epidemiologic triads dr. abdulaziz ali almezam dr. salwa a. tayel & dr. mohammad afzal mahmood...
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Epidemiologic Triads
Dr. Abdulaziz Ali AlmezamDr. Salwa A. Tayel & Dr. Mohammad Afzal
MahmoodKSU Department of Family & Community
MedicineSeptember, 2014
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By the end of this lecture students will be able to:
• Explain epidemiologic triads as a model of study of disease
causation
• Describe importance of studying epidemiologic triads and
its implications for public health.
OBJECTIVES OF THE LECTURE
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Headlines
• Descriptive epidemiological triad• Analytical epidemiological triad• Purpose of studying epidemiologic triads• Public health implications
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Purpose of studying causal models
• Studying how different factors can lead to ill health is
important to generate knowledge to help prevent
and control diseases.
• The classic epidemiological triangles or triads help understanding the relation between a disease and the agent causing the disease
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Epidemiological Triads
Descriptive Epidemiology Triad:
• Person• Place • Time
Analytical Epidemiology Triad:
• Agent• Host• Environment
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Descriptive Epidemiology
Descriptive epidemiology is a necessary antecedent of analytic epidemiology
To undertake an analytic epidemiologic study you must first:
• Know where to look • Know what to control for • Be able to formulate hypotheses compatible with
laboratory evidence
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Person
• Age • Gender • Marital status• Ethnicity/Race • Behavior / life-style factors• Socio-economic status
– Education– Occupation– Income
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Place
• Geographically restricted or widespread (pandemic)?
• Relation to water or food supply (clusters: multiple / one)
• Residence (rural, urban, sub-urban)• Weather (temperature, humidity)• Natural / political
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Time
• Changing or stable?
• Seasonal variation.
• Clustered (epidemic) or evenly distributed (endemic)?
• Point source or propagated.
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Time Trends
• Point source e.g. food-borne outbreaks), in terms of hours / days
• Seasonal - cyclicity (e.g. common cold, influenza), in terms of months
• Propogative (e.g. water borne epidemics), in terms of weeks / months
• Secular (e.g. morbidity / mortality of non-communicable diseases), in terms of years
• Cluster in time / place
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Seasonal Trend
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Secular Trend
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propagativeTrend
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Common (Continuous Source) trend
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The Basic Triad Of Analytic Epidemiology
THE THREE PHENOMENA ASSESSED IN ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY ARE:
HOST
ENVIRONMENTAGENT
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The Analytical Epidemiologic Triad
This model comprises a susceptible host (the person at risk for the disease), a disease agent (the proximate cause), and an environmental context for the interaction between host and agent.
Thus, development of disease is a combination of events:• A harmful agent • A susceptible host • An appropriate environment
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Agents
• Biological (micro-organisms)
• Physical (temperature, radiation, trauma, others)
• Chemical (acids, alkalis, poisons, tobacco,
medications / drugs, others)
• Environmental (nutrients in diet, allergens, others)
• Nutritional (under- or over-nutrition)
• Psychological experiences
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Host Factors
• Host factors are intrinsic factors that influence an individual’s exposure, susceptibility, or response to a causative agent. These include:
• Genetic endowment • Immunologic state• Personal behavior (life-style factors): diet,
tobacco use, exercise, etc• Personal characteristics (described before, under
“person”), including: age, gender, socio-economic status, etc.
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Environmental factors are extrinsic factors which affect the agent
and the opportunity for exposure. These include:
– Physical factors: e.g. geology, climate (temperature,
humidity, rain, etc)
– Biological factors: e.g. insects that transmit an agent
– Socioeconomic factors: e.g. crowding, sanitation, and the
availability of health services
Phenomena which bring the host and agent together: vector,
vehicle, reservoir, etc
Environment
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• Agent factors include infectious microorganisms, e.g. virus,
bacterium, parasite, or other agents.
• They may be necessary but not always sufficient alone to
cause disease.
• Host factors are intrinsic factors that influence an individual’s
exposure, susceptibility, or response to a causative agent
• Environmental factors are extrinsic factors which affect the
agent and the opportunity for exposure.
Summary of Analytical Triad
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Example
The number of people who become diseased with tuberculosis will depend on:
• characteristics of the agent,• environmental factors,• And host factors
Explain some of these factors
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Agent:Amount, infectivity,
pathogenicity, virulence,….
Environment:Physical, biological, social
Host:Intrinsic factors, genetic, physiologic factors,
psychological factors, immunity
Health
or
Illness
?
The Analytical Epidemiology Triad
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Reference books
• Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice. Third Edition. An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• Gordis L. Epidemiology. 2009
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