RUMBAOA, JANINE R. DR. SADURAL

DMD4-A PROSTHO SEM 2

DISEASE ETIOLOGY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

TX AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES

PICTURES

1. Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF)

The natural reservoir of Ebola virus is believed to be bats, particularly fruit bats.

Fever Severe headache Muscle pain Weakness Fatigue Diarrhea Vomiting Abdominal

(stomach) pain Unexplained

hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising)

Symptoms may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to Ebola, but the average is 8 to 10 days.

TREATMENT

No antiviral medications have proved effective in treating infection with either virus. Supportive hospital care includes:

Providing fluids

Maintaining blood pressure

Providing oxygen as needed

Replacing lost blood

Treating other infections that develo

PREVENTION

Avoid areas of known outbreaks.

Wash your hands frequently.

Avoid bush meat.

Avoid contact with infected people.

Follow infection-control procedures.

Don't handle remains.

2. Brucellosis

Brucella species cause brucellosis in cattle, bison, elk, sheep, swine, dogs, coyotes, deer, and caribou.

Fever (the most common symptom, with high "spikes" that usually occur in the afternoon)

Back pain Body-wide

aches and pains

Poor appetite and weight loss

Headache Night sweats Weakness

TREATMENTA combination of antibiotics for at least six weeks

PREVENTIONThe main way to prevent human brucellosis is by eliminating the disease in domestic animals. Cattle, dairy goats, and swine imported from other states are required to have a health certificate indicating that they are brucellosis-free. If working with animal carcasses protect open wounds or abrasions with bandages and use protective clothing, gloves and goggles. Avoid picking up wildlife of any kind. Consume only pasteurized milk or milk products. Wash your hands after handling any animal carcass or raw meat product.

3. ToxoplasmosisCaused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. The parasite infects most genera of warm-blooded animals, including humans, but the primary host is the felid (cat) family.

If you're healthy, you probably won't know you've contracted toxoplasmosis. Some people, however, develop signs and symptoms similar to those of the flu, including:

Body aches

Swollen lymph nodes

Headache

Fever

Fatigue

In people with weakened immune systems

TREATMENTPyrimethamine (Daraprim)Sulfadiazine

PREVENTION

Wear gloves when you garden or handle soil.

Don't eat raw or undercooked meat.

Wash kitchen utensils thoroughly.

Wash all fruits and vegetables.

Don't drink unpasteurized milk.

Cover children's sandboxes.

4. Swine Flu (H1N1 Flu)

Virus from pigs.

Fever

Cough

Sore throat

Runny or stuffy nose

Body aches

Headache

Chills

Fatigue

Diarrhea

Vomiting

Swine flu symptoms develop about one to three days after you're exposed to the virus and continue for about seven days.

TREATMENTThe antiviral drugs oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are sometimes prescribed to reduce the severity of symptoms

PREVENTION

Stay home if you're sick.

Wash your hands thoroughly and frequently.

Contain your coughs and sneezes.

Avoid contact.

Reduce exposure within your household.

5. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), also termed EMC/2012

MERS-CoV has been found in camels in Qatar, Oman, Egypt and Saudi Arabia, and a bat in Saudi Arabia.

fever

cough

shortness of breath

TREATMENTNo vaccine is available.

PREVENTIONFrequent hand hygiene using soap and water, or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, avoiding close contact with sick people, and avoidance of touching one's eyes, nose, and mouth can prevent the spread of viruses.

Caregivers of patients who are not hospitalized should wear a face mask for direct care until the patient has recovered and perform frequent hand hygiene as above.