EQ: How do investigators record and preserve a crime scene? 1

EQ: How do investigators record and preserve a crime scene? 2

SketchesSketchesRequired elements:Required elements: Specific locationSpecific location Date & TimeDate & Time Case NumberCase Number Full name of preparer & assistantsFull name of preparer & assistants Key or legendKey or legend

EQ: How do investigators record and preserve a crime scene? 3

SketchesSketches

Required elements: Required elements: ContinuedContinued Weather conditionsWeather conditions ““Scale=“ or “Not to scale”Scale=“ or “Not to scale” North indicatedNorth indicated All evidenceAll evidence All MeasurementsAll Measurements

EQ: How do investigators record and preserve a crime scene? 4

Sketches - Order Sketches - Order Lay out parametersLay out parameters Draw in fixed objectsDraw in fixed objects Insert evidenceInsert evidence Record all measurementsRecord all measurements Indicate NorthIndicate North Insert Key or legendInsert Key or legend

EQ: How do investigators record and preserve a crime scene? 5

SketchesSketches

Finished Sketches are done Finished Sketches are done later with templates, drafting later with templates, drafting tools, or CADtools, or CAD

EQ: How do investigators record and preserve a crime scene? 6

Sketches: Rough vs. FinishedSketches: Rough vs. Finished

EQ: How do investigators record and preserve a crime scene? 7

NotesNotes

Must be taken CONSTANTLY!Must be taken CONSTANTLY! Detailed description of the sceneDetailed description of the scene Must I.D.:Must I.D.:

Time evidence is foundTime evidence is found By WhomBy Whom How and by whom it was packagedHow and by whom it was packaged Disposition after it was collectedDisposition after it was collected

EQ: How do investigators record and preserve a crime scene? 8

NotesNotes

Tape recording is a good ideaTape recording is a good idea Must be transcribedMust be transcribed Tapes must be held like other Tapes must be held like other

case evidence b/c they are case evidence b/c they are used in courtused in courtno joking on the tapeno joking on the tape

Demonstrate proper use of symbols and Demonstrate proper use of symbols and labelslabels

Apply proper procedures for collecting clear and Apply proper procedures for collecting clear and legible latent fingerprints from a crime scenelegible latent fingerprints from a crime scene

To develop the print, one applies a To develop the print, one applies a small amount of fingerprint powder small amount of fingerprint powder to the area believed to have been to the area believed to have been touched. touched.

Typically, the powder is applied with Typically, the powder is applied with a small feather brush, spreading the a small feather brush, spreading the powder very gently to discover the powder very gently to discover the print without destroying the print without destroying the impressionimpression

Explain and demonstrate the ability to properly lift and Explain and demonstrate the ability to properly lift and mount a latent fingerprint from a designated item of mount a latent fingerprint from a designated item of

evidenceevidence

Latent PrintsLatent Prints An impression transferred to a surface An impression transferred to a surface

by sweat, oil, dirt, blood, or some other by sweat, oil, dirt, blood, or some other substance on the ridges of the fingers.substance on the ridges of the fingers.

May be visible or invisible.May be visible or invisible. A latent print not visible without some A latent print not visible without some

form of developing.form of developing.

Lifting PrintsLifting Prints Generally, fingerprints are lifted with a Generally, fingerprints are lifted with a

length of clear tape. length of clear tape. One end of the tape is placed just beyond the One end of the tape is placed just beyond the

end of the print, and the tape is then gently end of the print, and the tape is then gently pressed over the print with an even pressure.pressed over the print with an even pressure.

Once the tape is in place, the tape may be Once the tape is in place, the tape may be left in place on the object to protect the left in place on the object to protect the print, and the entire object may be sent to print, and the entire object may be sent to the crime lab. the crime lab.

If the object is too large or it is not feasible If the object is too large or it is not feasible to send it to the lab, the tape may be lifted to send it to the lab, the tape may be lifted from the surface of the object and carefully from the surface of the object and carefully transferred to a card.transferred to a card.

Latent printsLatent prints Latent printsLatent prints: Impressions left by friction ridge skin on a surface, such as a tool handle, glass, door, : Impressions left by friction ridge skin on a surface, such as a tool handle, glass, door,

etc. Prints may be collected by revealing them with a dusting of etc. Prints may be collected by revealing them with a dusting of black powder black powder and then lifted with a and then lifted with a piece of piece of clear tapeclear tape..

Some investigators use Some investigators use fluorescent fluorescent powder and UV lights to help them find latent prints on multi-powder and UV lights to help them find latent prints on multi-colored or dark surfaces.  colored or dark surfaces.  

Magnetic Magnetic powder can also be used to reveal latent prints and works on shiny surfaces or plastic powder can also be used to reveal latent prints and works on shiny surfaces or plastic baggies or containers. baggies or containers. 

The The cyanoacrylate cyanoacrylate fuming method (super glue method) is a procedure that is used tofuming method (super glue method) is a procedure that is used to develop fingerprints on a variety of objects. invisible prints can be made visible by using develop fingerprints on a variety of objects. invisible prints can be made visible by using

cyanoacrylate vapors that polymerize, or bond, with an invisible print, producing a visible chemical cyanoacrylate vapors that polymerize, or bond, with an invisible print, producing a visible chemical reaction in the form of a white deposit on the print.reaction in the form of a white deposit on the print.

   Ninhydrin Ninhydrin is a chemical that bonds with the amino acids in fingerprints and will produce a blue or is a chemical that bonds with the amino acids in fingerprints and will produce a blue or

purple color. It works well on paper or cardboard surfaces.purple color. It works well on paper or cardboard surfaces.

Demonstrate the proper technique for Demonstrate the proper technique for marking a latent fingerprint cardmarking a latent fingerprint card

Lifted, developed latent prints should Lifted, developed latent prints should be marked or sealed in marked be marked or sealed in marked envelopes.envelopes.

Photograph the developed latent Photograph the developed latent prints with and without identifying prints with and without identifying markings and scale.markings and scale.

Check for legibility of collected Check for legibility of collected printsprints

Fingerprints must be clear and Fingerprints must be clear and legible. It is best to collect prints that legible. It is best to collect prints that show the ridge characteristics and show the ridge characteristics and the patterns. They will be classified the patterns. They will be classified by this pattern. by this pattern.

Ridge Characteristics or minutiae are Ridge Characteristics or minutiae are used to individualize a print after the used to individualize a print after the pattern has been established. pattern has been established.

Demonstrate procedures to arrest and Demonstrate procedures to arrest and search a subject in a simulated situationsearch a subject in a simulated situation

• • Approach subject safely and professionally and use Approach subject safely and professionally and use procedures that insure safety at all timesprocedures that insure safety at all times

The Danger Zone is within arms length of the suspectThe Danger Zone is within arms length of the suspect The Reactionary Gap is 6-10 feet. This gives the officer time to The Reactionary Gap is 6-10 feet. This gives the officer time to

draw his weapon or move away.draw his weapon or move away. 21 feet away from the suspect is the most safe position and allows 21 feet away from the suspect is the most safe position and allows

you to continue to talk to the suspect. you to continue to talk to the suspect. Always handcuff Always handcuff THENTHEN search search Treat every call as person with a gun callTreat every call as person with a gun call ““Plus One” Mentality is important. When encountering a suspect, Plus One” Mentality is important. When encountering a suspect,

you should always assume that there is more than the one person you should always assume that there is more than the one person that you see. that you see.

Weaver stance is when you angle your body so that the gun Weaver stance is when you angle your body so that the gun faces away from the suspect and is shielded and protected by you. faces away from the suspect and is shielded and protected by you.

Always use Clear, Always use Clear, ConciseConcise, and Convincing verbalizations , and Convincing verbalizations You want superior positioningYou want superior positioning Suspect should be at disadvantageSuspect should be at disadvantage

Safe approach of the suspectSafe approach of the suspect

You want superior positioningYou want superior positioning Suspect should be at disadvantage Suspect should be at disadvantage  0 is most dangerous0 is most dangerous 2 ½ is called the escort position and 2 ½ is called the escort position and

this is used for moving suspectsthis is used for moving suspects 3 is safest, but limited and this is 3 is safest, but limited and this is

where searches conducted from herewhere searches conducted from here

Unit 8: Approach & Arrest of Suspects Essential Question: How is a person properly arrested? 5

Relative Positioning

01

1½

2

2½3

2½

2

1½

1

perp

Obtain identification from Obtain identification from subjectsubject

Request IdentificationRequest Identification May request identification when May request identification when

there is reasonable suspicion of there is reasonable suspicion of criminal activitycriminal activity

State must set specific standards for State must set specific standards for the types of identification that may the types of identification that may be required.be required.

Based on Terry v Ohio, you can take Based on Terry v Ohio, you can take fingerprints from the suspect in the fingerprints from the suspect in the field. You cannot take the suspect to field. You cannot take the suspect to the station to get prints. the station to get prints.

Identify and describe probable Identify and describe probable cause prior to arrestcause prior to arrest

Probable cause requires more than Probable cause requires more than mere suspicion. mere suspicion.

It requires facts or proof that would It requires facts or proof that would lead a person of reasonable caution to lead a person of reasonable caution to believe a crime has been committed. believe a crime has been committed. Officers may use the following to decide Officers may use the following to decide probable cause. probable cause. Officer observation-what he sees or hearsOfficer observation-what he sees or hears Officer expertiseOfficer expertise Circumstantial factorsCircumstantial factors Information communicated to officers-info Information communicated to officers-info

from roll call, from witnesses, victimsfrom roll call, from witnesses, victims

Probable CauseProbable Cause

PC justifying officer’s arrest PC justifying officer’s arrest without warrantwithout warrant has been defined as situation where officer has has been defined as situation where officer has more evidence favoring suspicion that person more evidence favoring suspicion that person is guilty of crime than evidence against such is guilty of crime than evidence against such suspicion, but there is some room for doubt.suspicion, but there is some room for doubt.

Check for active warrants Check for active warrants through dispatcherthrough dispatcher

Universal ProwordsUniversal Prowords SENDSEND: Initial call received, continue with the rest of your message.: Initial call received, continue with the rest of your message. SAY AGAINSAY AGAIN: I have not understood your transmission, please repeat.: I have not understood your transmission, please repeat. OVEROVER: This is the end of my current transmission and I am now expecting a : This is the end of my current transmission and I am now expecting a

response.response. OUTOUT: This is the end of my transmission. No answer is needed or expected. (Note : This is the end of my transmission. No answer is needed or expected. (Note

that "OVER" and "OUT" have mutually exclusive meanings and so should never be that "OVER" and "OUT" have mutually exclusive meanings and so should never be used at the same time in a single transmission).used at the same time in a single transmission).

ROGER, RECEIVED, COPYROGER, RECEIVED, COPY: Your last transmission has been received and : Your last transmission has been received and understood.understood.

WILCOWILCO: Your last transmission has been received and understood and I will comply. : Your last transmission has been received and understood and I will comply. (Note that "ROGER" and "WILCO" should never be used together since "WILCO" (Note that "ROGER" and "WILCO" should never be used together since "WILCO" already includes the acknowledgement of the last transmission).already includes the acknowledgement of the last transmission).

AFFIRM, AFFIRMATIVEAFFIRM, AFFIRMATIVE: I confirm, or "Yes".: I confirm, or "Yes". NEGATIVENEGATIVE: I do not confirm, or "No".: I do not confirm, or "No". RADIO CHECKRADIO CHECK: What is my signal strength? Can you hear and understand my : What is my signal strength? Can you hear and understand my

transmission?transmission? LOUD AND CLEARLOUD AND CLEAR: Your transmission has been received clearly.: Your transmission has been received clearly. BROKEN AND UNREADABLEBROKEN AND UNREADABLE: Your transmission has been received, but cannot be : Your transmission has been received, but cannot be

understood.understood.

Phonetic AlphabetPhonetic Alphabet A=Alpha A=Alpha B=Bravo B=Bravo C=Charlie C=Charlie D=Delta D=Delta E=Echo E=Echo F=Foxtrot F=Foxtrot G=Golf G=Golf H=Hotel H=Hotel I=India I=India J=Juliet J=Juliet K=Kilo K=Kilo L=Lima L=Lima M=Mike M=Mike

N=November N=November O=Oscar O=Oscar P=Papa P=Papa Q=Quebec Q=Quebec R=Romeo R=Romeo S=Sierra S=Sierra T=Tango T=Tango U=Uniform U=Uniform V=Victor V=Victor W=whiskeyW=whiskey X=X-ray X=X-ray Y=Yankee Y=Yankee Z=ZuluZ=Zulu

NUMERICAL NUMERICAL PRONUNCIATIONSPRONUNCIATIONS

NumeralNumeral Spoken As Spoken As ØØ ZE-RO ZE-RO 11 WUN WUN 22 TOO TOO 33 TREE TREE 44 FOW-ER FOW-ER 55 FIFE FIFE 66 SIX SIX 77 SEV-EN SEV-EN 88 AIT AIT 99 NIN-ER NIN-ER

Place subject under arrest and Place subject under arrest and notify subject of reason for notify subject of reason for

arrestarrest Advise the suspect that he is under Advise the suspect that he is under

arrest for ?????? and give him verbal arrest for ?????? and give him verbal commands as to what you want him commands as to what you want him to do. to do.

Turn around, do not face me, place Turn around, do not face me, place your hands behind your back with your hands behind your back with palms out. You may then approach to palms out. You may then approach to handcuff. handcuff.

Use safe handcuffing procedure to Use safe handcuffing procedure to secure subjectsecure subject

Identify yourself as a police officer.Identify yourself as a police officer. Command the suspect to turn around and put their back to you. Do not Command the suspect to turn around and put their back to you. Do not

face me!face me! ““Set up” the handcuffs correctly in your hand. Key holes should be Set up” the handcuffs correctly in your hand. Key holes should be

placed on the bottom and the bow(single blade) of the cuffs should be placed on the bottom and the bow(single blade) of the cuffs should be facing out and the bow should be pivoted to the smallest size. facing out and the bow should be pivoted to the smallest size.

Command the person to spread their legs and bend over at the waist. Command the person to spread their legs and bend over at the waist. Command the person to place their hands behind their back, (the Command the person to place their hands behind their back, (the exception a medical condition), thumbs up and palms out.exception a medical condition), thumbs up and palms out.

Upon placement of the cuffs, turn your hand and place the cuffs on the Upon placement of the cuffs, turn your hand and place the cuffs on the suspect’s right wrist first. suspect’s right wrist first.

Push-HIT the "bow” against the left wrist of the person, which will pivot Push-HIT the "bow” against the left wrist of the person, which will pivot the bow and allow securing through the various tracks in the bow. . the bow and allow securing through the various tracks in the bow. .

Use the double locking mechanism to "double lock" the handcuffs to Use the double locking mechanism to "double lock" the handcuffs to prevent them from being tampered with. prevent them from being tampered with.

Leave a pinkie finger’s worth of room between the cuff and the wrists. Leave a pinkie finger’s worth of room between the cuff and the wrists. Handcuff with backs of hands facing each otherHandcuff with backs of hands facing each other

Pat down or search subject using Pat down or search subject using safe proceduresafe procedure

When a custodial arrest is made the When a custodial arrest is made the officer may conduct a thorough officer may conduct a thorough search of:search of: the person arrested and the person arrested and the area under his/her immediate the area under his/her immediate

control (“arms reach” or “wingspan” control (“arms reach” or “wingspan” rule)rule)

Search of the suspectSearch of the suspect

Must be done immediately Must be done immediately (“contemporaneous”) after the arrest(“contemporaneous”) after the arrest

Items seized do not have to be related to the Items seized do not have to be related to the crime the person was arrested for committingcrime the person was arrested for committing

Find and remove weapons from Find and remove weapons from subjectsubject

A terry stop allows the officer to search A terry stop allows the officer to search the person’s outer clothing for weapons the person’s outer clothing for weapons for officer safety with Reasonable for officer safety with Reasonable suspicion.suspicion.

After handcuffing the suspect, a thorough After handcuffing the suspect, a thorough search of the person must be conducted. search of the person must be conducted.

• If suspect is in a car at time of arrest the If suspect is in a car at time of arrest the passenger compartment of the car may passenger compartment of the car may be searched.be searched.

Secure removed weaponsSecure removed weapons

Found weapons may be placed in the Found weapons may be placed in the patrol car after discovery. patrol car after discovery.

Initially found weapons may be Initially found weapons may be placed in the officers waistband until placed in the officers waistband until the search is completed. The weapon the search is completed. The weapon may be handed to another officer if may be handed to another officer if found. found.

It may placed on the floor and kicked It may placed on the floor and kicked away until the suspect is secure. away until the suspect is secure.

Describe the operations of home Describe the operations of home and commercial security systemsand commercial security systems

• • Identify types of security systemsIdentify types of security systems

• • Explain the operation of various Explain the operation of various types of security systemstypes of security systems