episode 12a. wh-movement and locality (chapters 9, 10) cas lx 522 syntax i

Episode 12a.Episode 12a.WhWh-movement and locality-movement and locality

(chapters 9, 10)(chapters 9, 10)

CAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax I

Summary so farSummary so far In In whwh-questions such as -questions such as What did they bakeWhat did they bake??

WhatWhat is like a pronoun, standing in for the theme. is like a pronoun, standing in for the theme. WhWh-words are differentiated by having a [wh] feature.-words are differentiated by having a [wh] feature. The structure of a The structure of a whwh-question is like a V2 clause:-question is like a V2 clause: T moves to C—except in subject T moves to C—except in subject whwh-questions:-questions:

The [The [uuclause-type:] feature of T is strong when valued as Q.clause-type:] feature of T is strong when valued as Q. The [The [uuclause-type:] feature of T can be valued by [wh] from clause-type:] feature of T can be valued by [wh] from above.above.

The closest (to C; topmost) The closest (to C; topmost) whwh-word moves to SpecCP:-word moves to SpecCP: The interrogative C has a strong uninterpretable [The interrogative C has a strong uninterpretable [uuwh*wh*] feature.] feature. ““Superiority”: Shorter moves are better, take the closest Superiority”: Shorter moves are better, take the closest whwh--word.word.

The The whwh-typology-typology English: English: One One whwh-word -word moves to the front.moves to the front.

What did Bill give to whom?What did Bill give to whom? Japanese:Japanese: No No whwh-words-words move to the front. move to the front.

Taroo-ga dare-ni nani-o ageta no?Taroo-ga dare-ni nani-o ageta no?T-nom who-to what-acc gave QT-nom who-to what-acc gave Q‘What did Taroo give to whom?’‘What did Taroo give to whom?’

Bulgarian:Bulgarian: All All whwh-words -words move to the front.move to the front. Kakvo na kogo Ivan dade?Kakvo na kogo Ivan dade?what to whom Ivan gavewhat to whom Ivan gave‘What did Ivan give to whom?’‘What did Ivan give to whom?’

French:French: One One whwh-word or no -word or no whwh-words -words move to move to the front.the front. Qui as-tu vu?Qui as-tu vu? Tu as vu Tu as vu qui?qui?Who have-you seenWho have-you seen You have seen whoYou have seen who‘Who did you see?’‘Who did you see?’ ‘Who did you see?’‘Who did you see?’

Wh-in-situWh-in-situ languages languages How might we account for the difference How might we account for the difference between English and Japanese (Korean, between English and Japanese (Korean, Turkish, Chinese, …) with respect to moving Turkish, Chinese, …) with respect to moving whwh-words?-words?

Why does one Why does one whwh-word move in English?-word move in English?

We account for the difference betweenWe account for the difference betweenFrench French ((vv moves to T) moves to T) and and English English ((vv does not move does not move to T) to T) in terms of whether the [in terms of whether the [uuInfl:Infl:] feature on ] feature on vv is is strongstrong (French) or (French) or weakweak (English) when valued (English) when valued by T.by T.

Kakvo na kogo Ivan Kakvo na kogo Ivan dade?dade?

How about languages like Bulgarian, where How about languages like Bulgarian, where all of the all of the whwh-words move?-words move?

[[CPCP kakvo na kogo kakvo na kogo[[TPTP Ivan dade Ivan dade <kakvo> <na kogo><kakvo> <na kogo>]]

This one is somewhat trickier… but This one is somewhat trickier… but interesting.interesting. Why do Why do whwh-words have to move (in general)?-words have to move (in general)? Why is it sufficient to move just one (in English)?Why is it sufficient to move just one (in English)? What might we propose in order to ensure that any What might we propose in order to ensure that any whwh-word has to move?-word has to move?

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Multiple Multiple whwh-movement-movement

To account for this stretches To account for this stretches our system in several ways, but our system in several ways, but ultimately we want to be able to ultimately we want to be able to say that Bulgarian and English say that Bulgarian and English differ minimally, so we’ll need differ minimally, so we’ll need to account for Bulgarian too.to account for Bulgarian too.

Suppose that Suppose that whwh-words in -words in Bulgarian have the strong Bulgarian have the strong feature: [feature: [uuQ*Q*].].


For this to work, we For this to work, we need to suppose that need to suppose that it is possible for a it is possible for a strong feature like strong feature like [[uuQ*Q*] on a ] on a whwh-word to -word to “wait” if there is no “wait” if there is no way to be checked way to be checked yet.yet. That is, we can That is, we can proceed on to proceed on to vvP (by P (by HoP), despite the fact HoP), despite the fact that there are strong that there are strong features left inside features left inside VP (but not VP (but not onon VP). VP).

V

Vdade

PPna kogo [uQ*]

VP

DPkakvo[uQ*]


Otherwise, things Otherwise, things proceed just as in proceed just as in English…English…

V

<V> PPna kogo [uQ*]

VP

DPkakvo[uQ*]

v

v+Vdade

vP

DPIvan


Otherwise, things Otherwise, things proceed just as in proceed just as in English…English…

V

<V> PPna kogo [uQ*]

VP

DPkakvo[uQ*]

v

v+Vdade

vP

<DP>

T

T[past]

TP

DPIvan


When we get to When we get to C, the C, the whwh-words -words finally have a finally have a way to be way to be checked.checked.

We’ve got two We’ve got two choices.choices. Na kogoNa kogo has been has been waiting longer.waiting longer.

Moving Moving kakvokakvo would result in would result in a shorter move.a shorter move.

V

<V> PPna kogo [uQ*]

VP

DPkakvo[uQ*]

v

v+Vdade

vP

<DP>

T

T[past]

TP

DPIvan

C

C[Q]

Kakvo na Kakvo na kogo kogo Ivan Ivan dade?dade?

Given what we Given what we see in see in Bulgarian, it Bulgarian, it seems that seems that “seniority” is “seniority” is more important more important than “making than “making the shortest the shortest move.”move.” Recall that the Recall that the Superiority Superiority effect in effect in English comes English comes from a need to from a need to “make the “make the shortest move,” shortest move,” but in English, but in English, there’s no there’s no consideration consideration of “seniority.”of “seniority.”

V

<V> <PP>

VP

DPkakvo[uQ*]

v

v+Vdade

vP

<DP>

T

T[past]

TP

DPIvan

C

C[Q]

C

PPna kogo[uQ*]

Kakvo na Kakvo na kogo kogo Ivan Ivan dade?dade?

Et voilà.Et voilà.

InterestinInteresting:g:Point to Point to the the specifier specifier of CP.of CP.

V

<V> <PP>

VP

<DP>

v

v+Vdade

vP

<DP>

T

T[past]

TP

DPIvan

C

C[Q]

C

PPna kogo[uQ*]

CP

DPkakvo[uQ*]

Cross-linguistic Cross-linguistic variationvariation

By now, we’ve accumulated a (relatively small, By now, we’ve accumulated a (relatively small, all things considered) set of parameters on all things considered) set of parameters on which languages can vary, in terms of whether which languages can vary, in terms of whether uninterpretable features are strong or weak.uninterpretable features are strong or weak.

Tense on Aux:Tense on Aux: Strong Strong (aux moves to T): English, French, German, (aux moves to T): English, French, German, IrishIrish

WeakWeak (aux doesn’t move to T): Swedish(aux doesn’t move to T): Swedish Tense on Tense on vv::

StrongStrong ((vv moves to T): French, German, Irish moves to T): French, German, Irish Weak Weak ((vv doesn’t move to T): English, Swedish doesn’t move to T): English, Swedish

EPP on T:EPP on T: StrongStrong (subject moves to SpecTP): E, F, S, G(subject moves to SpecTP): E, F, S, G WeakWeak: Irish: Irish

Cross-linguistic Cross-linguistic variationvariation

To this we can add the parameters of To this we can add the parameters of whwh--movement…movement…

[wh] on [Q]-type C:[wh] on [Q]-type C: Strong Strong (A (A whwh-word moves to SpecCP): English, -word moves to SpecCP): English, German, …German, …

Weak Weak (No (No whwh-word need move to SpecCP): Japanese, -word need move to SpecCP): Japanese, ……

Optional Optional (either is possible): French(either is possible): French [Q] on [Q] on whwh-words:-words:

StrongStrong (All (All whwh-words move to SpecCP): Bulgarian, -words move to SpecCP): Bulgarian, ……

Weak Weak ((WhWh-words need not move to SpecCP): English, -words need not move to SpecCP): English, ……

D-linkingD-linking Just a note:Just a note:Sometimes Superiority appears to be Sometimes Superiority appears to be violated.violated.

I have a list of the authors here, and a I have a list of the authors here, and a list of the books. But I don’t know…list of the books. But I don’t know…which book which author wrote.which book which author wrote.

When this happens, the interpretation is When this happens, the interpretation is somewhat special. somewhat special. The The whwh-word that is -word that is “skipped” (and generally both of them) is “skipped” (and generally both of them) is picking out one of a small, known list. picking out one of a small, known list. D(iscourse)-linking.D(iscourse)-linking.

Reminder: Embedded Reminder: Embedded clausesclauses

Some verbs take DP objects:Some verbs take DP objects: Hurley grabbed Hurley grabbed [[DP DP the notepad]the notepad].. Hurley wrote Hurley wrote [[DPDP a note] a note]..

Some verbs take entire clauses (CPs, TPs):Some verbs take entire clauses (CPs, TPs): Hurley said Hurley said [[CPCP that he was taking a census] that he was taking a census].. Hurley seemed Hurley seemed [[TP TP <H.><H.> to enjoy the task] to enjoy the task].. Hurley asked Hurley asked [[CP CP where Ethan lived]where Ethan lived]..

It is perfectly possible to ask a question It is perfectly possible to ask a question requesting information about something in requesting information about something in an embedded clause. A “an embedded clause. A “long-distance long-distance questionquestion”.”. What did Hurley say [What did Hurley say [CP CP that he was taking that he was taking <what><what>]?]?

Long-distance Long-distance whwh--movementmovement

What did H say [What did H say [CP CP he was writing he was writing <what><what>]?]? What happens here? Nothing new…What happens here? Nothing new…

This is a question:This is a question: The highest C has a [Q] The highest C has a [Q] (=[clause-type:Q])(=[clause-type:Q]) feature and a [ feature and a [uuwh*wh*] ] feature.feature.

[[CPCP C [ C [TP TP H H T T say say [[CP CP he was writing he was writing whatwhat] ] ]] ] ] [Q,[Q,uuwh*wh*]] [[uuct:ct:]] [wh][wh]



This is a question:This is a question: The highest C has a [Q] The highest C has a [Q] (=[clause-type:Q])(=[clause-type:Q]) feature and a [ feature and a [uuwh*wh*] feature.] feature.

When C values the [When C values the [uuclause-type:clause-type:] feature of T, it ] feature of T, it becomes [becomes [uuclause-type:Q*clause-type:Q*]. ]. To check this feature, To check this feature, T moves to C.T moves to C.

[[CPCP C [ C [TP TP H H T T say say [[CP CP he was writing he was writing whatwhat] ] ]] ] ] [Q,[Q,uuwh*wh*]] [[uuct:Q*ct:Q*] ] [wh][wh]



This is a question:This is a question: The highest C has a [Q] The highest C has a [Q] (=[clause-(=[clause-type:Q])type:Q]) feature and a [ feature and a [uuwh*wh*] feature.] feature.

When C values the [When C values the [uuclause-type:clause-type:] feature of T, it ] feature of T, it becomes [becomes [uuclause-type:Q*clause-type:Q*]. ]. To check this feature, T To check this feature, T moves to C.moves to C.

When T is adjoined to C, its sister is not headed by When T is adjoined to C, its sister is not headed by vv, so we “insert , so we “insert dodo” to pronounce the tense.” to pronounce the tense.

[[CPCP T+C [ T+C [TP TP H H <T><T> say say [[CP CP he was writing he was writing whatwhat] ] ]] ] ][[uuct:Q*]+[Q,ct:Q*]+[Q,uuwh*wh*]] [wh][wh]

diddid



This is a question:This is a question: The highest C has a [Q] The highest C has a [Q] (=[clause-(=[clause-type:Q])type:Q]) feature and a [ feature and a [uuwh*wh*] feature.] feature.

When C values the [When C values the [uuclause-type:clause-type:] feature of T, it ] feature of T, it becomes [becomes [uuclause-type:Q*clause-type:Q*]. ]. To check this feature, T To check this feature, T moves to C.moves to C.

When T is adjoined to C, its sister is not headed by When T is adjoined to C, its sister is not headed by vv, , so we “insert so we “insert dodo” to pronounce the tense.” to pronounce the tense.

To check the [To check the [uuwh*wh*] feature of C, the interrogative ] feature of C, the interrogative pronoun pronoun whatwhat moves up (into SpecCP). moves up (into SpecCP).

[[CPCP what T+C what T+C [[TP TP H H <T><T> say say [[CP CP he was writing he was writing <what><what>]]]]]] [wh] [ [wh] [uuct:Q*]+[Q, ct:Q*]+[Q, uuwh*]wh*] diddid

Long distance Long distance whwh--movementmovement

At first glance, there seems to be no At first glance, there seems to be no limit on how far a limit on how far a whwh-word can move any -word can move any more than there is a limit on how many more than there is a limit on how many clauses you can embed:clauses you can embed: What did Jack bring?What did Jack bring? What did Charlie hear What did Charlie hear [[CPCP Jack brought Jack brought _ ]_ ]??

What did Claire say What did Claire say [[CPCP Charlie heardCharlie heard[[CP CP Jack brought Jack brought _ ] ]_ ] ]??

What did Kate think What did Kate think [[CP CP Claire saidClaire said[[CP CP Charlie heard Charlie heard [[CP CP Jack brought Jack brought

_ ]]]_ ]]]?? And yet…And yet…

IslandsIslands Hurley claimed Hurley claimed [[CPCP that the list does not include that the list does not include

Ethan Ethan ]].. Who did Hurley claim Who did Hurley claim [[CPCP that the list does not that the list does not

include include _ _ ]]??

Jack believesJack believes[[DPDP the claim the claim [[CPCP that the list does not include that the list does not include Ethan Ethan ]]]]..

*Who does Jack believe*Who does Jack believe[[DPDP the claim the claim [[CPCP that the list does not include that the list does not include _ _ ]]]]??

IslandsIslands Hurley claimed Hurley claimed [[CPCP that the list does not include that the list does not include

Ethan Ethan ]].. Who did Hurley claim Who did Hurley claim [[CPCP that the list does not that the list does not

include include _ _ ]]??

Jack believesJack believes[[DPDP the claim the claim [[CPCP that the list does not include Ethan that the list does not include Ethan ]]]]..

*Who does Jack believe*Who does Jack believe[[DPDP the claim the claim [[CPCP that the list does not include _ that the list does not include _ ]]]]??

WhoWho starts out starts out inside the DP.inside the DP. The DP forms a sort of The DP forms a sort of barrierbarrier

to movementto movement.. Complex Noun Phrase islandComplex Noun Phrase island

LocalityLocality The generalization The generalization (which we hope to (which we hope to explain):explain):A A whwh-word cannot move out of a DP.-word cannot move out of a DP.

This is a This is a locality conditionlocality condition, a requirement , a requirement that that whwh-movement not go too far -movement not go too far (where (where escaping from inside a DP counts as “too escaping from inside a DP counts as “too far”)far”)..

We have a bit of a paradox, then: We have a bit of a paradox, then: WhWh-words -words seem to be able to move arbitrarily far seem to be able to move arbitrarily far (e.g., from any number of embedded clauses)(e.g., from any number of embedded clauses)——but but whwh-words cannot move too far -words cannot move too far (e.g., out (e.g., out of a DP)of a DP)..

Can whCan wh-words go -words go arbitrarily far?arbitrarily far?

Assuming that moving a Assuming that moving a whwh-word out from -word out from inside a DP is impossible because it is inside a DP is impossible because it is moving the moving the whwh-word “too far”, we should go -word “too far”, we should go back to look at why we thought back to look at why we thought whwh-words -words couldcould move arbitrarily far. move arbitrarily far.

What did Kate think What did Kate think [[CP CP Claire saidClaire said[[CP CP Charlie heard Charlie heard [[CP CP Jack brought Jack brought

_ ]]]_ ]]]??

Where do Where do whwh-words generally move?-words generally move? What will Ethan do _?What will Ethan do _?

What exactly is going What exactly is going on?on?

What exactly did you buy?What exactly did you buy? What did you buy exactly?What did you buy exactly?

All the students will buy a textbook.All the students will buy a textbook. The students will all buy a textbook.The students will all buy a textbook.

What exactly did he say What exactly did he say [[CPCP that he that he wantswants]]??

What did he say What did he say [[CPCP that he wants that he wants exactlyexactly]]??

What did he say What did he say [[CPCP exactly that he exactly that he wantswants]]??

Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic complementizer complementizer

agreementagreement Bha mi ag ràdh Bha mi ag ràdh gungun do bhuail i e. do bhuail i e.was I was I ASPASP saying saying thatthat PRTPRT struck she himstruck she him‘I was saying that she hit him.’‘I was saying that she hit him.’

Tha mi a’ smaoineachadh Tha mi a’ smaoineachadh gugu bheil Iain air a mhisg. bheil Iain air a mhisg.am I am I ASPASP thinking thinking thatthat is Iain on is Iain on his drinkhis drink‘I think that Iain is drunk.’‘I think that Iain is drunk.’

Cò bha thu ag ràdh Cò bha thu ag ràdh aa bhuail i?bhuail i?who were you who were you ASPASP saying saying thatthat struck she struck she‘Who were you saying that she hit?’‘Who were you saying that she hit?’

Cò tha thu a’ smaoineachadh Cò tha thu a’ smaoineachadh aa tha air a tha air a mhisg?mhisg?who are you who are you ASPASP thinking thinking thatthat is on his is on his drinkdrink‘Who do you think is drunk?’‘Who do you think is drunk?’

Inversion in SpanishInversion in Spanish Maria contestó la pregunta.Maria contestó la pregunta.Maria answered the questionMaria answered the question‘Maria answered the question.’‘Maria answered the question.’

Contestó la pregunta Maria.Contestó la pregunta Maria.answered the question Mariaanswered the question Maria‘Maria answered the question.’‘Maria answered the question.’

Qué querían esos dos?Qué querían esos dos?what wanted those twowhat wanted those two‘What did those two want?’‘What did those two want?’

*Qué esos dos querían?*Qué esos dos querían?what those two wantedwhat those two wanted(‘What did those two want?’)(‘What did those two want?’)

When a wh-word is in SpecCP, the

subject must appear

after the VP.

Successive inversionSuccessive inversion Juan pensaba que Pedro le había dicho Juan pensaba que Pedro le había dicho que…que…Juan thoughtJuan thought that that Pedro to-him had saidPedro to-him had said that thatla revista había publicado ya el la revista había publicado ya el articulo. articulo. the journal had publishedthe journal had published already the article already the article‘Juan thought that Pedro had told him that the ‘Juan thought that Pedro had told him that the journal had published the article already.’journal had published the article already.’

Qué pensaba Juan que le había dicho Qué pensaba Juan que le había dicho Pedro…Pedro…what what thought Juanthought Juan that to-him that to-him had said Pedrohad said Pedroque había publicado la revista?que había publicado la revista?that that had published the journalhad published the journal‘What did Juan think that Pedro had told him ‘What did Juan think that Pedro had told him that the journal had published?’that the journal had published?’

Successive inversionSuccessive inversion Juan pensaba que Pedro le había dicho Juan pensaba que Pedro le había dicho que…que…Juan thoughtJuan thought that that Pedro to-him had saidPedro to-him had said that thatla revista había publicado ya el la revista había publicado ya el articulo. articulo. the journal had publishedthe journal had published already the article already the article‘Juan thought that Pedro had told him that the ‘Juan thought that Pedro had told him that the journal had published the article already.’journal had published the article already.’

Qué pensaba Juan que le había dicho Qué pensaba Juan que le había dicho Pedro…Pedro…what what thought Juanthought Juan that to-him that to-him had said Pedrohad said Pedroque había publicado la revista?que había publicado la revista?that that had published the journalhad published the journal‘What did Juan think that Pedro had told him ‘What did Juan think that Pedro had told him that the journal had published?’that the journal had published?’


subject must appear

after the VP.


subject must appear

after the VP.


subject must appear

after the VP.

That “unbounded” That “unbounded” movement…movement…

It looks like (where we can tell), a It looks like (where we can tell), a whwh--word that moves from inside an embedded word that moves from inside an embedded clause clause actually moves first to the SpecCP actually moves first to the SpecCP of the embedded clause, and then moves onof the embedded clause, and then moves on..

[[CPCP What did you say What did you say[[CP CP <what><what> that Pat would eat that Pat would eat <what><what> ] ]

]] ? ?

Compare:Compare:[[CPCP [ [TP TP Pat seems Pat seems [[TPTP <Pat> <Pat> to be likely to be likely [[TPTP

<Pat> <Pat> to appear to appear [[TPTP <Pat><Pat> to cry to cry ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]] ]

That “unbounded” That “unbounded” movement…movement…

This means: This means: Where it looked like Where it looked like whwh-words -words were moving over great distances, those were moving over great distances, those distances were traversed in small steps.distances were traversed in small steps.

What did Kate think What did Kate think [[CP CP <what> <what> Claire saidClaire said[[CP CP <what> <what> Charlie heardCharlie heard[[CP CP <what> <what> Jack brought Jack brought

<what><what> ]]] ]]]??

If If whwh-movement is in fact constrained not -movement is in fact constrained not to move “too far”, this explains how it to move “too far”, this explains how it can can looklook like like wh-wh-movement is unbounded.movement is unbounded.

What it means to move What it means to move too fartoo far

Having gotten an idea about what Having gotten an idea about what isis happening, let’s go back to our theory happening, let’s go back to our theory to figure out how we can ensure that to figure out how we can ensure that it does.it does. We need to allow a We need to allow a whwh-word to move from -word to move from one SpecCP to a higher SpecCP.one SpecCP to a higher SpecCP. [[CPCP What did Abe say What did Abe say [[CPCP <what><what> that Bart stole that Bart stole <what><what>]]]]??

We need to prevent a We need to prevent a whwh-word from moving -word from moving from further inside a CP to a higher from further inside a CP to a higher SpecCP.SpecCP. [[CPCP What did Abe say What did Abe say [[CPCP that Bart stole that Bart stole <what><what>]]]]??

What it means to move What it means to move too fartoo far

A common idea about this is to say that A common idea about this is to say that sentences are built up in “chunks”, called sentences are built up in “chunks”, called phasesphases..

A CP constitutes a phase.A CP constitutes a phase. Once you’ve built a phase, you can’t “see Once you’ve built a phase, you can’t “see into it” further than the specifier.into it” further than the specifier. [[CPCP CC[[uuwh*wh*]] [[TPTP AbeAbe T T saysay [[CPCP that [that [TP TP Bart stole what…Bart stole what…

[[CPCP CC[[uuwh*wh*]] [[TPTP AbeAbe T T saysay [[CPCP whatwhat that [that [TP TP Bart stole Bart stole <what>…<what>…

So, in order for [So, in order for [uuwh*wh*] to be checked, ] to be checked, whatwhat must be visible to it.must be visible to it.

Technical Technical implementationimplementation

To allow To allow whatwhat to move to an embedded SpecCP, we to move to an embedded SpecCP, we need to be able to add (optionally) a [need to be able to add (optionally) a [uuwh*wh*] ] feature even to a C that is not itself [clause-feature even to a C that is not itself [clause-type:Q].type:Q].

[[CPCP CC[[uuwh*wh*]] [[TPTP AbeAbe T T saysay [[CPCP whatwhat that [that [TP TP Bart stole Bart stole <what>…<what>…

If you don’t, the topmost [If you don’t, the topmost [uuwh*wh*] can never be ] can never be checked.checked.

Embedded C may optionally bear [Embedded C may optionally bear [uuwh*wh*].].

WhWh-islands-islands Having gotten this far, we predict that it is Having gotten this far, we predict that it is not possible to turn thisnot possible to turn this

Pat asked Pat asked [[CPCP who kidnapped the Lindbergh baby who kidnapped the Lindbergh baby]]..

into a question asking about the kidnappee:into a question asking about the kidnappee:

*Who did Pat ask *Who did Pat ask [[CPCP who kidnapped who kidnapped <who><who>]]??

See why?See why?

WhWh-islands-islands An embedded question forms another kind of An embedded question forms another kind of an “island”, generally called aan “island”, generally called a whwh-island-island..

The embedded C already had a [The embedded C already had a [uuwh*wh*] feature, ] feature, which was checked by moving the first which was checked by moving the first whwh-word -word into SpecCP. By the time we get to the main into SpecCP. By the time we get to the main clause C, it can no longer see a clause C, it can no longer see a whwh-word inside -word inside the embedded clause.the embedded clause.

*Who did Pat ask *Who did Pat ask [[CPCP who kidnapped who kidnapped <who><who>]]??

OpOp In fact, remember when we looked at yes-no In fact, remember when we looked at yes-no questions and suggested that even they questions and suggested that even they have a “silent have a “silent whetherwhether” (” (OpOp)?)?

Pat wondered Pat wondered [[CPCP OpOp if Hauptmann kidnapped if Hauptmann kidnapped the Lindbergh babythe Lindbergh baby]]..

*Who did Pat wonder *Who did Pat wonder [[CP CP OpOp if Hauptmann if Hauptmann kidnapped kidnapped <who><who>]]??

Evidence that Evidence that OpOp is really there. is really there.

Complex Noun Phrase Complex Noun Phrase islandsislands

We can use the same kind of explanation We can use the same kind of explanation for the Complex Noun Phrase islands:for the Complex Noun Phrase islands:

*Who does Jack believe*Who does Jack believe[[DPDP the claim the claim [[CPCP that the list does not include that the list does not include _ _ ]]]]??

If we suppose that DP, like CP, is a If we suppose that DP, like CP, is a phase.phase.

*Who does Jack believe*Who does Jack believe[[DPDP the claim [the claim [CPCP that the list does not include that the list does not include _ ]_ ]]]??

Adjunct islandsAdjunct islands One last type of island we’ll consider is One last type of island we’ll consider is the the adjunct islandadjunct island. Generally: . Generally: A A whwh-word -word cannot escape an adjoined modifier.cannot escape an adjoined modifier.

Dr. Hibbert laughed Dr. Hibbert laughed [[CPCP when Homer lost a when Homer lost a fingerfinger]]..

*What did Dr. Hibbert laugh *What did Dr. Hibbert laugh [[CPCP when Homer when Homer lostlost]]??

We don’t yet have a good explanation for We don’t yet have a good explanation for this. So far, we predict these should be this. So far, we predict these should be possible.possible.

Adjunct islandsAdjunct islands To account for the islandhood of adjuncts in To account for the islandhood of adjuncts in our system, we will add one further our system, we will add one further condition:condition:

The specifier of a phase is only visible to The specifier of a phase is only visible to feature matching if the phase gets a feature matching if the phase gets a -role.-role. Note:Note: Adger makes this one step more complicated, Adger makes this one step more complicated, to account for “subject islands” but we won’t do to account for “subject islands” but we won’t do that here.that here.

Adjuncts differ from arguments in precisely Adjuncts differ from arguments in precisely this property.this property.

In sum…In sum… Sentences are “chunked” into Sentences are “chunked” into phasesphases as they as they are built up. Phases are are built up. Phases are CPCP and and DPDP..

A feature outside of a phase cannot match a A feature outside of a phase cannot match a feature further inside the phase than its feature further inside the phase than its specifier.specifier.

This leads to This leads to island phenomenaisland phenomena, configurations , configurations in which a in which a whwh-word would be “trapped”:-word would be “trapped”: CNP islands:CNP islands: A A whwh-word cannot get to the specifier -word cannot get to the specifier of DP and so is not visible from outside.of DP and so is not visible from outside.

WhWh-islands:-islands: A A whwh-word cannot get to the specifier of -word cannot get to the specifier of an embedded question (that already has a an embedded question (that already has a whwh-word, or -word, or OpOp, in its specifier)., in its specifier).

Adjunct islands:Adjunct islands: Even the specifier is not visible Even the specifier is not visible if the phase did not get a if the phase did not get a -role.-role.

episode 12a. wh-movement and locality (chapters 9, 10) cas lx 522 syntax i

Documents

wh feature

closest whword

englishvpp na kogo uq

vv dadepp na kogo uq

farin whquestions

subject whquestions

c topmost whword

cp kakvo na kogo tp