equipment and tools - ctqpflorida.com shaft inspector/02 - 2015...• identify drilled shaft rig...

Student’s Guide Lesson 2‐ Equipment and Tools

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Lesson 2

EQUIPMENTAND

TOOLS

In this lesson we will discuss the typical equipment and tools used in the construction of drilled shafts


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• Identify drilled shaft rig components

• Identify drilling tools and explain their uses

• Identify & interpret applicable 455 specifications

Learning Outcomes


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455-15.10.1 General: All shaft excavation isUnclassified Shaft Excavation. The Engineer willrequire Drilled Shaft Sidewall Overreaming wheninspections show it to be necessary. These terms aredefined in 455-15.10.2, 455-15.10.3, and 455-15.10.4,respectively.

Use excavation and drilling equipment having adequatecapacity, including power, torque, and crowd(downthrust), and excavation and overreaming tools ofadequate design, size, and strength to perform thework shown in the plans or described herein….

455-15.10 Excavation& Drilling Equip.


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455-15.10.1 General: Continued

…. When the material encountered cannot be drilledusing conventional earth augers and/or underreamingtools, provide special drilling equipment, including butnot limited to rock augers, core barrels, rock tools, airtools, blasting materials, and other equipment asnecessary to continue the shaft excavation to the sizeand depth required. In the event blasting is necessary,obtain all necessary permits. The Contractor isresponsible for the effects of blasting on alreadycompleted work and adjacent structures. The Engineermust approve all blasting.

455-15.10 Excavation& Drilling Equip.


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Kelly

DrillTable

Crane

Power Unit

Tool(Bucket, Auger)

Terminology- Crane-mount


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Terminology- Truck-mount

Power Unit

Kelly

Carrier

Tool

Drill Table

Truck, Track,Crane

One-piece or telescoping

Bits & Buckets


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Buckets- generally two types;

Digging- for excavating soils or soft rock

Cleanout or Bailing- for cleaning of the shaft

Terminology

Augers- for Soil or soft rock and rock.Barrels- generally for coring hard rock


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Special Tools- roller rock bits, hammer drills andretrieval tools

Teeth- flat, carbide or not and bullet

Terminology


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Drilled Shaft Rigs

Predominately

• American Manufacturer Types

• European Manufacturer Types

There are predominately two types of manufacturers of rigs, American & European. The variety of drilled shaft rigs available to contractors is considerable, particularly when you include both U.S. and European technology. Catalogs from the early 1900's show that bucket type drilled shaft drills were available even then, if you owned a horse to power it. Mechanical units were developed in the 1920's with production models in the late 1930's. This early history appears to have had its roots in Texas. Reportedly the famous Hughes LL Series of diggers were being manufactured at the rate of 70 to 80 units per year in the late 1970's and early 1980's. Beginning in the early 1980's, it was clear that most equipment manufacturers in the U.S. were moving away from mechanical designs, opting instead for torque converters to deliver power to the rotary table/kelly bar drills. Out of Germany are units built by Delmag and Bauer. SoilMec is one of the leading Italian manufacturers are Casagrande and IMT.


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American Manufacturers

• Atlantic Equipment Company

• American Equipment & Fabricating Corp.

• Caldweld

• Stephen M. Hain Co.

• Reedrill/Texoma

• Watson


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European Manufacturers

• Bauer

• CasaGrande

• IMT

• SoilMec


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• Truck-Mounted Rigs

• Carrier-Mounted Rigs

• Crane-Mounted Rigs

• Crawler-Mounted Rigs

Types of Rigs

Types of Rigs Based on the type of vehicle the rigs can be: • Truck-Mounted Rigs • Carrier-Mounted Rigs • Crane-Mounted Rigs • Crawler-Mounted Rigs


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Calweld

Light Truck-mounted

This slide illustrates a light truck mounted rig. This type of rig generally handles the smaller sized holes and mast arms and signs. Medium size units such as this can be carried by a dual tandem truck. This size rig is generally capable of sizes up to 5 feet in diameter, 30 feet in depth. These units are characterized by their “wet” kelly bar design. The digging depth is dictated by a long slender hydraulic cylinder which uses the ram as a kelly bar.


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H & T 63548” Dia.; 35 ft.

Light Truck-mounted


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Texoma Taurus XL120 in. Dia; 120 ft.

Carrier-mounted

Larger drills require two front axles to accommodate highway weight limits and to achieve the off-road maneuverability needed. This slide shows a carrier-mounted rig which has greater hole diameter and depth capabilities.


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IMT AF16-A80 in. Dia; 200 ft.

Carrier-mounted


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Soilmec R622100 in. Dia; 245 ft.

Crawler-mounted

Crawler mounted rigs are becoming very popular due to the increase in rehabilitation versus new bridge construction. These rigs require less overhead clearance and are very mobile, making them the weapon of choice for restricted work areas.


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Bauer120 in. Dia; 195 ft.

Crawler-mounted


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140 in. Dia. ;285 ft.

Crane-mounted

If there is a need for a larger drill, with greater torque and depth capability, contractors frequently use, what is termed in the industry as “crane attachment” drills. The power of some of these rigs can be truly impressive. Crane attachments come as a unit, including a diesel engine, transmission and torque converter driving a heavy duty rotary table through which a kelly is installed. The entire drill unit is attached to a crane using a “bridge” which allows the rotary table to be rigidly held and sufficiently elevated to accommodate the drilling tools anticipated for the job. Given the power advantages offered by large crane attachments, it is the ability to vary the working room (clearance) under the rotary table which makes this type of drill so attractive for many jobs. Kelly designs can be single, double, triple, or even quadruple configurations. Double power units such as this one are capable of drilling depths up to 285 feet. The maximum hole diameter is dependent on the bridge design, but commonly these drills are used for hole sizes varying up to 140 inches in diameter.


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Hain 754

Diameter and Depthdependent upon

configuration.

Crane-mounted


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Learning Outcome

The Contractor is to install drilled shafts 96” in diameter to adepth of 110 feet. Using the Rig Manufacturer informationsheets, of the models listed, which can perform the work.No crane rigs please.


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Bits and Tools

AUGER BITSAND TOOLS

It has often been said that a drilled shaft rig, no matter how large or powerful, is no better than the tool at the end of the kelly. If you have ever tried to use a small hand drill with a worn bit, you can relate to how it can affect production. For that reason, tools have been fabricated for virtually every below ground condition imaginable. The most common augers can be classified as either dirt (soil) or rock types, with variations of each as to the number of flights, teeth, and lead bit. Many contractors build their own designs, but there are a number of manufacturers who specialize in drilling tools as well.


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Auger bits are generallyclassified as either:

• Earth (Soil) or

• Rock

Earth Auger Bits

• Single or double flight

• Double flight has superiorsoil removal capability

Rock Auger Bits

• Double or Triple flight

• Single Core Barrels

• “Air Barrels” (Double WallCore Barrel)

Auger Bits


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The Inspector must be able to:

• Compare to the approved Drilled Shaft Installation Plan

• Note on daily activity report the equipment on-site

• Recognize and document the tool being used

• Recognize and document the condition of the tools

Why is this Important?

The Inspector must have the knowledge to identify the various drilling tools being used by the Contractor. Remember- it is not the Inspector’s responsibility to direct the Contractor’s work or technique (Means & Methods). However, the Inspector must make accurate notes as to the tools and equipment on-site and being used. If the Contractor only has earth augers on site and rock needs to be penetrated, it is important to have this information noted, as the Contractor may say the material cannot be penetrated and was misrepresented or harder than indicated. May not really be so if they had the right bit. The Inspector’s accurate, unbiased observations and documentation can help alleviate problems or questions that might arise.


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Single Flight

Double Cut

Earth augers are generallyused in sands and cohesivematerials.

Earth Augers

(SF – DC)

Earth augers are usually made with single or double flights. Earth augers are distinguished from rock augers by the use of lighter weight material and flat edge blades as cutting teeth. Because of their superior removal capacity, double flight designs are usually best for the fine sandy soils.


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Single-Flight

Soil Auger

Double Cut

Kelly

Earth Augers

(SF – DC)


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Double Flight

Double Cut

Earth Augers

(DF – DC)


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Double Flight

Double Cut

Earth Augers

(DF – DC)


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Single-Flight Single Cut (SF-SC) Soil Auger

Soil Teeth (Blunt/Wide)

Guide Shaft (“Stinger”)

Earth Augers


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Pocket

CuttingTooth

Fish TailStinger

Earth Augers


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Earth Augers

Pocket and teeth Stingers


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Double-Flight

Soil Auger

Earth Augers


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Tapered Geometry

Rock augers are generally used in soft to hard rock formations.

Conical (Bullet)Carbide Teeth

Rock Augers


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Rock augers are generally used in soft to hard rock formations.

Rock Augers

Pockets

CarbideBit Teeth

The teeth come in varioussize carbide tips. On theleft is a ¾” carbide tip, and¼” on the right.


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Pocket

Carbide tip tooth

Carbide tip Replacable toothPilot bit

Rock Augers


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Pilot Bits

Rock Augers


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This is typical rockauger designed for drilling in soft to medium rock.

Rock Augers


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This is another rockauger designed for drilling in soft to medium rock.

Rock Augers


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This is a type of rockauger designed for drilling in soft to medium rock.

Rock Augers


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These are typical of rockaugers designed for drilling in hard rock.

Rock Augers


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These are typical of rockaugers designed for drilling in hard rock.

Rock Augers

Student’s Guide LLesson 2‐ Equipment and Tools

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This is typical of rock bits designed for drilling in hard to very hard rock.

ReplaceableRoller Bits

Circulating bit

Rock Bits


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GougingTeeth

RippingTeeth

Over-reaming Cutting Teeth

Digging Bucket


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Drilling (Digging) Bucket


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Hard RockSoft Rock

Core Barrels

Student’s Guide Lesson 2 ‐ Equipment and Tools

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Core Barrels


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Core Barrels


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Core Barrels


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Belling Tool


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This Punch is for breaking up rockthat may not beaugerable.Drop repeatedly from a crane.

Punch


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This is typical of acleanout (bailing) bucketused to cleanout thecuttings and sedimentsfrom the bottom of theshaft.

Cleanout (Bailing) Bucket


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Cleanout ToolDown-hole Pumps


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Cleanout ToolDown-hole Pumps


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Cleanout Tool

Air Lift


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2-55MKT ICE

Setting Casing

Vibratory Hammers


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Setting CasingVibratory Hammers


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Casing Twister

Setting Casing

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Casing Twister

Setting Casing

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Casing Twister

Setting Casing

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These slide and video shows a casing being installed by the twisting method.


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Setting CasingOscillators and rotators


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Overreaming Tool

Miscellaneous Other Tools


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Learning Outcome

Cluster bit


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Learning Outcome


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Learning Outcome


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Learning Outcome

Cluster bit


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Learning Outcome

• Identify drilled shaft rig components

• Identify drilling tools and explain their uses

• Identify & interpret applicable 455 specifications


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ANY QUESTIONS ?

Questions?

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equipment and tools - ctqpflorida.com shaft inspector/02 - 2015...• identify drilled shaft rig...

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