epithelium and glands
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052. Epithelium and glands. Dr. Larry Johnson. Objectives. Identify every epithelium present in any tissue section. Differentiate between mucus and serous secreting epithelia. Identify single-celled glands, endocrine glands and the various types of exocrine glands. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
EPITHELIUM AND GLANDSDr. Larry Johnson
052
Objectives• Identify every epithelium present in any tissue section. • Differentiate between mucus and serous secreting
epithelia. • Identify single-celled glands, endocrine glands and the
various types of exocrine glands. • Detail the structure of the sebaceous gland. • Identify the different types of sweat glands and distinguish
the duct from the secretory region. • Identify myoepithelial cells and know their function.
From: Douglas P. Dohrman and TAMHSC Faculty 2012 Structure and Function of Human Organ Systems, Histology Laboratory Manual
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF EPITHELIUM
ECTODERM - EPIDERMIS OF SKIN AND EPITHELIUM OF CORNEA TOGETHER COVERS THE ENTIRE SURFACE OF THE BODY; SEBACEOUS AND MAMMARY GLANDS
ENDODERM - ALIMENTARY TRACT, LIVER, PANCREAS, GASTRIC
GLANDS, INTESTINAL GLANDS• ENDOCRINE GLANDS - LOSE
CONNECTION WITH SURFACE
MESODERM• ENDOTHELIUM - LINING OF BLOOD VESSELS• MESOTHELIUM - LINING SEROUS CAVITIES
ECTODERM
ENDODERM
MESODERM
Characteristics of epithelium• Classification by # of layers
• Simple = single layer• Stratified = multiple, stacked
layers• Pseudostratified = appears to be
multiple layers, but all cells touch basement membrane (all cells do not necessarily reach lumen)
• Classification by shape• Squamous = flat• Cuboidal = square• Columnar = column
Laboratory Experience• Identify and characterize various types of epithelia
• Recognize various glands and modes of secretion
• Recognize gland associated structures/cells and differentiate glands from their ducts
• Understand significance of cytological expression of epithelial cells with regard to function
053 Slide 93Slide 35Slide 53
Slide 33: Kidney (PAS/hematoxylin)
Basement membrane
Brush border
Periodic acid – Schiff • Used to visualize: glycogen, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans• Steps in PAS staining
1. Periodic acid oxidizes 1,2-glycols to aldehydes2. Schiff’s reagent colors the aldehyde groups (pink to magenta)
The brush border is composed of numerous microvilli which function to increase surface area for absorption of nutrient material and fluid.
The structure on the brush border that stains with periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) stain is the glycocalyx.
EM 1 & 7
Observe various brush border - microvilliThe brush border is composed of numerous microvilli of a uniform size projecting into a lumen. Each microvillus is composed of microfilaments (actin) surrounded by the cell membrane.
glycocalyx
PASstaining
Slide 33
Lipid in SER
EM 2
Stereocilia of the epididymis - long thin microvilli
Stereocilia are very long, branched, non-motile microvilli of differing lengths that function in absorption from the lumen.
EM 5 & 6
Observe cell junctions characteristic of epithelium
SPECIALIZATION OF EPITHELIAMAINTAIN EXTENSIVE
CONTACTS AMONG CELLSSTRUCTURALLY AND FUNCTIONALLY POLARIZED
JUNCTIONSZONULA OCCLUDENS - TIGHT JUNCTION (BELT)ZONULA ADHERENS –
ADHERING BELTDESMOSOME (MACULA
ADHERENS) - SPOT ATTACHMENTGAP JUNCTIONS - COMMUNICATION
Terminal bars
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Slide 32: Kidney (H&E)
Simple squamous Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal Simple cuboidal
Slide 75: Thyroid gland (endocrine)
Simple cuboidal epithelium Basement membrane
SUMMARY OF TISSUE FEATURES OF EPITHELIUM
• AVASCULAR• EXTRANEOUS CELLS
• REGENERATION• MIGRATION
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SUMMARY OF TISSUE FEATURES OF EPITHELIUM
• AVASCULAR• EXTRANEOUS CELLS
• REGENERATION• MIGRATION
• METAPLASIA• BASEMENT MEMBRANE
Slide 258
SECRETION – ACTIVE PROCESS CONSUMING ENERGY
EXOCRINE GLANDS - DELIVER THEIR SECRETION INTO DUCTS OPENING INTO EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL SURFACE
ENDOCRINE GLANDS - DUCTLESS, DELIVER THEIR SECRETIONS INTO THE LYMPH OR BLOOD STREAM
PANCREAS has endocrine
PANCREAS has exocrine
EXOCRINE GLANDSDUCT
• SIMPLE - UNBRANCHED DUCT• COMPOUND - BRANCHED DUCT
SECRETORY PORTION• TUBULAR• COILED TUBULAR• BRANCHED TUBULAR• ALVEOLAR• BRANCHED ACINAR• TUBULOACINAR• TUBULOALVEOLAR
MUCUS VS SEROUS
TUBULARCOILED TUBULARBRANCHED TUBULARALVEOLAR
BRANCHED ACINARTUBULOACINARTUBULOALVEOLAR
ACINUS = FUNCTIONAL UNIT
SEROUS MUCOUS
Mucous - Light staining Cytoplasm and dark, flattened nucleus at base of cell
Serous – dark red staining cytoplasm and lighter, spherical nucleus
072
072
Slide 072: Submandibular gland
Simple columnar epithelia Stratified columnar epithelia
Slide 072: Submandibular gland
Serous cells Mucous cells Serous demilune
The submandibular gland is a mixed (seromucous) gland whose mode of secretion is merocrine secretion = exocytosis without loss of cellular components
MECHANISM FOR RELEASE OF SECRETORY PRODUCTS
MEROCRINE SECRETION – EXOCYTOSIS W/O LOSS OF SURFACE MEMBRANE
APOCRINE SECRETION – LOSS OF PART OF APICAL CYTOPLASM AND SOME PLASMA MEMBRANE
HOLOCRINE SECRETION – RELEASE OF WHOLE cell CYTOCRINE SECRETION – MELANIN GRANULES TRANSFERRED FROM MELANOCYTE TO KERATINOCYTES
MEROCRINE APOCRINE
CYTOCRINE SECRETION - PASS MELANIN GRANULES FROM MELANOCYTES TO KERATINOCYTES
Slide 61: Terminal Ileum
Goblet cell releasing contents
Simple columnar epithelium
Brush border composed of microvilli
Microvilli are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the surface area of certain cells to help increase absorption. Microvilli are non-motile and are composed of a core of thin microfilaments called actin.
Alternative slide 250
Slide 40: Trachea
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with
goblet cells
Goblet cell releasing contents
The main function of cilia is to sweep or move fluids, cells, or particulate matter across cell surface in the lumen as to remove dust in the lungs. Microtubules of the axoneme are at the core of cilia and make them motile..
Note the thick basement membrane of the respiratorypseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Alterative slide 242
Slide 93: Epididymis
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereociliaMicrovilli: small, non-motile projections composed of thin microfilamentsStereocilia: long, non-motile projections (branched microvilli) composed of thin microfilamentsCilia: larger, long, motile projections composed of thick microtubules
Slide 35: Urinary bladder
Specialized “dome-shaped” cells
Basal cells
Transitional epithelium
Slide 34: Ureter
Transitional epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium: the protection epithelium
• Keratinized stratified squamous (thick or thin)• Prevent dessication• Protect against abrasion• Prevent foreign invasion• Ex. Slide 29: Thick skin (ventral
surface of finger)
• Non-keratinized stratified squamous• Moist lubricated surface• Ex. Slide 52: Tongue
Slide 029
Slide 52
Slide 52 : Tongue
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Mucous acini Serous acini
Mucous cells stain light and serous cells stain dark.
Slide 53: Esophagus
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Slide 29: Thick skin (ventral surface of finger)
Epidermis withkeratinized stratifiedsquamous epithelium
Dermis
Hypodermis
The major function of this type of epithelium (thick skin) is for protection from mechanical stress, but it also prevents dehydration.
Slide 29 : Thick skin (ventral surface of finger)
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Polyhedral cells
Cuboidal cells of the stratum basale
The cells in the stratum basale serve as stem cells for the epidermis, and their progeny differentiate as they move away from the base.
Slide 29 : Thick skin (ventral surface of finger)
Duct of eccrine sweatgland with stratifiedcuboidal epithelium
Eccrine sweat gland
Myoepithelial cells
Myoepithelial cells are eosinophilic because of the presence of a high density of contractile protein. These cells surround the gland like a net and expel glandular secretions upon contraction.
Slide 31: Thin skin (scalp)
Keratinized, stratifiedsquamous epithelium
Sebaceous glands
The mode of secretion used by sebaceous glands is holocrine secretion
Slide 66: Recto-anal junction
Rectum - simple columnar epitheliumAnus – stratified squamous
Slide 66 : Recto-anal junction
Eccrine sweat glandSebaceous glands Apocrine sweat gland
GLANDS OF EPIDERMAL ORIGIN
SWEAT GLANDS• ECCRINE - COMMON
SWEAT GLAND - LOCAL COOLING
• APOCRINE AXILLARY REGION - FUNCTION IN ANIMALS,
discharge in hair follicle
Epithelial tissues of the body
• Use table as guide
• Generalizations• Entire GI system from
gastro-esophageal junction to recto-anal junction is lined by simple columnar epithelium
• Cilia is present in most respiratory passages
EPITHELIA ARE SPECIALIZED FOR FUNCTIONS
ABSORPTION - INTESTINESECRETION - PANCREASTRANSPORT - EYE, ENDOTHELIUM IN VESSELSEXCRETION - KIDNEYPROTECTION – AGAINST
MECHANICAL DAMAGE AND DEHYDRATION
SENSORY RECEPTION – PAIN TO AVOID
INJURY, TASTE BUDS, OLFACTORY, ETC.
CONTRACTION – MYOEPITHELIUM
SURFACE SPECIALIZATIONS OF EPITHELIA
MICROVILLI - INTESTINE ABSORPTIVE CELLCILIA - RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM
BASAL LAMINA – ALL EPITHELIUM
INTERCELLULAR CANALICULUS – HEPATOCYTE
SECRETORY CANALICULUS – GASTRIC PARIETAL CELL
FLAGELLA
038b
33
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SURFACE SPECIALIZATIONS OF EPITHELIA
INTERCELLULAR CANALICULUS – HEPATOCYTE
SURFACE SPECIALIZATIONS OF EPITHELIA
SECRETORY CANALICULUS – GASTRIC PARIETAL CELL
Clinical Correlation
Normal larynx with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Abnormal larynx with stratified squamous epithelium
Edward C. Klatt, M.D.Mercer University School of Medicine
Slide 38
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• L.L. Langley, et al. 1974. Dynamic Anatomy and Physiology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY.
• W.W. Tuttle and Byron A. Schottelius. 1969. Textbook of Physiology. The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, MO.
• Leon Weiss. 1977. Histology Cell and Tissue Biology. Elsevier Biomedical, New York, NY.• Leon Weiss and Roy O. Greep. 1977. Histology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY.
• Nature (http://www.nature.com), Vol. 414:88,2001.
• A.L. Mescher 2013 Junqueira’s Basis Histology text and atlas, 13th ed. McGraw
• Douglas P. Dohrman and TAMHSC Faculty 2012 Structure and Function of Human Organ Systems, Histology Laboratory Manual - Slide selections were largely based on this manual for first year medical students at TAMHSC
Many illustrations in these VIBS Histology YouTube videos were modified from the following books and sources: Many thanks to original sources!
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