EQUIPAUTO 9915 October 1999

Will Fuel Cells Power our Future?

William Grove

Interest has suddenly increased:

Heavy investment

Significant technical progress

The race has started Systems becoming available

Automotive Fuel Cell Drivers

Vehicle parc 1,600m by 2030

Increase in vehicle size and power

Increasing electricity requirements

Fuel cells are uniquely able to address environmental problems

Automotive Fuel Cell Drivers

Europe will reduce car CO2 emissions

Aggressive fuel/CO2 taxes

Kyoto agreement requires CO2 reduction

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20

Gb/yr

Year

Middle East

USA

E-Europe/AsiaW-Europe

Rest of World

Source: Campbell, The Coming Oil Crisis, 1998

World Oil Production will decline in the next 10 - 20 years.At the same time, dependence on OPEC will significantly

increase.

Automotive Fuel Cell Drivers

Increasing human morbidity and mortality

European death toll - 80,000

Automotive Fuel Cell Drivers

California Zero Emission Vehicle by 2003

Major US cities will continue to experience poor air quality

Public policy will help build a market for FCVs

Unique Combination of Advantages:

Minimum or zero NOx, SOx, HC and particulates

Increased energy efficiency/reduced CO2 emissions

Reliable and durable

Converts fuel energy directly into electricity

H2 derived from variety of sources

Electrolyte

- +

+ +

+2H +

2e -

O 212

2H +

2e -

H 2

2e -

2H +

Anode Cathode

heat+water

H 2O

hydrogen(from fuel)

oxygen(air)

INVERTERHYDROGEN

RICH GASFUEL INPUT

HEATRECOVERY

FUEL PROCESSING PREHEATING HEAT FOR COGENERATION

FUELCELL

STACKHEAT

REFORMER

OXYGEN (AIR)

AC POWEROUTPUT

DC POWEROUTPUT

WATER

Fuel Cell System Components

Status of Fuel Cell Vehicle development

All major automakers now involved

GM And Toyota to co-operate Target Launch date 2003/4 for car

Daimler-Benz/Ballard/Ford Alliance and Chrysler Merger

Oil companies now involved