Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good Feelings

Unit IIIBUnit IIIB

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good Feelings

James Monroe (D-R) elected President after James Monroe (D-R) elected President after James Madison (D-R)James Madison (D-R)

Under increased nationalism and Under increased nationalism and disintegration of Federalists, nation in good disintegration of Federalists, nation in good spiritsspirits

Political, economical, and social debates Political, economical, and social debates lingerlinger

James Monroe (D-R) ElectionsJames Monroe (D-R) Elections1816 and 18201816 and 1820

Growth of American NationalismGrowth of American Nationalism

Effect of the “victory” Effect of the “victory” over Great Britainover Great Britain

Exciting opportunities Exciting opportunities with land and increased with land and increased manufacturingmanufacturing

The arts and education The arts and education infused with patriotic infused with patriotic themesthemes

A STRONG Central GovernmentA STRONG Central Government John Marshall’s CourtJohn Marshall’s Court Fletcher v. Peck Fletcher v. Peck (1810)(1810)

Ruled state law unconstitutionalRuled state law unconstitutional

Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816) (1816) Ruled Supreme Court’s jurisdiction over state courtsRuled Supreme Court’s jurisdiction over state courts

McCullogh v. Maryland McCullogh v. Maryland (1819)(1819) Bank of the United States constitutional under “necessary Bank of the United States constitutional under “necessary

and proper”and proper” States could not tax the Bank - Supremacy ClauseStates could not tax the Bank - Supremacy Clause

Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden (1824) (1824) Increased federal government’s interstate commerce Increased federal government’s interstate commerce

authorityauthority

Democratic-Republicans FracturingDemocratic-Republicans Fracturing

Democratic-Republicans split as nation Democratic-Republicans split as nation growsgrows

Old Guard Dem-Reps cling to ideals and Old Guard Dem-Reps cling to ideals and strict interpretation; states’ rightsstrict interpretation; states’ rights

New Guard Dem-Reps adopt Federalist-New Guard Dem-Reps adopt Federalist-type platforms; nationalismtype platforms; nationalism

Sectional RepresentationSectional RepresentationThe Great TriumvirateThe Great Triumvirate

Daniel Webster of Daniel Webster of Massachusetts - NORTHMassachusetts - NORTH

Henry Clay of Kentucky - Henry Clay of Kentucky - WESTWEST

John C. Calhoun of South John C. Calhoun of South Carolina - SOUTHCarolina - SOUTH

Serve as House and Serve as House and Senate membersSenate members

Former War Hawks, Former War Hawks, NationalistsNationalists Calhoun will lean toward Calhoun will lean toward

states’ rights laterstates’ rights later Will become dominant Will become dominant

members of the Senate in members of the Senate in 1830s and 1840s1830s and 1840s

Henry Clay Bill Nighy

America ExpandsAmerica Expands

Land available in Louisiana Territory and Land available in Louisiana Territory and conquered native landsconquered native lands Loans from state banks than Bank of U.S.Loans from state banks than Bank of U.S. Cheap land sold by governmentCheap land sold by government

Trade restrictions and panics force New Trade restrictions and panics force New Englanders westEnglanders west

South demands new fertile landSouth demands new fertile land Slavery a necessitySlavery a necessity

Improved infrastructure makes expanding easierImproved infrastructure makes expanding easier Influx of immigrantsInflux of immigrants

Missouri Compromise (1820)Missouri Compromise (1820) Given North-South Given North-South

rift, politicians hoped rift, politicians hoped to preserve sectional to preserve sectional balancebalance

House dominated by House dominated by North, but Southern North, but Southern senators could block senators could block legislationlegislation

Tallmadge Tallmadge AmendmentAmendment Prohibit more slaves Prohibit more slaves

in Missouriin Missouri Free child slaves by Free child slaves by

25 years old25 years old Missouri Missouri

CompromiseCompromise by by Henry ClayHenry Clay Missouri as a slave Missouri as a slave

statestate Maine as a free Maine as a free

statestate Latitude 36 30’Latitude 36 30’

““Missouri question aroused and Missouri question aroused and filled me with alarm…I have been filled me with alarm…I have been among the most sanguine in among the most sanguine in believing that our Union would be of believing that our Union would be of long duration. I now doubt it much.” long duration. I now doubt it much.” - Thomas Jefferson, April 13, 1820- Thomas Jefferson, April 13, 1820

American BoundariesAmerican Boundaries

Monroe Doctrine (1823)Monroe Doctrine (1823) Concerned about Concerned about

European aggression in European aggression in the Americasthe Americas Central and South American Central and South American

revolutionsrevolutions

Americas not subject to Americas not subject to colonizationcolonization

United States gives United States gives warning to Europe, warning to Europe, including Great Britain, to including Great Britain, to not interfere with sovereign not interfere with sovereign development of the development of the AmericasAmericas

What prevents the U.S. What prevents the U.S. from interfering in Latin from interfering in Latin America?America?

America’s Market Economy:America’s Market Economy:TransportationTransportation

TransportationTransportation Toll Roads and TurnpikesToll Roads and Turnpikes

Cumberland Road (National Road)Cumberland Road (National Road)

CanalsCanals Connected major waterways and West with EastConnected major waterways and West with East Erie Canal (1825)Erie Canal (1825)

SteamboatsSteamboats Robert Fulton and the Robert Fulton and the Clermont Clermont (1807)(1807)

RailroadsRailroads Based on steam energy and slowly developing in NortheastBased on steam energy and slowly developing in Northeast

Cumberland RoadCumberland Road

America ConnectedAmerica Connected

The The ClermontClermont

America’s Market Economy:America’s Market Economy:IndustrialismIndustrialism

Production Prior…Production Prior… Most textile and production at Most textile and production at

home or by skilled artisans in home or by skilled artisans in NortheastNortheast

Putting-out systemPutting-out system Merchants bought raw Merchants bought raw

materials and hired farm materials and hired farm families to produce goods for families to produce goods for sellingselling

InnovationInnovation Cotton ginCotton gin Textile machines from Textile machines from

EnglandEngland Spinning jennySpinning jenny Flying shuttleFlying shuttle Water frameWater frame Steam powerSteam power Interchangeable partsInterchangeable parts

Assembly-line type productionAssembly-line type production

Factory SystemFactory System High production with use of High production with use of

machines and new technologiesmachines and new technologies Opened doors for unskilled labor Opened doors for unskilled labor

and urbanizationand urbanization Artisans pressured by high Artisans pressured by high

demand and forced to work in demand and forced to work in factoriesfactories

Lowell SystemLowell System Recruited young women to work Recruited young women to work

in textile factories and live in in textile factories and live in dormitoriesdormitories

Rise of CorporationsRise of Corporations Capital investment for new Capital investment for new

industriesindustries Trade UnionsTrade Unions

Poor working conditions, low Poor working conditions, low pay, and long hours led to pay, and long hours led to development of unionsdevelopment of unions

InnovationsInnovations

Steam engine

Interchangeable parts

Spinning jenny

America’s Market Economy:America’s Market Economy:Commercial AgricultureCommercial Agriculture

Innovation increased Innovation increased agricultural productionagricultural production Iron and steel plowsIron and steel plows Grain cradleGrain cradle Variety of crops and livestockVariety of crops and livestock

Improved transportationImproved transportation Established market networks Established market networks

and creditand credit

Western expansion and new fertile landWestern expansion and new fertile land Grain center moved from New York and Grain center moved from New York and

Pennsylvania to Ohio to IllinoisPennsylvania to Ohio to Illinois North based on grainNorth based on grain Upper South based on tobaccoUpper South based on tobacco Deep South based on King CottonDeep South based on King Cotton

Cotton gin could process 50 lbs / dayCotton gin could process 50 lbs / day 1790 - 3,000 bales (at 500 lbs/ 1790 - 3,000 bales (at 500 lbs/

bale)bale) 1793 - 10,000 bales1793 - 10,000 bales 17951795 17,000 bales 17,000 bales 18011801 100,000 bales100,000 bales 18201820 200,000 bales200,000 bales 26¢-44¢ before 1800; 26¢-44¢ before 1800; 15¢-19¢ after 180015¢-19¢ after 1800

SlaverySlavery Demand substantially increasedDemand substantially increased Interstate slave trade booms after 1820Interstate slave trade booms after 1820

Most slaves traded from Upper Most slaves traded from Upper South to Lower SouthSouth to Lower South

America’s Market Economy:America’s Market Economy:Federal Policies and BankingFederal Policies and Banking

Increased manufacturing due to trade Increased manufacturing due to trade restrictions and warrestrictions and war

Tariff of 1816Tariff of 1816 Protective tariff raising rates to 25%Protective tariff raising rates to 25%

The The American SystemAmerican System by Henry by Henry ClayClay Evolution of Hamilton’s Economic Evolution of Hamilton’s Economic

PlanPlan Protective tariffsProtective tariffs

Foreign goods become expensive, Foreign goods become expensive, consumers purchase cheaper consumers purchase cheaper American goodsAmerican goods

National bankNational bank Single currency to facilitate tradeSingle currency to facilitate trade Establish easier credit systemEstablish easier credit system

InfrastructureInfrastructure Improved transportation facilitated Improved transportation facilitated

trade and commerce, linking the trade and commerce, linking the regions and marketsregions and markets

Credit and BankingCredit and Banking Second Bank of the United States Second Bank of the United States

(1816) chartered(1816) chartered farmers earning credit leading to farmers earning credit leading to

necessity of banksnecessity of banks State banks issued paper notes for State banks issued paper notes for

specie (gold and silver)specie (gold and silver) Panic of 1819 (1819-1823)Panic of 1819 (1819-1823)

Considered the first major economic Considered the first major economic and financial crisis of the U.S.and financial crisis of the U.S.

U.S. borrowed heavily to finance the U.S. borrowed heavily to finance the war leading to inflationwar leading to inflation

Bank of U.S. increased interest rates Bank of U.S. increased interest rates to control inflation (contractionary to control inflation (contractionary policy)policy)

Land speculation and recession hits Land speculation and recession hits the West hardthe West hard

AftermathAftermath Northern manufacturers demanded Northern manufacturers demanded

high tariffshigh tariffs Southern farmers demanded low Southern farmers demanded low

tariffstariffs Western farmers blamed speculation Western farmers blamed speculation

and banksand banks

Regional SpecializationRegional Specialization

NorthNorth Manufactured goods to sell to the West and SouthManufactured goods to sell to the West and South Dependent on crops from West (food) and South Dependent on crops from West (food) and South

(textiles, trade)(textiles, trade) WestWest

Farmed to feed the NorthFarmed to feed the North Developed with Northern manufactured goodsDeveloped with Northern manufactured goods

SouthSouth Plantations and farmers grew cotton to sell to Northern Plantations and farmers grew cotton to sell to Northern

textile manufacturers and shipperstextile manufacturers and shippers SubsistentSubsistent

United States c. 1824United States c. 1824