought in a Nutshell: Where Art and Science

103

Come Together

1989 Peter Drucker1991

Frederick Jamson

1

2

3 1976 Daniel Bell

1989 Peter Drucker The New

Realities

4 1987

James Gleick Ilya Prigogine

1

2

3

104

1 50 60 Jordan

Freeman 1955

Ripley & Franklin 1960 1970

micro-level

2Rhodes

meso-level

aggregate level disaggregated

levelRhodes

meso-level the macro-level

the meso-level

the micro-level

Rod Rhodes

1micro-level

2meso-level

3macro-level

5-2

105

Borzel, 1997

Rhodes1988257

policy communitiesissue

communities professional networks

inter-governmentalproducer networks

Rhodes1997 Understanding Governance

1197720

2

3whole person

partial person

106

4

5

6

714transpersonal psychology

8

double-loop learning

deutero-learningsingle-loop learning

Pfeffer

1

1

2

3

4

14

107

2

1

2

3

4

1

French & Raven

1 coercive power

2 reward power

3 legitimate power

4 referent power

5 expert power

6 representative power

2

1 traditional authority

2 charismatic authority

3 legal-rational