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EPITOME OF CURRENT JOURNALS

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY

Vol. 96.*The Biochemistry of Epilepsy. A Reviewv. H.Goldstein and R. A. McFarland. 771.

*Evaluation of the Electroencephalograms ofSchizophrenic Patients. P. A. Davis. 851.

*Electroencephalography in the Psychoses. M. A.Rubin. 861.

A Five to Ten Year Follow-Up Study of 641 Schizo-phrenic Cases. C. Rupp and E. K. Fletcher. 877.

The Relationship between Early Schizophrenia andthe Neuroses. W. K. Miller. 889.

*Psychotic Manifestations in the Presence of AcuteCerebral Vascular Lesions. C. W. Irish. 897.

*The Effect of Treatment of Depression in theMenopause with Estrogenic Hormone. H. S.Ripley, E. Shorr, and G. N. Papanicolaou. 905.

Total Push Method. III. Schema for the Recordingof Certain Important Attitudes in Schizophrenia.A. Myerson. 935.

The Judgment of Insight. M. M. Campbell. 945.*Detoxication of Sodium Benzoate in Neuro-

psychiatric Disorders. I. Finkelman, J. Hora,I. C. Sherman, and M. K. Horwitt. 951.

An Observation on the Treatment of Mental Caseswith Sub-Shock Doses of Insulin. C. R. Bennettand T. T. Miller. 961.

Therapeutic Quartan Malaria in the Treatment ofNeurosyphilis among Negroes. G. C. Branche.967.

Biochemistry of Epilepsy.-Is epilepsy asymptom of disturbed general physiology ?Biochemical studies of blood of epilepticsare described, as to sugar, acidity, alkalireserve, gases, Ca and P, nitrogenous sub-stances, cholesterol, chlorides. Studiesshow a more than normal variability inepileptics ; most have normal glucosetolerance curves. Frequency of seizurescan be increased or decreased by alterationin chemical constituents of blood, thoughsome of the changes noticed are the result,not the cause of fits. There is no evidenceof intoxication with alkaline substances ascause of fits. Slight temporary acidosisduring and after fit is due to increasedmuscular metabolism, pH normal inmajority, no evidence of general cerebralanoxemia. Epilepsy is not related totetany. Fluctuations in blood Ca increasesfluctuation of excitability in nervous tissue;blood fibrinogen is increased; most con-stant physiological abnormality is incon-stancy. This applies to blood sugar level,pH, blood Ca, etc. (H. de P.)

E.E.G. and Schizophrenics.-A com-parison of E.E.G. of 132 schizophrenic andnormal subjects, in 4 groups. (1) Mostnormal E.E.G. of schizophrenic group arethose of paranoids ; (2) dysrhymic patternnot differing from those of non-schizo-phrenic with convulsive disorder (e.g.

No. 4. January 1940.epilepsy) found in catatonics; (3) choppypattern, suggesting irritation or other lesionmay be due to organic disease; (4) mixed.Brain patterns change only when brainphysiology changes. Work is still in pro-gress and may be useful both for diagnosisand in deciding treatment in individualcases. (H. de P.)

E.E.G. in Psychoses.-Use of E.E.G. inlocalizing cerebral tumours, methodadapted for localizing cerebral atrophy bytesting for distribution of alpha waveactivity in psychotics, simultaneous record-ing from two regions-normal and patho-logical-necessary for true comparison;method and results are described anddiscussed. (H. de P.)

Psychotic Manifestations in Cerebral Vas-cular Lesions.-Correlations between acutecerebral lesions and psychotic manifesta-tions were recorded in 170 out of 1000cases, all severe, ending fatally in a shorttime. Cortical destruction caused largerproportion of psychotic symptoms thaninvolvement of basal ganglia by perforatingvessels. (H. de P.)Menopausal Depression and Estrogenic

Hormone.-Investigations on depressedpatients of menopausal and post-meno-pausal age groups are described. Characterand severity of symptoms varied somewhat,but all required in-patient treatment. Theyreceived aestrogenic hormone while beingtreated by psychotherapy, recreation, etc.Beneficial effects were confined to improve-ment of vasomotor symptoms and generalwell-being. CEstrogenic hormone does notappear to be a specific therapeutic agent insevere depressions. (H. de P.)

Detoxication of Sodium Benzoate.-Quick's liver-function test based on excre-tion of hippuric acid after ingestion ofbenzoic acid has been applied to 18 patientswith catatonic dementia prxcox. Resultssuggested that metabolic disturbance ofthe liver may be a characteristic feature ofthis condition. A modification of thistechnique was used on cases of this andother neuropsychiatric disorders ; resultssuggest failure of absorption not due tohepatic dysfunction as the true explanationof these findings. (H. de P.)

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274 CURRENT JOURNALS

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGYVol. 53. No. 2. April 1940.

The Influence of Degree of Interpolated Learning on Ocular Patterns and Their Psychological Implica-Retroactive Inhibition and the Overt Transfer of tions. H. F. Brandt. 260.Specific Responses. A. W. Melton and J. M. The Effect of Hypnosis upon Visual and AuditoryIrwin. 173. Acuity. K. Sterling and J. G. Miller. 269.

Geographical Orientation. T. A. Ryan and M. S. Variability of Judgment as a Function of Stimulus-Ryan. 204. Density. J. Volkmann, W. A. Hunt, and M.The Chronaxy of Cold and Warmth. F. N. Jones. McGourty. 277.216. Retention of Conditioned Responses Tested byThe R Jleof Motivation in Learning without Aware- Experimental Extinction. W. J. Brogden. 285.ness. J. G. Miller. 229.

The Pitch of Complex Tones. L. A. Jeffress. 240. An Instrument for Determining Visual Thresholds.Multiple Factorial Analysis of Fine Motor Skills. R. M. Simpson and G. L. Freeman. 289.

R. H. Seashore, C. E. Buxton, and I. N. McCollom. A Device for Measuring Differential Sensitivity to251. Light. C. Fisk and S. E. Stoddard. 291.

ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUESVol. 98. Part 1, No. 1. January 1940.

Capacite Civile et Valeur des Actes des Alienes Internes. (Civil capacity and validity of contracts of insanepersons under detention.) X. Abely. 1.

Vol. 98. PartCapacit6 Civile et Valeur des Actes des Alienes

Intern6s. (Civil capacity and validity of contractsofinsane persons under detention (continued).) X.Abely. 105.

Crise Comitiale et Meningite Lymphocytaire Curable.(Convulsive seizures with curable lymphocytic

1, No. 2. February 1940.meningitis.) J. Euzi6re, E. Fassio, and R. Lafon.137.

Les Images Consecutives et les HalluicinationsOptiques dans la Schizophr6nie. (Consecutiveimages and optic hallucinations in schizophrenia.)V. Vujic and K. Levi. 140.

Vol. 98. Part 1, No. 3. March 1940.Principes Directeurs du Diagnostic en Medicine Le Syndrome Mental de la Maladie de Reckling-

Mentale. (Leading principles of diagnosis in hausen. (The mental syndrome of Reckling-mental medicine.) M. Laignel-Lavastine. 201. hausen'sdisease.) G.HeuyerandL.Vidart. 218.

Vol. 98. Part 1, No. 4. April 1940.Les Fondateurs de la Doctrine Franqaise de l'Aphasie. La Fonction Gastrique chez les Schizophrenes.(The founders of the French doctrine of aphasia.) (Gastric function in schizophrenics.) C. Chatag-Quercy and Bayle. 297. non. 325.

Le Lattah: une Psycho-Nevrose Exotique. (Lattah:an exotic psycho-neurosis.) A. Repond. 311.

ARCHIVES DE NEUROLOGIE DE BUCARESTVol. 3. I

Le Service Neurologique de l'Hopital des MaladiesMentales et Nerveuses de Bucarest. (The neuro-logical service of the Bucarest Hospital for Nervousand Mental Diseases.) D. Paulian. 257.

Sarcome Lymphoblastique Mediastinal avec Meta-stases Ganglionnaires et Encephalo-Craniennes.(Mediastinal lymphoblastic sarcoma with meta-stases of the central nervous system). D. Paulian.268.

Hypophyse et Diabete Sucre. (Hypophysis and

No. 4 1939.diabetes.) A. Radovici, R. Papazian, and M.Schachter. 275.

Une ttude et Quelques Legendes sur les StationsBalneaires d'Anatolie au Temps des Seldiucideset Apres. (A study and some stories of spas inAnatolia in the time of Seldjucides and after).S. Unver. 296.

Un Cas de la Maladie de Fox-Fordyce. (A case ofFox-Fordyce disease.) Z. Ohya. 305.

ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY, CHICAGOVol. 43. No. 2. February 1940.

*Experimental Disseminated Encephalopathy in the Blood in Epilepsy. E. L. Gibbs, W. G. Lennox,Monkey. A. Ferraro and G. A. Jervis. 195. and F. A. Gibbs. 223.

*Pick's Disease with Atrophy of the Temporal Epileptogenic Lesions of the Brain: A HistologicLobes: A Clinico-pathologic Study. N. Mala- Study. W. Penfield and S. Humphreys. 240.mud and D. A. Boyd. 210. *Adjustment of Acid Base Balance of Patients with

*Variations in the Carbon Dioxide Content of the Petit Mal Epilepsy to Overventilation. L. F.



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Nims, E. L. Gibbs, W. G. Lennox, F. A. Gibbs,and D. Williams. 262.

*Physiology of Concussion. W. W. Scott. 270.*The Spinothalamic Tract in Man. A. Earl Walker.

284.Remissions in Epileptic Patients Treated with SodiumBromide in an Outpatient Clinic. T. T. Stone andA. J. Arieff. 299.

*Flaccid Hemiplegia in Man. C. D. Aring. 302.*Evaluation of Metrazol Shock in Treatment ofSchizophrenia: Report of Results in One HundredCases. L. Reznikoff. 318.

*Production and Localization of Headache withSubarachnoid and Ventricular Air. T. J. C. vonStorch, L. Secunda, and C. M. Krinsky. 326.

Effects of Ethyl Alcohol on the Cerebral Cortex andthe Hypothalamus of the Cat. J. H. Massermannand L. Jacobson. 334.

Changes in the Electroencephalogram duringMetrazol Therapy. P. A. Davis and W. Sulzbach.341.

Case Reports.Possible Etiologic Role of Arsenic in Disturbances

of the Central Nervous System attributed toAvitaminosis, with Special Reference to Pellagra:Report of a Case with Autopsy. M. Scott andE. E. Aegerter. 356.

Syphilitic Cerebral Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis:Clinico-pathologic Studies in a Case. G. B.Hassin and H. Zeitlin. 362.

Folie A Deux: Report of a Case of Remission froma Psychosis of more than Twenty-Five Years'Duration. B. Postle. 372.

Experimental Disseminated Encephalo-pathy.-Seven monkeys were given inocu-lations for a period varying from four tothirteen months with sterile extract andemulsion of rabbit brain. A progressivecondition, characterized by symptoms ofwide-spread involvement of the centralnervous system, developed. Pathologicalexamination showed disseminated peri-vascular lesions characterized by destruc-tion of myelin and accumulations of fattygranular cells. The macroglia at times haddegenerated and at other times showedproliferative changes. In addition, largeareas of partial demyelination whichshowed no apparent relation to bloodvessels were observed. The pathogenesisof this experimental encephalopathy isinvestigated and its significance is brieflydiscussed in relation to similar conditionsin man. (R. M. S.)

Pick's Disease with Temporal LobeAtrophy.-The authors report a case ofPick's disease in which the focal atrophywas almost exclusively limited to the tem-poral lobes. The case is analyzed and anattempt made to correlate the clinical andpathological findings. (R. M. S.)CO2 Content of Blood in Epilepsy.-The

authors' observations are consistent withelectroencephalographic evidence that thetype of cerebral dysrhythmia present ingrand mal seizures is in contrast to thatin petit mal attacks, and that carbondioxide has a pronounced influence oncortical rhythms. All the available evi-dence indicates that carbon dioxide playsa significant etiological role in epilepsy.(R. M. S.)

Acid-Base Balance and Overventilationin Epilepsy.-The person with petit mal

epilepsy responds to overventilation witha greater drop in the carbon dioxide con-tent of the internal jugular blood andmaintains the low tevel reached for alonger period after the overbreathing hasceased than does the non-epileptic controlsubject. The corresponding changes in theacid-base balance are such that the epilepticpatient has an acid-base loop of greaterarea than the control subject. These find-ings can be explained on the assumptionthat the mechanisms which regulate thephysicochemical state of the fluids of thebrain are somewhat impaired in petit malepilepsy, so that the person with such acondition is not able adequately to controlor quickly adjust the acid-base balancewhen it is disturbed by overventilation.(R. M. S.)

Physiology in Concussion.-Animalstudies were undertaken to determine themechanisms operating in sudden loss ofconsciousness following blows to the head.It is suggested that the loss of consciousnessas a result of a blow on the head maypossibly be explained on the basis of shortlasting, complete cerebral antemia(Cannon). It is agreed with Weiss andBaker that the rate of circulatory changeis important in the production of uncon-sciousness. (R. M. S.)

Spinothalamic Tract.-The course of thespinothalamic tract is traced from theapical and pericorneal cells of the posteriorhorn across the anterior commissure to theanterolateral columns. It then ascends inthis column, its fibres gradually beingpushed dorsad, so that just above thepyramidal decussation it lies immediatelybelow the spinal tract of the fifth nerve.In the bulb it lies on the periphery anddorsolateral to the inferior olivary nucleus.Through the pons the spinothalamic tractis just medial to the middle cerebellarpeduncle and on the same plane, but lateralto the medial lemniscus. In the mesence-phalon it becomes peripheral again, lyingjust lateral to the brachium conjunctivum.It passes through the colliculi, to which thespinotectal fibres are given off, and then,lying just medial to the brachium of theinferior colliculus it enters the dience-phalon. Turning abruptly laterad, thefibres of the spinothalamic tract terminatein the basal and ventral part of the nucleusventralis posterior of the thalamus. Thereappears to be throughout the course of thetract a distinct, although probably some-what overlapping, topical arrangement.(R. M. S.)

Flaccid Hemiplegia.-Clinical and patho-logical studies in man indicate that destruc-tion of portions of the basal gangliatogether with portions of the external andinternal capsules may result in prolongedflaccid paralysis. The occurrence of flac-cidity in man usually appears to depend on

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the destruction of the striatum and itsradiations. It is thought that the methodof removing the hemisphere for glioma byfirst attending to the venous drainagebefore extirpation and clipping the largearteries as they are brought into view,offers the best clinical result because itspares the blood supply to the basalganglia, although this method is probablymore difficult and dangerous than that offirst removing the arterial circulation.(R. M. S.)

Metrazol Shock and Schizophrenia.-The authors conclude that metrazol shock

Vol. 43. No. 3.*Spread of the Epileptic Discharge: An Experi-mental Study of the After-Discharge Induced byElectrical Stimulation of the Cerebral Cortex.T. C. Erickson. 429.

*Experimental Evidence of Anticonvulsant Propertiesof Sodium Diphenyl Hydantoinate (DilantinSodium N.N.R.). H. H. Goldstein and J.Weinberg. 453.

*Heat-Regulatory Mechanisms in Normal and inSchizophrenic Subjects under Basal Conditionsand after the Administration of Dinitrophenol.H. Freeman. 456.

*Mineral Content of the Brain: Changes in Experi-mental Animals following Injections of Insulinand Metrazol. E. Liebert and G. Heilbrunn.463.

The Electroencephalogram in Cases of Neoplasmsof the Posterior Fossa. J. R. Smith, C. W. P.Walter, and R. W. Laidlaw. 472.

*Dissociation of Deep Sensibility at Different Levelsof the Central Nervous System. E. A. Weinsteinand M. B. Bender. 488.

*Section of the Descending Spinal Root of theFifth Cranial Nerve. F. C. Grant, R. A. Groff,and F. H. Lewy. 498.

*Colloid Cysts of the Third Ventricle: A Report ofFour Cases. M. R. Shaver. 510.

*Myoclonus Epilepsy. C. Davison and M. Keschner.524.

Electrical Activity of the Exposed Human BrainDescription ofTechnic and Report ofObservations.H. G. Schwartz and A. S. Kerr. 547.

Case Reports.Metrazol Treatment of the Psychoses: Report ofTwo Deaths. N. Michael and J. Wittenbrook.560.

Spontaneous Htemorrhage into Oculomotor Nervewith Rupture of Nerve and Fatal SubarachnoidHtemorrhage. A. Plaut and M. Dreyfuss. 564.

Spread of Epileptic Discharge.-Theafter-discharge induced by electrical stimu-lations of the cortex is a faithful experi-mental counterpart of clinical types ofepilepsy. Various motor variants havebeen observed which appear to be identicalin their characteristics with those seen incertain clinical forms of epilepsy. Thechanges in blood flow in these monkeysduring fits are the same as those seen inman during epileptic fits. The changes inelectrical potential during and after epilipti-form fits are the same in monkeys as theyare in man during epileptic seizures. Aconstant type of fit is easily reproduciblein monkeys by electrical stimulation of thecortex. The corpus callosum plays adefinite role in the spread of the epilepticdischarge from one hemisphere to the other.Epileptic discharge from one hemisphere,

therapy does not seem to produce per-manent and lasting recovery in schizo-phrenia. (R. M. S.)

Production of Headache with Subarach-noid and Ventricular Air.-It is suggestedthat the earlier phases of headache accom-panying pneumoencephalography are notdue to distortion of dural areas or themeningeal vascular tree. This type ofheadache is probably due to direct(chemical or mechanical) stimulation ofthe sensory nerve endings along many ofthe larger branches of the internal carotidartery. (R. M. S.)

March 1940.if widespread over that cortex and pre-vented from spreading to the other hemi-sphere by section of the corpus callosum,gives rise to contralateral clonic movementsand ipsilateral slow tonic movements, thelatter being due, at least in part, to epilepticdischarge from an area in the premotorregion governing ipsilateral movements.Epileptic discharge of the neurons of theipsilateral areas of the cerebral cortex givesrise to a large part of the tonic element ofthe convulsion. Transcortical section atright angles to the central sulcus, if it is ofsufficient extent in a sagittal direction andof sufficient depth, alters the pathway forthe spr-ad of the epileptic discharge. Withthe cerebral cortex intact, subcorticalcentres play a secondary role in the spreadof the epileptic discharge. The spread ofthe epileptic discharge takes place byneuronal pathways. (R. M. S.)

Anticonvulsant Properties of SodiumDiphenyl Hydantoinate.-Sodium diphenylhydantoinate has anticonvulsant propertieswhich are demonstrable by administrationof metrazol subcutaneously in a group ofepileptic patients before and after sodiumdiphenyl hydantoinate is given. (R. M. S.)

Heat-Regulatory Mechanisms.-In thechronic stage of the psychosis, schizo-phrenic patients show less reactivity tometabolic stimulation than do normalsubjects. (R. M. S.)

Mineral Content of Brain.-Microin-cinerated sections of the brains of rabbitstreated with either insulinor metrazol ora combination of the two, by a techniquesimilar to that employed in the treatmentof patients with psychoses, showed markedchanges in the mineral content of the cere-bral neurons. These changes consisted ofdust formation, hypomineralization, vacuo-lation or complete demineralization of theganglion cells. The changes were pro-minent in the cornu ammonis, but werealso observed in other parts of the brainand appeared to correspond with those insections stained with cresyl violet. Dustformation and complete demineralization

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indicated severe damage to the protoplasmand could be observed as long as onehundred and seventeen days after com-pletion of treatment. (R. M. S.)

Dissociation of Deep Sensibility atDifferent Levels.-Dissociated loss of pos-tural and vibratory sensation was found tobe not uncommon with lesions of thecerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord. Inseven patients with cerebral lesions causingdisturbance of deep sensibility, positionsense, stereognosis and two point dis-crimination were lost or markedlydiminished, while the appreciation ofvibration was spared or slightly affected.There were no instances in which theconverse was true. With lesions at thethoracic and lumbar levels of the cord theopposite type of dissociation was found.Vibratory sense in the lower extremitieswas affected earlier and more severely thanwas the sense of position. In three patientswith compression of the cervical region ofthe cord and medulla, with dissociatedloss of deep sensation involving the upperextremities, sense of position was moreaffected than that of vibration, again withastereognosis. (R. M. S.)

Section of Spinal Root of Fifth CranialNerve.-Experience with the section of thebulbospinal root of the fifth cranial nerveand the results obtained from patients sub-jected to this procedure permit the follow-ing conclusions: (1) the operation ispractical from the technical standpoint(2) touch sensation of the face is preserved;(3) the subjective sensation of numbness isavoided ; (4) the procedure is ideal forpatients with malignant tumours of theface, since the exposure permits one to

Vol. 43. No. 4*Temporary Arrest of the Circulation to the CentralNervous System: 1. Physiologic Effects. L. M.Weinberger, M. H. Gibbon, and J. H. Gibbon.615.

*Tuberculoma of the Brain. H. F. Buchstein andA. W. Adson. 635.

*Studies in Dystrophia Myotonica : It. Experi-mental Studies in Myotonia. A. Ravin. 649.

*Metrazol Convulsions: Changes in Oxygen,Carbon Dioxide and Sugar Contents of Arterialand of Internal Jugular Venous Blood. L. Loman,M. Rinkel, and A. Myerson. 682.

Investigation of Electrolytic Rectification in Nerves:Invalidity of Pfluger's Law of Contraction. L. J.Pollock and I. Finkelman. 693.

Action Potentials of Muscles in Rigidity and Tremor.P. F. A. Hoefer and T. J. Putnam. 704.

*Influence of Insulin and of Stimulation of theSympathetic Nervous System on the Blood:Study of the Sugar Content, Carbon DioxideTension, and pH. S. Domm and E. Gellhorn.726.

*Paraplegia in Flexion. L. E. Daniels. 736.*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Anatomic and

Pathologic Considerations. G. B. Hassin. 765.

Case Reports.Meningioma Showing Sarcomatous Degeneration.

F. K. Bradford and A. J. Miller. 778.Effect of Insulin Shock on the Heart and Blood

U

section the ninth cranial nerve as well asthe upper cervical roots. (R. M. S.)

Colloid Cysts of Third Ventricle.-Themost reasonable explanation of the originof colloid cysts of the third ventricle is thatthey arise from the paraphysis, which isan embryonic structure derived from thefetal ependyma of the anterior portionof the roof of the third ventricle. Thehistological structure of the cysts seems tosubstantiate this view, as tubules are fre-quently observed in their walls and suggestorigin from a glandular structure. Thesymptoms are usually suggestive and whencombined with evidence of blockage ofone or both foramens of Monro, as shownin a ventriculogram and with other neuro-logical findings indicating increased intra-cranial pressure and pressure on adjacentparts, make possible a pre-operativediagnosis with a fair degree of certainty.(R. M. S.)Myoclonus Epilepsy.-ln a case of myo-

clonus the central nervous system wasstudied histopathologically. Inclusionbodies, consisting of amyloid and argento-philic substances, with amitotic division insome, were observed throughout the nerveand glia cells of the central nervoussystem, except the spinal cord. The sub-stantia nigra and the dentate nuclei werethe main sites of these bodies. In corre-lating the clinical picture with the patho-logical changes the authors are inclined toattribute the mental symptoms to involve-ment of the cerebral convolutions,especially the frontal, and the so-calledextrapyramidal symptoms to lesions in thesubstantia nigra. The myoclonus maypossibly be due to the changes in thedentate mechanism, as in palatal myo-clonus. (R. M. S.)

April 1940.Pressure in Treatment of Schizophrenia. M. J.Farrell and E. Vassaf. 784.

Monochorea and Somatotopic Localization. C.Davison and P. Goodhart. 792.

Special Article.Physiologic Regulation of the Cerebral Circulation.H. S. Forbes. 804.

Temporary Arrest of Circulation toC.N.S.-Twenty-four animals were sub-jected to periods of circulatory arrest,clamping of the pulmonary artery beingused for this purpose. Arrest of the circu-lation for three minutes and ten seconds,or less, was tolerated without any obviousneurological disturbance. Subjected tothree minutes and twenty-five seconds ormore of circulatory arrest, cats showed per-manent alteration in behaviour and psychicfunction. After six minutes of circulatoryarrest vision and sensation suffered somedegree of permanent injury. After sevenminutes and thirty-six seconds of circu-latory arrest there were permanent de-

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mentia, blindness, serious sensory andauditory defects, motor and posturaldefects and reflex abnormalities. Whenthe circulation was interrupted for eightminutes and forty-five seconds or longer,life could not be restored for more than afew hours. (R. M. S.)

Tuberculoma of Brain.-Tuberculomas ofthe brain occur at all ages and in a varietyof types. With a few exceptions, theyarise by hematogenous metastasis from atuberculous focus elsewhere in the body,usually in the lungs or related lymph nodes.Clinical and pathologic studies indicatethat tuberculomas producing the symptomsof tumor of the brain develop most fre-quently in adolescents and young adultswith a single extracranial tuberculous focus.Tuberculomas associated with tuberculousmeningitis tend to occur chiefly in childrenand in the presence of generalized tuber-culosis. The pathological characteristicsof tuberculomas are not different fromthose of tuberculosis elsewhere. Tuber-culomas may be positively identified byfinding acid-fast bacilli in them. Tuber-culomas constitute only a small anddeclining percentage of verified tumoursof the brain. The clinical syndromeswhich they produce are not significantlydifferent from those produced by othervarieties of cerebral tumour. A correctetiological diagnosis is made only whenthe patient has active tuberculosis inanother organ or in the presence of apositive tuberculin reaction in a child. Ahistory of tuberculous disease in the pastis suggestive but not conclusive. Labora-tory studies do not aid in the differentialdiagnosis. (R. M. S.)

Dystrophia Myotonica.-On the basis ofthe similarities of the properties of myo-tonia to those of Tiegel's, veratrine, neuro-muscular and acetylcholine contractures,it is suggested that myotonia is a con-tracture and that the defect in myotonia ischiefly or entirely in the muscle. Evidenceis presented that a defect in neuromusculartransmission does not adequately explainthe observed phenomena and is probablynot present. (R. M. S.)

Metrazol Convulsions.-Although localcerebral vasoconstriction may immediatelyprecede a metrazol convulsion, there is noevidence from these studies that cerebralanemia initiates the seizure. As the con-vulsion progresses, however, a changeoccurs in cerebral blood flow, dependenton the altered relationship of blood gases

and changes in blood pressure. Anychange in cerebral blood flow followingthe convulsion is temporary, as indicatedby the return of blood gases to originallevels within a short time after the con-vulsion. There is no similarity betweeninsulin hypoglycmemia and a metrazol con-vulsion as regards changes in the relation-ship of dextrose and oxygen. The cerebralhypoxia occurring in the former conditionhas only a superficial resemblance to thecerebral hypoxia of the latter condition.So far as these data are concerned, changesin mental states following metrazol con-vulsions and insulin hypoglycxmia cannotbe explained on the basis of any commonalteration in either cerebral chemistry orcerebral blood flow. (R. M. S.)

Influence of Insulin on Blood.-Wheninsulin leads to a fall of the blood sugarbelow 50 mg. per hundred cubic centi-metres, this is accompanied by a fall inthe carbon dioxide tension of the alveolarair. Restoration of the blood sugar levelleads to a rise in the carbon dioxide tension(experiments on schizophrenic patients).In deep coma the carbon dioxide tensionof the alveolar air at a given level of theblood sugar is higher than at similar levelsbefore coma occurs. The carbon dioxidetension of the arterial blood is loweredduring insulin hypoglycsemia and restoredto control levels in unanxesthetized dogs oninjection of dextrose. General excitementinduced by painful stimuli and struggleleads to rise of the blood sugar and lower-ing of the carbon dioxide tension of thearterial blood in unanxsthetized dogs.Injection of metrazol or epinephrine haseffects on the carbon dioxide tension andthe sugar of arterial blood similar to thoseof general excitement. All effects arereversible and are not accompanied by achange in the pH of the arterial blood. Itis assumed that excitation of the sympa-thetic nerve centres is responsible for thedecrease in carbon dioxide tension of thearterial blood and of the alveolar air.

(R. M. S.)Paraplegia in Flexion.-The author con-

tributes a valuable discussion of the factorsunderlying cases of spinal and cerebralparaplegia in flexion. (R. M. S.)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.-Hassinconcludes that in amyotrophic lateralsclerosis the pathological picture in thepons is the reverse of that in olivoponto-cerebellar atrophy, in which a differentsystem of ganglion cells is affected.(R. M. S.)

ARCHIVOS ARGENTINOS DE NEUROLOGIAVol. 21. Nos. 5-6. November-December 1939.

Estructura y Conexiones del Nucleo Supra6ptico Alteraciones Neurol6gicas Consecutivas a Lesionesdel Hombre. (Structure and connections of the Traumaticas de la Corteza Cerebral en el Hombre.supra-optic nucleus in man.) M. Balado and E. (Cortical lesions in man following trauma.) S. 0.Franke. 275. Alcalde. 295.

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Hematoma Subdural Cr6nico. (Chronic subduralhematoma.) B. B. Spota, G. H. Dickmann, andA. J. Alurralde. 315.

Vol. 22. Nos.Asociaci6n Medica Panamericana. Congreso Julio

de 1941, Buenos Aires, Secci6n Neurologia yNeurocirugia. Temas Propuestos Hasta la Fecha.5.

Sobre la Direcci6n de las Corrientes Electricas de laCorteza Cerebral. (Action potentials of the

. 1-2,

BRAINNo. 1.Vol. 63.

*The Forms of Growth in Gliomas and theirPractical Significance. H. J. Scherer. 1.

*Pyramidal Lesion in the Monkey. S. S. Tower.36.

*The Angioarchitecture of the Gliomata. J.Hardman. 91.

Forms of Growth in Gliomas.-Largesections were made of 120 gliomatousbrains. All the gliomas except epen-dymomas showed very wide infiltration,irrespective of the rate of tumour growth.Only 30 per cent. were relatively circum-scribed, while 60 per cent., including allastrocytomas, showed diffuse changesbeyond the expected limits of the tumour.The remainder, especially glioblastomas,showed multicentral growth. Brain tissuewas often preserved in the infiltrated areas.The methods of spread are described.(D. J. W.)

Epiduritis Supurada. (Suppurative epidural lesions.)R. H. Sirven. 334.

3-4. January-April 1940.cerebral cortex.) M. Balada and L. F. Romero.7.

Estudio Anatomopatol6gico de Siete Tumores deEpifisis y uno Yuxtaepifisiario. (Anatomo-pathological study of tumours of the epiphysis andneighbouring structures.) J. M. Prado. 21.

March 1940.Pyramidal Lesion in Monkey.-The

behaviour of monkeys was observed aftersection of the medullary pyramids. Thelesions were later examined at autopsyand the corticospinal pathways studiedhistologically. As the basis of the func-tional changes observed in the animalssome aspects of motor function have beenreconsidered at very great length. Thediscussion is modified by the finding ofhypotonia after the pyramidal section.(D. J. W.)

Angioarchitecture of Gliomata.-Theblood vessels of 25 cerebral gliomas werestudied histologically after staining withPickworth's technique. The vascular for-mations found are described with referenceto malignancy, central necrosis, cyst for-mation, and the form of tumour growth.(D. J. W.)

L'ENCEPHALENo. 1.

Recherches sur 100 Malades Entres au "ServiceSpecial des Alienes Alcoholiques'' du Departe-ment de la Seine. (Investigations of 100 cases inthe special service for alcoholic psychoses.) JDublineau and H. Duchene. 275.

Combinaison de l'Amyotrophie de Charcot-Marie-Tooth et de la Maladie de Friedreich, chez PlusieursMembres d'une Meme Famille. (Combination ofCharcot-Marie-Tooth amyotrophy and Friedreich'sataxia in several members of the same family.)L. van Bogaert and M. Moreau. 312.

JOURNAL BELGE DE NEUROLOGIE ET DE PSYCHIATRIE

December 1939.La Projection des Noyaux Anterieurs du Thalamus

sur L'tcorce Interhemispherique. (The projection

Vol. 40. No. 1.etude Anatomo-Clinique d'un Cas de Choree deSydenham. (Clinico-anatomical study of a caseof Sydenham's chorea.) M.-T. Callewaert. 5.

Ophtalmoplegie Bilaterale par Propagation Intra-cranienne d'une Tumeur du Sinus Maxillaire Droit.(Bilateral ophthalmoplegia by intracranial exten-sion of a tumour of the right maxillary sinus.)M. Andre. 21.

Polyradiculo-Nevrite Recidivante, du Type Guillain-

of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus in thecortex.) J. Stoffels. 783.

January 1940.Barre, ak Forme Pseudo-tabetique. (Polyneuro-radiculitis of the Guillain-Barre type.) M.Andre (Brussels). 28.

Ataxie Cerebelleuse avec Areflexie Generalise,Survenue Progressivement dans le Decours d'uneCoqueluche. (Cerebellar ataxia with generalizedareflexia following whooping-cough.) E. Kokken.39.

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Vol. 40. T*JEtude Neuropathologique de la Maladie deNiemann-Pick (Spleno-Heipatomegalie Lipidienne.)(Neuropathological study of a case of Niemann-Pick's disease.) R.-A. Ley. 57.

Sur une Forme Chronique a tvolution Fatale de laDermatomyosite avec Sclerodermie. (On achronic form with fatal termination of a case of

Vol. 40. NTrois Cas de Kleptomanie. (Three cases of klepto-

mania.) H. Grelinger. 105.Paralysie de Lissauer. (Lissauer's paralysis.) P.

Divry. 118.*Syndrome de Parinaud. ]Etude Anatomique.

(Parinaud's syndrome. Anatomical study.) P.Van Gehuchten. 126.

Un Cas de Tumeur Perlee de la Region tpiphysaire.(" Perly " tumour in the region of the epiphysis.)P. Van Gehuchten, J. Morelle, and A. Dereymaker.134.

Cardiazol et Lesions Cerebrales. (Cardiazol andcerebral lesions.) M. Leroy. 140.

Spasmes Oppositionnistes chez un ParalytiqueGeneral Malarise. (Oppositonic spasms in a caseof G.P.I.) J. Ley and J. Titeca. 153.

4o. 2

4o. 3

February 1940.dermatomyositis with sclerodermia.) Mme. Rade-mecker. 83.

Niemann-Pick's Disease.-An exhaustivestudy of the above condition with manyvery excellent illustrations. (E. A. C.)

March 1940.Maladie de Kussmaul-Maier et Sclerose Diffuse.

(Kussmaul-Maier's syndrome in diffuse sclerosis.)J. Balo. 160.

Parinaud's Syndrome.-In the case of anold man with sudden onset of difficulty inlooking upwards voluntarily, with lessaffected automatic reflexes of upward move-ment and with preservation of pupillaryreflexes, the author found a lesion of theposterior commissure and in the immediateneighbourhood of the nucleus of Darksche-witsch. (E. A. C.)

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONVol. 19. No. 2. March 1940.

Studies on Neoplasms with the Aid of RadioactivePhosphorus. I. The Total Phosphorus Meta-bolism of Normal and Leukemic Mice. J. H.Lawrence, L. W. Tuttle, K. G. Scott, and C. L.Connor. 267.

A Comparison of Procedures for Increasing BloodFlow to Limbs using an Improved OpticalPlethysmograph. G. M. Wright and K. Phelps.273.

The Determination of the Glomerular Filtration bythe Endogenous Creatinine Clearance. K.Steinitz and H. Turkand. 285.

Studies of the Conditions of Glucose Excretion inMan. K. Steinitz. 299.

Antibody Formation in Cases of Lobar PneumoniaTreated with Sulfapyridine. Y. Kneeland and B.Mulliken. 307.

Electrophoretic Analysis of Plasma and UrinaryProteins. J. A. Luetscher. 313.

The Effect of Unilateral Spontaneous Pneumothoraxon the Circulation in Man. H. J. Stewart andR. L. Bailey. 321.

Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Osteo-jalacia. IX. Metabolic Behaviour of Infants Fedon Breast Milk from Mothers showing VariousStates of Vitamin D Nutrition. S. H. Liu, H. I.Chu, C.-C. Su, F. T. Yu, and H. C. Chao. 327.

Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Osteo-malacia. X. Further Studies on Vitamin DAction: Early Signs of Depletion and Effect ofMinimal Doses. H. I. Chu, S. H. Liu, F. T. Yu,H. C. Hsu, T. Y. Cheng, and H. C. Chao. 349.

Observations on the Plasma Prothrombin and theEffects of Vitamin K in Patients with Liver or

Vol. 19.Ballistocardiogram. II. Normal Standards, Ab-

normalities commonly found in Diseases of theHeart and Circulation, and their Significance.I. Starr and H. A. Schroeder. 437.

Increased Urobilinogen Excretion and AcuteHsemolytic Anemia in Patients treated withSulfapyridine. L. A. Erf and C. M. MacLeod.451.

Distribution of Ascorbic Acid in the Blood and itsSignificance. A. M. Butler and M. Cushman.459.

Factors that Influence the Passage of Ascorbic Acidfrom Serum to Cells in Human Blood. M.Heinemann and P. M. Hald. 469.

Biliary Tract Disease. F. J. Pohle and J. K.Stewart. 365.

Observations on the Serum Cholesterol in AcuteInfection as Recorded during and after Pneumonia.A. Steiner and K. B. Turner. 373.

Four Recent Influenza Epidemics: An ExperimentalStudy. F. L. Horsfall, R. G. Hahn, and E. R.Rickard. 379.

Studies of Rheumatic Disease. III. Familial As-sociation and Aggregation in Rheumatic Disease.R. L. Giauld and F. E. M. Read. 393.

*Urinary Excretion of Thiamin in Clinical Cases andthe Value of Such Analyses in the Diagnosis ofThiamin Deficiency. W. D. Robinson, D.Melnick, and H. Field. 399.

The Glycine Tolerance Test in Sprue and PerniciousAntemia. L. A. Erf and C. P. Rhoads. 409.

A Study of Sulfur Metabolism and the Effect ofSulfur Administration in Chronic Arthritis. R. H.Freyberg, W. D. Block, and M. F. Fromer. 423.

Urinary Excretion of Thiamin.-lt isshown that urinary thiamin excretion is afairly reliable index to the adequacy of thepreceding diet in respect to this vitamin.Low thiamin excretions were obtainedfrom patients with " alcoholic beri-beri,"while diabetic and hyperthyroid patientshad normal urinary thiamin values.(J. N. C.)

No. 3. May 1940.Renal Blood Flow in Women with Hypertension and

Renal Impairment. L. C. Chesley and E. R.Chesley. 475.

*Correlation between the Concentration of Bi-sulphite Binding Substances in the Blood and theUrinary Thiamin Excretion. W. D. Robinson,D. Melnick, and H. Field. 483.

The Influence of Vitamin A upon Urea Clearance inthe Human Subject. R. C. Herrin and H. J.Nicholes. 489.

Blood Changes induced by Venesection in Womenwith ToxTemia of Late Pregnancy. F. W. Oberstand E. D. Plass. 493.

*The Effect of Benzedrine (P-Phenylisopropylamine

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Sulphate) and Paradrine (p-Hydroxy-d-Methyl-Phenylethylamine Hydrobromide) on the Circula-tion, Metabolism, and Respiration in NormalMan. M. D. Altschule and A. Iglauer. 497.

The Effect of Paradrine on the Venous System. A.Iglauer and M. D. Altschule. 503.

Observations on the Blood Iodine. I. The BloodIodine in Health, in Thyroid and CardiorenalDisease, and in Leukemia. K. B. Turner, A.Delamater, and W. D. Province. 515.

Renal Function in Patients with Gout. F. S.Coombs, L. J. Pecora, E. Thorogood, W. V.Consolazio and J. H. Talbot. 525.

The Relation of Specific Gravity to Composition andTotal Solids in Normal Human Urine. J. W.Price, M. Miller, and J. M. Hayman. 537.

Effect of Benzedrine and Paradrine onCirculation, Metabolism, and Respiration.-These two papers show the effect ofbenzedrine and paradrine on respiration

and circulation. Both raise systolic anddiastolic blood pressure with no alterationin cardiac output or in respiratorydynamics. Paradrine produces as well ageneralized increase of venous pressure,and it is suggested that this increase is dueto active constriction of the veins.(J. N. C.)

Correlation between Bisulphite Bindingand Urinary Thiamin.-There is shown tobe no correlation between the urinarythiamin and the blood bisulphite bindingsubstances and also that the determinationof the B. B. S. lacks sensitivity and specifi-city for determining thiamin deficiency.(J. N. C.)

JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGYVol. 72. No. 1. February 1940.

Certain Basal Telencephalic Centers in the Cat. The Telencaphalic Zonal System of the TeleostC. A. Fox. 1. Corydra-Pahaturs. R. N. M7l-rer. 149.

The Cerebellum of the Rabbit. A Topographical The Efferent Fibers of the Thalamus of MacaccusAtlas of the Folia as revealed in Transverse Rhesus. It. The Anterior Nuclei, Medial Nuclei,Sections. A. Brodal. 63. Pulvinar, and Additional Studies on the Ventral

Differentiation of the Bulbar Motor Nuclei and the Nuclei. R. L. Crouch. 177.Coincident Development of Associated Root Fibers The Nuclear Masses in the Cervical Spinal Cord ofin the Rabbit. D. L. Kimmel. 83. Macacca Mulatta. A. F. Reed. 187.

Vol. 72.

Studies on the Diencephalon of the Virginia Opossum.Part II. The Fiber Connections in Normal andExperimental Material. D. Bodian. 207.

The Cerebral Cortex in some Tinamidak. E. H.Craigie. 299.

The Hypothalamus of the Coney, Hyrax Syrica.J. S. Jessup and W. M. Shanklin. 329.

The Innervation of the Biliary System. W. F.Alexander. 357.

The Structural Organization ofthe Inferior MesentericGanglia. A. Kuntz. 371.

Vol. 72.

Cortical Lamination in the Monotremata. A. A.Abbie. 429.

The Excitable Cortex in Perameles, Sarcophilus,Dasyurus, Trichosurus, and Wallabia (Macropus).A. A. Abbie. 469.

The Hypoglossal Complex of Vertebrates. J. W.Barnard. 489.

Comparison of the Changes caused by Fatigue andby Ageing in the Cerebral Cortex of Mice. W.Andrew and N. V. Andrew. 525.

No. 2

No. 3.

April 1940.An Analysis of the Problem of Emergent Fibers in

Posterior Spinal Roots, dealing with the Rateof Growth of Extraneous Fibers into the Rootsafter Ganglionectomy. W. H. L. Westbrook.383.

Morphology of the Cerebellar Nuclei in the Rabbitand Cat. R. S. Snider. 399.

A Comparative Fiber and Numerical Analysis of thePyramidal Tract. A. M. Lassek and G. L.Rasmussen. 417.

June 1940.Supra- and Post-Optic Commissures in the Brain

of the Rat. Y. Tsang. 535.Partial Agenesis of the Cerebellum in Dogs. R. S.Dow. 569.

A Quantitative and Experimental Study of theCervical Sympathetic Trunk. J. 0. Foley and F. S.Dubois. 587.

The Respiratory Center and its Descending Path-ways.

JOURNAL OF MENTAL SCIENCE

Vol. 86. N

Morgagni's Syndrome: A Clinical and PathologicaStudy. R. E. Hemphill and E. Stengel. 341.

The Contribution of the Rorschach Method toWartime Psychological Problems. M. R.Harrower-Erichson. 366.

Prognosis in Schizophrenia. D. Blair. 378.Adaptiveness and Equilibrium. W. R. Ashby.

478.Has Fear any Therapeutic Significance in ConvulsiveTherapy? L. C. Cook. 484.

Some Observations on the Psychological Aspects ofCardiazol Therapy. R. Good. 491.

o. 36;2. May 1940.The Influence of Cardiazol on Chronic Schizophrenia.

A. J. Bain. 502.*The Relationship between Disturbance of LiverFunction and Mental Disease. P. Berkenau.514.

Prolonged Narcosis with Paraldehyde and Dial.M. B. Brody. 526.

A Note on the Use of the 1937 Revision of theStanford Binet Vocabulary List in Mental HospitalPatients. M. B. Brody. 532.

Ascorbic Acid in Patients suffering from Psychosesof the Senium. D. G. Remp, J. B. Ziegler, andD. E. Cameron. 534.

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Liver Function and Mental Disease.-The liver function of 32 patients withmental disease was tested by means of theoral hippuric acid synthesis test, theTakata reaction and other tests. Hippuricacid synthesis was found to be deficientin all the 15 cases showing catatonicfeatures and normal in the remainder. The

Takata reaction was positive in 10 of the14 cases in the catatonic group, and nega-tive in the non-catatonic group, except for2 chronic alcoholics. The author specu-lates as to the relationship between theliver impairment and the mental state.(B. McA.)

JOURNAL OF NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASEVol. 91. No. 2. February 1940.

Poetry in Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses. L. Neurodermatitis-Pain-Shock-Distilled Water. A. NKerschbaumer. 141. Foxe. 184.

*A Comparison of the Medical and Surgical Treat- A Simple Version of Aphasia. L. B. Alford. 190.ment in Hypertension with Special Reference tothe Importance of Psychic Factors in Evaluating Comparison of Medical and Surgicalthe Results, with a Report of Ninety-Two Cases Treatment in Hypertension.-Psychotherapytreated Medically. S. K. Robinson. 157. is considered the most important factor inInsulin Shock Therapy in Korsakoff's Psychosis.P. C. Talkington and T. H. Cheavens. 175. the treatment of hypertension. (W. M. H.)

Vol. 91.*The Goodenough Test (Drawing of a Man) inChronic Encephalitis in Children. L. Bender.277.

Suicide among Hospitalized Drug Addicts. M. J.Pescor and P. A. Surgeon. 287.

The Great Delusion. J. Favill. 306.Retrospective Study of a Case involving Homicide.

T. K. Rathmell and K. M. Corrin. 316.Shall We Differentiate between Schizophrenia and

Dementia Prxcox ? L. Wallingford Darrah.323.

Problems of Shock Treatment in Schizophrenics.

Vol. 91. TGrasping: "Forced " and " Non-Forced." I.

Bieber. 417.Electrocardiographic Studies after Treatment with

Insulin and Metrazol Shock. R. Sonethal andA. A. Low. 423.

Study of the Hemato-Encephalic Barrier by theBromide Method, before and after Insulin Therapy.M. M. Kessler. 428.

4o. 3. March 1940.F. Kant, P. L. Phillips, and R. M. Stolzheise.329.

Goodenough Test in Chronic Encepha-litis.-Failure in this test is related to per-ceptual difficulties in relation to the body.With disturbance of motility the bodyimage is poorly integrated as shown by thedrawing of the human form. (W. M. H.)

4o. 4 April 1940.Pneumothorax in Treatment of Pulmonary Tubercu-

losis in Psychotic Patients. E. F. Dombrowski,F. S. Rankin, and H. H. Goldstein. 449.

Myoclonus Epilepsy with Primary Optic Atrophy.M. P. Rosenblum and M. Herman. 456.

Behaviour Problem in Children from the Homes ofFollowers of Father Divine. L. Bender andM. A. Spalding. 460.

JOURNAL OF NEUROPATHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY,LENINGRAD

Vol. 8. NThe Treatment of Schizophrenia with Sulphozin (on

the Children). V. J. Dejanov. 3.Histopathology ofthe Hepatolenticular Degeneration.N. V. Konovalov. 14.

To the Morbid Anatomy and Etiology of the Amio-trophic Lateral Sclerosis. G. G. Sokoljansky.35.

Pathophysiology of the Hallucinations and Other

Vol. 8. NCytology of the Liquor. D. A. Shamburova and

L. L. Sinegubko. 11.Connection of the Peripheral Sympathetic System

with the Central Nervous System through theHypophysis. B. M. Sokolov. 30.

Administration of Nicotinic Acid in Pellagra. M. J.Serejsky. 39.

The Pathogenesis of Paroxysmal Myoplegia. L. A.Kvint. 44.

On the Index of Rational Utilization of the BedFund in the Psychiatric Hospital. I. A. Ossovsky.50.

Abstinential Shock and Korsakov's Psychosis in theHeroinisme. V. A. Gorovoi-Shaltan. 59.

The Clinic of Arsenical Polyneuritis. V. P. Pervushinand G. S. Rusakov. 67.

.o. 11

4o. 12

1939.Disorders of the Perception in the Light of theHypnotical Experiment. V. I. Kouravitsky. 50.

Inversive Forms of Cerebral Paralyses in the Sub-cortical Pathology. L. B. Litvak. 53.

Lumbar Puncture in the Closed Traumas of the Skullas Diagnostic and Therapeutic Method. A. B.Rogover. 67.

1939.Comparative Physiology of the Plasticity of theNervous System. A. I. Karamian. 73.

On the Peculiarities of the Psychic Modifications inMyoclonus-Epilepsy. V. K. Skobnikova. 80.

Results of the Treatment of Narcolepsy with Ephedrinin Combination with Luminal. M. I. Sando-mirsky. 87.

On the Investigation of the Sensitiveness by theCompressed Air Method. D. I. Panchenko. 93.

Cerebello-Pyramidal Syndrom in a Brother and aSister. G. H. Bykhovskaya and I. I. Shtilbans.96.

Zone of the Trauma of the Brain and Encephalo-graphy. I. L. Benkovitch. 100.

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGYVol. 3. No. l.

*Spinal Cord Regeneration in Rat. 0. Sugar andR. W. Gerard. 1.

*Paleocerebellar Inhibition of Vasomotor andRespiratory Carotid Sinus Reflexes. G. Moruzzi.20.

Brain Potential Changes in Man during Cyclo-propane Anxsthesia. M. A. Rubin and H.Freeman. 33.

*Conditioned Vestibular Reactions. H. Lowenbachand W. H. Gantt. 43.

*Modification of the Cortical Frequency Spectrumby Changes in Carbon Dioxide, Blood Sugar, andOxygen. F. A. Gibbs, D. Williams, and E. L.Gibbs. 49.

Ocular Rotation in Anesthesia and under theInfluence of Supranuclear Centres. E. A. Spregeland D. A. Collins. 59.

*Effect of Various Cortical Lesions on Developmentof Placing and Hopping Reactions in Rats. C.McC. Brooks and M. E. Peck. 66.

*Activity of Isocortex and Hippocampus. ElectricalStudies with Micro-Electrodes. B. Renshaw, A.Forbes, and B. R. Morison. 74.

Spinal Cord Regeneration.-The spinalcord of rats was sectioned between T5 andT 13 and a gap of 2-3 mm. ensued bytension maintained on the tail. After fourweeks of spinal performance sensory andmotor recovery was shown by voluntaryclimbing, walking, placing and seekingbased on proprioception. Stimulation ofthe brain stem at sacrifice produced hindleg movements. New axones from cordtracts and spinal roots were found tobridge the gap. Their growth was aidedby implant of degenerating sciatic nerve.

(W. M. H.)Paleocerebellar Inhibition of Carotid

Sinus Reflexes.-Weak faradic stimulationof the vermian cortex of the anterior cere-bellum inhibits carotid sinus vasopressorand respiratory reflexes produced bycarotid occlusion, and reflexes, chieflyrespiratory, induced by intracarotid KCN.These effects are due to inhibition of bulbo-pontine centres. (W. M. H.)

Conditioned Vestibular Reactions.-In

Vol. 3. No. 2*Facilitation and Difficilitation effected by NerveImpulses in Peripheral Fibers. J. Erlanger andE. A. Blair. 107.

A Human Cortical Area producing RepetitivePhenomena when Stimulated. R. M. Brickner.128.

Effects of Eserine, Acetylcholine and Atropine onthe Electrocorticogram. F. R. Miller, G. W.Stavraky, and G. A. Woonton. 131.

.Cord Potentials in Spinal Shock-Single Volleys.W. B. Stewart, J. Hughes, and G. P. McGough.139.

*Cord Potentials in Spinal Shock-Multiple Stimuli.J. Hughes, G. P. McCouch, and W. B. Stewart.146.

Cord Potentials in Spinal Shock-Crossed Effects inMonkey-Macacca Mulatta. G. P. MIcCouch,W. B. Stewart, and J. Hughes. 151.

*An Attempt to Produce Sleep by DiencephalicStimulation. F. Harrison. 156.

Relayed Impulses in Ascending Branches of DorsalRoot Fibers. J. B. Hursh. 166.

*Observations upon Diaphragmatic Sensation. J. C.Hinsey and R. A. Phillips. 175.

January 1940.dogs vestibular reflexes as elicited bygalvanic current were readily produced asconditioned responses to an auditorystimulus. Prolonged deep and peculiarmotor phenomena developed in one offour dogs. (W. M. H.)

Modification of Cortical Frequency Spec-trum.-The Grass frequency analysershowed that with increase in CO2 ofinternal jugular blood there is a shift ofcortical frequencies toward the fast side.Oxygen and glucose may be varied in widelimits with little change in the frequencyspectrum. When 02 or glucose fallcritically there is sudden shift to the slowside; with very high glucose a shift to thefast. (W. M. H.)

Cortical Lesions and Placing and HoppingReactions.-The control of hopping andplacing reactions is localized to the senso-rimotor cortex and on removal of the areain the rat of 1-5 days, which correspondsto the sensorimotor cortex of the adult, noother part of the cortex or subcorticalstructure can assume this control. In thearea there is some subdivision of function.(W. M. H.)

Isocortex and Hippocampus Activity.-Micro-electrode techniques for study ofelectrical changes in the nervous systemare described. In the isocortex and hippo-campus the activity of only a small volumeof adjacent tissue is recorded. Con-trasted with the slow waves from variouspositions in the hippocampus are rapiddeflections of I m.sec. in duration, negativein their predominant phase, recorded onlyin or near the strata containing the pyra-midal cell bodies of Ammons' horns.Responses to stimulation of afferent fibreare taken to represent activity of perikaryaof the pyramidal cells. (W. M. H.)

March 1940.*The Phasic Response to Cortical Stimulation.

C. G. Smith, F. A. Mettler, and E. A. Culler. 182.

Facilitation Affected by Nerve Impulses.-The facilitating action of spikes at ablock produced by anodal polarizationincreases with their number and frequency.In a tetanus if a spike passes the block allthe succeeding spikes will pass but whenconduction is produced by facilitation amomentary interruption of the tetanuswill interrupt conduction. In its earlystages this difficilitation represents the sub-normal phase of the excitability cyclebeyond a block when tetanic stimulation isinterrupted. These features of facilitationand difficilitation may have analogies inactual synapses. (W. M. H.)

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Cord Potentials in Spinal Shock-SingleVolleys.-After spinal transection thethreshold for cord potential and ipsilateralflexor reflex are in the cat and dog equalto that of afferent nerve; in the monkeyreflex threshold reaches the level of nervethreshold only after 12 days. In the catand dog spinal shock is at the internunciallevel ; in the monkey as well as inter-nuncial depression there is deep and pro-longed shock to the motor neurones.Multiple Stimuli. In the spinal monkeyinhibition of the internuncial response tothe second of two volleys depends on thepositive wave in the preceding cordpotential. With repetitive stimulationthere is little increase in positivity. Suchbehaviour is in contrast to that of peri-pheral nerve and suggests that the sourcesof negativity and positivity are different.(W. M. H.)

Diencephalic Stimulation and Sleep.-Somnolence is produced in cats by destruc-

tive electric currents to the lateral hypo-thalamic area. Catalepsy develops withlesions of the medial and caudal parts ofthe hypothalamic area. Stimulation ofthese structures fails to give somnolence.(W. M. H.)

Diaphragmatic Sensation.-In man painmay be referred to a completely anxsthe-tized area of skin in the shoulder tip whenthe central diaphragmatic peritoneum isstimulated. In the cat and dog nociceptivesensibility produced by like stimulation isindependent of afferent fibres of the vagus,intercostal nerves, and efferent sympatheticfibres. Viscero-cutaneous reflexes aretherefore not essential for nociceptivesensation with this type of stimulation.(W. M. H.)

Phasic Response to Cortical Stimulation.-Phasic responses to cortical stimulationdepend on proprioceptive impulses passingfrom dorsal roots through the ventralspino-cerebellar tract. (W. M. H.)

JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGYNo. 4. February 1940.

The Formation of Urine in the Amphibian andMammalian Kidney. P. Ellinger. 433.

*The Action of Some Amines Related to Adrenaline.Cyclohexylalkylamines. J. A. Gunn and M. R.Gurd. 453.

*Electric Interaction between Two Adjacent NerveFibres. B. Katz and 0. H. Schmitt. 471.

The Lipotropic Action of Methionine. C. H. Bestand J. H. Ridout. 489.

The Action of Embryonic Extracts of the Sex Organs.H. L. Meyerhof and A. Zironi. 495.

The Absorption of Monosaccharides from the DistalSmall Intestine of Aneesthetized Cats. J. N.Davidson and R. C. Garry. 509.

Prolongation of Pregnancy in the HypophysectomizedRabbit by Progesterone and iEstrogens. J. M.Robson. 517.

*Respiratory Reflexes in the Fowl. J. D. P. Graham.525.

Action of Amines Related to Adrenaline.-The effect of reduction of the benzinering in a series of amines related to adrena-line is to produce little if any qualitativechange in physiological activity. With bothcyclohexyl and phenyl compounds centralstimulant properties increase in the ordermethylamine < ethylamine < isopropyl-amine. Cyclohexenyliso propylamine is

Vol. 98.Glycogen and Calcification. G. E. Glock. I.*The Effect of Temperature on the MechanicalResponse and the Viscosity and Oxygen Consump-tion of Unstriated Muscle. M. S. Rao and I.Singh. 12.

*Partial Excitation and Variable Conduction in theSquid Giant Axon. F. 0. Schmitt and 0. H.Schmitt. 26.

*Correlation of Local Excitability with LocalPhysiological Response in the Giant Axon of theSquid (Loligo). R. J. Pumphrey, 0. H. Schmitt,and J. Z. Young. 47.

exceptionally strong as a cerebral stimulant.It is also more toxic than the correspondingphenyl and cyclohexyl compounds.(W. M. H.)

Electric Interaction between AdjacentNerve Fibres.-In the limb nerve of thecrab excitability changes are shown in onefibre during the passage of an impulse inthe adjacent fibre. Alterations in con-duction rate are explained by simple sum-mation of the local currents of the twofibres. (W. M. H.)

Respiratory Reflexes in Fowl. TheHering-Breuer reflex is present in a modifiedform in the fowl. Negative ventilation hasno effect on respiration. Distension of thelungs and air sacs is a stimulus for the firstpart of the reflex whereby inspiration isinhibited. Expiration begins as a passivemovement and is promoted by the passageof air up the trachea-an effect which isabolished by high vagal section or cocaini-zation of the trachea. (W. M. H.)

No. 1. March 1940.The Composition of Alveolar Air. I. F. S. Mackay.

73.

Effect of Gravity on the Blood Pressure of the Cat.0. G. Edholm. 79.

The Renal Excretion of Inulin and Creatinine by theAnsesthetized Dog and the Pump-Lung-KidneyPreparation. J. A. Shannon and F. R. Winton.97.

Capillary Permeability and CEdema in the PerfusedFrog. J. F. Danielli. 109.

*The Inactivation of Adrenaline by Phenolases.H. Blascho and H. Schlossmann. 130.

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Temperature and Mechanical Response,Viscosity and Oxygen Consumption ofMuscle.-In Mytilus muscle decrease intemperature and tonic contractionsdiminish the rate of rise of tension duringA.C. stimulation. While most tonic con-tractions increase the 02 uptake it fallswith shortening produced by Na and NH4ions. Isotonic NaCl causes frog muscleto lose weight; Ca antagonizes this action.(W. M. H.)

Excitation and Conduction in Giant Axon.-The advantages of the giant axon (about0 5 mm. in diameter) of the squid areexploited in a study of temporal and spatialdistributions of potential with variedintensity of shock. Local partial excita-tion is shown in the depressed fibre withnear threshold stimuli. The response isfound to increment or decrement onlyslowly over a considerable length of nerve.No changes in birefringence occur in theaxis cylinder. (W. M. H.)

Vol. 98. No. 2.*The Permeability of the Blood-Aqueous Humour

Barrier to Potassium, Sodium, and Chloride in theSurviving Eye. H. Davson and J. P. Quilliam.141.

The Effect of the Interaction of Ions, Drugs, andElectrical Stimulation as indicated by the Con-traction of Mammalian Unstriated Muscle. 1.Singh. 155.

*Discharges from the Sensory Organs of the Cat'sVibrisse and the Modification in Their Activityby Ions. 0. Fitzgerald. 163.

Transmission of Light by the Eye Media. K. J. W.Craik. 179.

The Effect of Mono-lodoacetic Acid on the Absorp-tion of Water from Glucose Solutions in theSubarachnoid Space. T. H. B. Bedford. 185.

The Part Played by the Renal Nerves in the Pro-duction of Water Diuresis in the Hypophy-sectomized and Decerebrate Dog. L. E. Baylissand A. Brown. 190.

The Time Course of the Oxygen Consumption ofStimulated Frog's Muscle. D. K. Hill. 207.

*Determination of the Metabolic Rate of Alcohol.M. G. Eggleton. 228.

*Some Factors affecting the Metabolic Rate ofAlcohol. M. G. Eggleton. 239.

The Results of Adrenalectomy in the PregnantAlbino Rat. T. McKeown and W. R. Spurrell.255.

Permeability of Blood-Aqueous Humourin Eye.-The membrane separating the eyefluids from blood is not specifically im-permeable to cations, nor does it showundirectional permeability. The mem-brane does not secrete K, and probablynot Na or Cl. (W. M. H.)

Excitability and Physiological Responsein Giant Axon.-In single nerve fibres ofthe squid variations in excitability may becorrelated with the local potentials deve-loped by conditioning stimuli. Excitationarises from the electrical summation ofcomponents of local action currents andthe applied stimuli. Excitability curves forsingle squid fibres resemble those found forbundles of frog sciatic fibres. A refrac-tory period of local response is foundcirca I m.sec. after a just sub-thresholdconditioning stimulus. (W. M. H.)

Inactivation of Adrenaline by Phenolases.-When inactivated by polyphenol oxidaseand by the cytochrome system adrenalinetakes up rapidly 2 atoms 02 per mol. andforms adrenochrome. A further slowuptake of 02 occurs independent of theenzyme and the red colour changes tobrown. Inactivation of adrenaline byperoxidase cannot be measured mano-metrically. (W. M. H.)

May 1940.

Discharge from Sensory Organs of Cat'sVibriss.e.-The nerve endings stimulatedby movement of the vibrissa are slowlyadapting. The duration of the silentperiod following stimulation in a nervefibre giving a spontaneous discharge isrelated to the total number of impulsesdischarged. K in small amounts leads tospontaneous discharges and an increasedinitial discharge. K is not likely an agentfor rapid adaption of endings. (W. M. H.)

Metabolic Rate of Alcohol (2 papers).-(a) Following intravenous alcohol equili-brium between content of muscle andplasma occurs in l-l14 hours. Mosttissues contain 70-80 per cent., and fat10-20 per cent. the concentration ofalcohol in the plasma. The factor r (con-centration of alcohol in whole bodyexpressed as a fraction of that in theplasma) is constant in one animal butvaries among animals. (b) The metabolicrate of alcohol depends on the concentra-tion in the body. The rate per unit liverweight in animals previously fed withalcohol is significantly smaller than innormal animals. The rate is increased byaddition of alanine to the body. (W. M. H.)

PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Vol. 20. TExperimental Hypertension. A. Blalock. 159.Plasma Proteins: Their Source, Production, and

Utilization. S. C. Madden and G. H. Whipple.194.

The Study of Intermediary Metabolism of Animals

No. 2. April 1940.with the Aid of Isotopes. R. Schoenheimer andD. Rittenberg. 218.

Relation of Nicotinic Acid to Pellagra. C. A.Elvehjem. 249.

The Physiology of Articular Structures. W. Bauer,M. W. Ropes, and H. Waine. 272.

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Vol. 14.

PSYCHIATRIC QUARTERLYNo. 2.

Psychopathic Personality among the MentallyDefective. E. J. Humphreys. 231.

The Problem of Treating Psychopaths. L. P.O'Donnell. 248.

An Approach to the Problem of PsychopathicPersonality. R. A. Savitt. 255.

The Neuropathology of Benzedrine Poisoning. P. G.Schube and N. Raskin. 264.

A Simple Experimental Device for the Prediction ofOutcome of Insulin Treatment in Schizophrenia.Z. Piotrowski. 267.

Therapeutic Considerations in Psychoses of OldAge. G. F. Etling. 274.

Ideas ofNeglect and Hoarding in the Senile Psychoses.M. D. Riemer. 285.

The Psychiatric Examination of the CriminoticIndividual. A. N. Foxe. 289.

Determining the Prognosis in the InvolutionalPsychoses. J. A. Brussel. 301.

The Injection Treatment of Varicose Veins in a StateHospital. M. A. Yost. 307.

Testosterone in Psychotic Male Homosexuals. H. S.Barahal. 319.

The Premarital Interview. S. W. Wortis. 331.Personality Factors in Alcoholic Psychoses. P. H.Hoch. 338.

Therapeutic Problems in the Alcoholic Psychoses.C. E. Howard and H. M. Hurdum. 347.

A Brief Review of the Research and TeachingFunctions of the New York State PsychiatricInstitute and Hospital for the Ten-Year Period1930-1940. N. D. C. Lewis. 360.

Relative Effects of Phenobarbital and SodiumBromide as Anticonvulsants in Epileptic Psychoses.R. W. Southerland. 382.

Metrazol Therapy in the Face of Severe PhysicalDisorders. G. W. Robinson and P. Shelton.388.

The Force required to Crush Vertebrae: Its ProbableMechanical Relation to the Postmetrazol Fracture.W. Furst. 397.

Alcoholism: Its Frequency, Etiology, and Treatment.W. A. Strong. 403.

The Involutional Psychoses. M. F. Brew and E,Davidoff. 412.

REVUE NEUROLOGIQUEVol. 72. No. 4. 1939-1940.

Congres Neurologique International (Copenhague, 21-25 Aout, 1939). (International Neurological Congressat Copenhagen, August, 1939.)

RIVISTA DI NEUROLOGIA (NAPOLI)Vol. 13. No. 1. February 1940.

*La Nevralgia del Glossofaringeo e le NevralgieAuricolo-Facciali. (Glossopharyngeal and auri-culofacial neuralgia.) C. Pero. 1.

*Su due Casi di Neurofibromatosi di Reckling-hausen. (Two cases of Recklinghausen's neuro-fibromatosis.) P. Giliberti. 27.

*Ulteriori Dati sulla lodoterapia Endovenosa edEndodurale. (End results in intravenous andintradural iodine therapy.) A. Rubino and D.Amico. 49.

*La Reazione di Donaggio nell'Elettroshockterapia.(Donaggio's reaction in electro-shock therapy.)A. de Falco. 68.

Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia.-After deal-ing with the records of glossopharyngealneuralgia in the literature the authordescribes a case in which the pain wasdefinitely localized to the lateral wall ofthe pharynx, the tonsil, the arch of thepalate, and the ear, and radiated to theinternal surface of the forearm and armin the distribution of C8-Dl. The authorexplains the mechanism of this limitedradiation of the pain by the anastomosisbetween fibres from the superior cervicalganglion and those from the petrosalganglion of the glosso-pharyngeal. Simi-larly, artificial anesthesias and neuralgiaswhich do not correspond to strict nervedistribution are to be explained by thepresence of pain fibres in the carotid plexuswhich are distributed along the vessels

rather than along the nerve trunks.(R. G. G.)

Recklinghausen's Neurofibromatosis.-Afull description of the clinical features oftwo cases and histopathological findingsin the tumours are given. The tendencyto malignant changes in the tumours isdiscussed and the author is inclined tosuggest that the nervous elements in thesemay actually take on malignant character-istics. (R. G. G.)

Intravenous Iodine Therapy.-Fifteencases are described of inflammatory affec-tions of the nervous system (especiallyleptomeningitis) which were treated byintrathecal along with intravenous iodine.The authors are much impressed by theefficacy of this form of treatment.(R. G. G.)

Donaggio's Reaction in Electro-ShockTherapy.-The reaction is examined inseven cases of schizophrenia treated byelectro-shock therapy and the positivefindings in six of the cases indicates,according to the author, that this treat-ment determines an organic modificationand disturbance of equilibrium in thenervous system. (R. G. G.)

RIVISTA DI PATOLOGIA NERVOSA E MENTALEVol. 55. No. 1.

*Poliradiculonevrite con Dissociazione Albumino-Citologica (Sindrome di Guillain-Barre-Strohl) con

January-February 1940.Risentimento Diencefalico. (Polyradiculo-neuritiswith cell protein dissociation.) A. Grassi. 1.

April 1940.

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*Sulle Distrofie Ossee Croniche con ParticolareRiguardo all'Osterporosi Circoscritta del Cranio(Malattia di Schuller). (Chronic dystrophy ofbone, particularly localized osteoporosis of theskull.) A. Campana. 64.

*Orientamenti Clinici e Nosografici dopo un Annodi Terapia Insulinica e Cardiazolica in Malatidi Mente nella R. Clinica di San Salvi. (Con-clusions after a year of insulin and cardiazoltherapy in mental patients.) C. E. Roberti. 78.

*Sindrome Neurastenica Constituzionale con Altera-zioni Mesodiencefalo - Spinale. (Constitutionalneurasthenia and alterations in midbrain andspinal cord.) G. Gomarito. 109.

Idrocefalo da Disturbi Circolatori del Liquor.(Hydrocephalus due to disturbance of the circula-tion of the C.S.F.) W. Tonnis. 129.

*Lesioni Parenchimatose del Cervelletto da CarcinomaUterino (Gliosi Carcinotossica?) (Parenchymatouslesions of the cerebellum in carcinoma of theuterus.) D. Alessi. 148.

*Epilessia Sperimentale e Glandole Endocrine.(Experimental epilepsy and the endocrine system.)V. Longo. 175.

Richerche sul Valore delle Manovre di Tobey-Queckenstedt e di Elsberg-Hare per la SemeioticaManometrica del Liquor. (The value of theTobey-Queckenstedt and of the Elsberg-Haretests in determination of C.S.F. pressure.) G.Fasanaro. 195.

Polyradiculo-Neuritis with Cell ProteinDissociation.-The author has reviewed theliterature on the subject of the radiculo-neuritis of Guillain-Barre and describesthe clinical findings in a case of a child of81 years. He studied the changes in theC.S.F. and in the blood proteins. He dis-cussed fully the differential diagnosisbetween polyradiculo-neuritis with a cellprotein dissociation and diphtheritic poly-neuritis due to other specific causes andpoliomyelitis. Particular considerationwas given to the origin of the increasedalbumin and globulin content of theC.S.F. and the correlation between thisand alterations occurring in the histologicalstructure of the nerve roots and thearachnoid. From the observed facts as tothe raised blood protein especially thehyperglobulinemia which runs parallelboth to the albumin of the C.S.F. and theclinical course of the disease, the authoris led to postulate, at any rate in this onecase, a reaction of the reticulo endothelialcells, which he considers of special im-portance in the pathogenesis of the disease.(R. G. G.)

Chronic Dystrophy of Bone.-A case oflocalized osteoporosis of the skull is de-scribed in which the diagnosis was basedupon the findings of local biopsy and con-firmed by the subsequent history of thepatient which was followed up for morethan two years. The relation of this con-dition to various forms of bony dystrophyof the skull are considered and the etio-logical factors discussed. The hypothesisput forward about the pathogenesis oflocalized osteoporosis of the skull con-firms its individuality as a pathologicalentity and emphasizes the importance ofexact diagnosis when considering prog-nosis. (R. G. G.)

Insulin and Cardiazol Therapy.-Theauthor describes the results obtained by

insulin and cardiazol in schizophrenia andschizoid syndromes and concludes that it isthe antisymptomatic action which is ofprimary importance, and that in this fieldit represents a real advance in the treatmentof mental disease. (R. G. G.)

Neurasthenia and Alterations in Midbrainand Spinal Cord.-Eight cases of thissyndrome are described. The alterationsin the midbrain and spinal cord wereresponsible for changes in the response ofthe pupils to light and in the deep reflexes.The history, clinical course, C.S.F. changes,and radiological changes in the skull bones,point to a degenerative rather than aninflammatory cause for this syndrome. Itis correlated by the author with Adie'sdisease which has recently been consideredto be degenerative. The syndrome nowdescribed differs from the latter in that thelesions responsible for the changes in thedeep reflexes are in the pyramidal tractsrather than in the posterior columns.Moreover the infrequency of C..F. changesin Adie's disease is in agreement with thesmaller extent of the organic lesions ascompared with the syndrome here des-cribed. The midbrain lesions are commonto both syndromes although they may bemanifested clinically in different ways.

(R. G. G.)Parenchymatous Lesions of Cerebellum in

Carcinoma.-A woman of forty sufferingfrom a malignant tumour of the uterus,developed a cerebellar symptom complexcharacterized by ataxia of the lower limbs,myoclonus and asynergia of the upperlimbs, and nystagmoid clonic movement ofthe eyes. A diagnosis of secondaries inthe cerebellum was made. A post mortemconfirmed that the cerebellum was the seatof the lesion and histological examinationshowed a diffuse hyperplasia of the glialtissue of the brain especially of the cere-bellum where there was a demyelinizationin the region of the right dentate nucleusand to a lesser extent of the left, corre-sponding to the area of the greatest glialproliferation. In the cerebellar cortex therewas some degree of atrophy of the Purkinjecells. The fundamental pathology of thegliosis and the relation of this to thedemyelinizing lesions is discussed. Thesymptomatology is correlated with theanatomical losses in the capsule of thedentate nucleus and the exceptional char-acter of the myoclonic movements which insome ways resemble myoclonus and inothers a pedunculo striate tremor.(R. G. G.)

Epilepsy and Endocrines.-Ablation ofone or both suprarenal cortices in dogswhich were not predisposed to epilepticattacks following sensory stimulation andwhich had been shown to have a con-stitutional excess of cortical hormone wasfound to lead not only to a noteworthy

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increase in the cortical excitability but alsoto an increased predisposition to epilepticattacks. In such animals the parenteraladministration of an extract of whole

suprarenal gland leads to diminution of thecortical excitability and to a disappearanceof the predisposition to epileptic attacksfollowing sensory stimulation. (R. G. G.)

SCHWEIZER ARCHIV FUR NEUROLOGIE UND PSYCHIATRIEVol. 45.

*Ausgewahlte, kritisch besprochene Beispiele zumEherecht der Geisteskranken. (Critical review ofselected examples of eligibility for marriage of thementally afflicted.) B. Dukor. 1.

*Die genetische Einheitlichkeit der klinisch un-komplizierten Schwachsinnsformen. (Hereditaryuniformity and uncomplicated mental defect.) C.Brugger. 140.

*Gewerbliche Gifte und Nervensystem. (Hereditarypoisons and the nervous system.) F. Flury. 146.

*Anormalenzahlung in Appenzell a.Rh.vom Jahre1937. II Teil. (Statistics of mental abnormalityin Canton Appenzell-on-Rhine for the year 1937.)A. Koller. 159.

*Das Verhalten der Reflexe im Insulinkoma. (Thebehaviour of reflexes in insulin coma.) S. Lupsand F. Kramer. 213.

*Rorschachbefunde bei chronisch Lungentuber-kulosen und Herzkranken. (Test results byRorschach's method in cases of chronic pulmonarytuberculosis and heart disease.) F. Singeisen.230.

*Les Sympt6mes Cerebraux et Psychopathologiquesdans les Intoxications Professionelles par desSubstances Anorganiques. (Cerebral and psycho-pathological symptoms in industrial poisoning byinorganic substances.) H. Steck. 248.

Eligibility for Marriage of MentallyAfflicted.-250 cases which came beforethe courts between 1912 and 1940 areconsidered, of which about one-fifth areoutlined. The histories are followed bycritical discussions of the problems involvedand the opinions of the experts. Questionsdiscussed are: (I) right to marry; (2) an-nulment of marriage; (3) divorce. Con-ditions described include mental deficiency,insanity, senility, etc. (H. de P.)

Hereditary Uniformity of UncomplicatedMental Defect.-Discussions of the findingsof various investigations on hereditaryforms of mental defect show that differentgrades of defect are found in the samefamily, and even in 5 out of 60 pairs ofuniovular twins. It is suggested that theremay be dominant as well as recessive formsof mental deficiency. The severest formsof idiocy are least influenced by hereditaryand most by environmental factors. Theincidence of mental defect in the families ofpersons on probation is noticeably large.(H. de P.)

Hereditary Poisons and Nervous System.-Poisons are divided into organic andinorganic, and their effects are general andspecific. No poison affects only the C.N.S.,though some cause predominantly nervoussymptoms and signs. Chemically quitedifferent substances can give rise to similarclinical pictures in the chronic stage. Inthe acute stage they are more differentiated.Their general effects are probably due to

No. 1. 1940.penetration of the cell with resultinginterference with cell-function and metabo-lism. The poisons act as chemical traumatato the organism as a whole. Some formdep6ts in various organs so that their effectmay persist after removal of the patientfrom the noxious agent. Specific effectsof organic compounds and heavy metalsused in industry are described and sug-gestions for prevention and treatmentoutlined. (H. de P.)

Mental Abnormality Statistics in CantonAppenzell.-A follow-up of children foundto be mentally abnormal in the years 1907and 1922. About 60 per cent. have turnedout better and about 20 per cent. worsethan was anticipated ; 20 per cent. haveremained approximately stationary. Theseresults show that special education hasjustified itself. Of those who approachnormality the majority are married and ableto support their families. Among theirchildren the proportion of defectives is asyet uncertain, but appears to be rather high.Those members of the original groups whohave deteriorated include a large proportionwho have physical defects, e.g. deafness,as well as mental. Results show thedesirability of preventing propagation ofdefectives and of alcoholism. (H. de P.)

Reflexes in Insulin Coma.-Tests aredescribed for depth of coma for use inshock therapy. Those considered of mostvalue are the corneal and Babinski reflexes.Blood-sugar level is not a reliable test, asdepth of coma is not necessarily propor-tional to fall in blood-sugar. Tables aregiven showing experimental time sequenceof reflex changes in relation to insulininjection and sugar feed. (H. de P.)

Rorschach's Test Results in PulmonaryT.B. and Heart Disease.-It has beennoticed that psychical changes oftenaccompany chronic physical illness. In-vestigations are described on 50 cases ofpulmonary T.B. and 40 cases of severeheart and circulatory disorders by objectivetests. These show fundamental differencesbetween the two groups. Tuberculouspatients are typically extraverted andunstable. Heart patients are typicallyintroverted and characterized by depressionand chronic anxiety. Both groups showunimpaired intelligence, and a tendency toexaggerated interest in physiological and

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pathological processes. The question is poisoning by mercury and lead are de-discussed whether these characteristics are scribed in detail and by manganese andmerely exaggerations of those existing thallium more briefly. Severe cerebralbefore the onset of illness, or are results of symptoms are more common with lead thandisease processes. (H. de P.) mercury. Differential diagnosis between

metallic poisons, endogenous psychoses,Cerebral and Psychopathological Symp- and organic diseases of the nervous system

toms in Industrial Poisoning.-Results of is discussed. (H. de P.)

BOOK REVIEWS

THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND CENTRAL LEVELS OF AUTONOMICFUNCTIONS

(Res. Publ. Ass. nerv. ment. Dis. (1939) 20. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.1940. Pp. 980. $10.00.)

It is indeed difficult to give a critical review of a volume to which many authorshave subscribed. There is no doubt, however, that the general level is extremelyhigh.

Following a precis in which standardization of anatomical nomenclature is aimedat-an excellent proposition-eight chapters are given over to the anatomy of thisregion of the brain. An excellent review of the work indicative of the presence ofsecretory cells is to be found in Chapter IV, and this is followed by an equally infor-mative one dealing with the connections of the primate thalamus. The work on thevascular bed of the hypothalamus is of considerable interest.

Chapters X to XXV are given over to the study of the physiology of the hypo-thalamus. All are of a high standard. There is much that is new in these chaptersand all neurologists would be well advised to study them with care.

The remaining nine chapters are classified under the title " Clinical Symposium."Several of these chapters, however, deal essentially with the pathological changesfound in this region of the central nervous system. The attention of readers is drawnto the chapters on disturbances of temperature regulation in man following lesions ofthe hypothalamus, and to the most interesting work of White, who records the resultsof stimulating this region of the brain, upon cardiac rate, blood pressure and state ofconsciousness.

The excellent printing, illustrations and complete bibliography make this volumeof the greatest value to all neurologists. Nothing but the highest praise is to begiven for this most valuable contribution to our knowledge of the hypothalamus andno library of a neurologist would be complete without it.

DISEASES OF THE NER VOUS SYSTEM

W. Russell Brain

(Oxford University Press, London. Second Edition, 1940. Pp. 950. 30s.)This is a book which will be welcomed by the student, for in fairly compact form

is to be found most of the important information regarding diseases of the nervoussystem. The specialist, however, may well wish to differ from the author's opinionas expressed in many places. The X-ray photographs are unsatisfactory and it ishoped that in the next edition better paper for their reproduction may be available.The index is very complete. This second edition is a worthy successor to the first.

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