STUDY GUIDE

Ways of the World, by Robert W. Strayer

CHAPTER 10: THE WORLDS OF EUROPEAN CHRISTENDOM

NAME ________________________________ DATE _________ PERIOD______Vocabulary You should know the meaning of these words that appear in this chapter.

heretical, 270patriarch, 273caesaropapism, 273iconoclasm, 275

unleavened, 275excommunicated, 275barter, 279vassals, 281

papacy, 282 investiture, 282 nominal, 286mystical, 296

Significant persons

You should be able to identify and explain the significance for a history of world civilization of these persons.

JustinianCyrilVladimir of KievCharlemagne

Pope Urban IIBeguinesHildegard of BingenMarco Polo

Roger BaconAnselmAdelard of Bath Thomas Aquinas

Geography

Put the following locations that are named in the chapter on the map. You should be able to locate the following places on a map and explain the role in the history of world civilization of each of these places.

ByzantiumKiev

Dnieper River Baltic SeaBologna

Multiple Answer Questions

The questions here are intended to call your attention to significant topics dealt with in the textbook. You can use them to test your recall of what you have read. More important, you can use them to guide your thinking about what you should get from your reading.

You may check your answer by clicking on the letter of your choice. For each question there may be more than one correct answer.

1. Emperor Justinian is remembered in history for his a. defeat of the Arabs. b. invention of "Greek Fire." c. code of laws. d. construction of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) cathedral.

Holy Wisdom cathedral, Constantinople (minarets were added after Ottoman conquest)

2. Byzantine Emperor Justinian accomplished the following: a. temporary reconquest of parts of the western empire b. construction of Hagia Sophia c. defeat of Arab invaders d. establishing the notion that the secular monarch was head of the church

3. The Holy Wisdom cathedral displays architectural features that distinguish a typical Byzantine-style church from a western European Gothic-style, including

a. pointed rather than rounded arches b. domes rather than spires above the building c. rectangular rather than square floor plan d. domed rather than ribbed ceilings (vaults)

4. Which, if any, of the following were characteristics of the postclassical Byzantine empire that contrasted it with contemporary European civilization?

a. caesaropapism b. autocratic monarchy c. mercantilism d. feudalism

5. The Christians in the eighth-century eastern Roman empire who were called "iconoclasts" a. tried to destroy all images in Christian churches. b. refused to serve in the emperor's army. c. were led by the emperor Leo. d. were led by the empress Irene.

6. As a consequence of Byzantine empress Irene's declaring herself sole ruler of the Roman empire this great ruler came to power:

a. the iconoclasts triumphed in the Byzantine empire. b. Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the Roman empire. c. the pope excommunicated all eastern Orthodox Christians. d. Christendom was split permanently.

7. The eastern Byzantine church rejected the western Catholics' belief that a. God the Father and God the Son were composed of the same divine essence. b. unleavened bread should be used in the Eucharist c. the Holy Spirit proceeded from both God the Son and God the Father. d. the Virgin Mary was the "mother of God".

8. The eastern Byzantine and western Catholic churches agreed in the belief that a. God the Father and God the Son were composed of the same divine essence. b. as Son of God Jesus had a single divine and human nature. c. the Holy Spirit proceeded from both God the Son and God the Father. d. the Virgin Mary was the "mother of God".

9. The eastern Byzantine and western Catholic churches agreed in the belief that a. God is a Trinity of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. b. as Son of God, Jesus was one persons with two natures. c. priests cannot get married. d. saints in heaven pray for believers on earth.

10. In the division of eastern Europe between western Catholic Christianity and eastern Orthodox Christianity, the areas that went with the Orthodox form included the modern countries of

a. Poland. b. Romania. c. Serbia. d. Croatia.

11. In the division of eastern Europe between western Catholic Christianity and eastern Orthodox Christianity, the areas that went with the Orthodox form included the modern countries of

a. Greece. b. Bulgaria. c. Hungary. d. Slovakia.

12. The formal division, or schism, of eastern European Orthodox and western Catholic Christianity happened as the result of

a. the fourth crusade's attack upon Constantinople in the early 1200s. b. Irene's assuming the title of "emperor" of the Roman empire in 799. c. mutual excommunications by Greek patriarch and Roman pope in 1054. d. the downfall of the eastern empire under Ottoman attack in 1453.

13. The formal division, or schism, of eastern European Orthodox and western Catholic Christianity happened when the western church condemned the eastern church's resistance to

a. leaving yeast out of the communion bread. b. veneration of icons. c. the word "filioque" in the creed. d. primary doctrinal authority of the pope of Rome.

14. Eastern European Orthodoxy disagreed with western Catholic Christianity over the addition of the word "filioque" to the creed, which asserted that

a. Jesus was the son of God. b. the pope of Rome is the successor of the apostle Peter. c. Jesus demonstrated filial piety toward the Almighty God. d. the Holy Spirit proceeded from both God the Son and God the Father.

15. Saints Cyril and Methodius are known as the "apostles to the Slavs" because they a. converted Slavic tribes of Bohemia to Byzantine Christianity. b. created the writing system used by eastern European civilization. c. made Orthodox Christianity available to peoples of eastern Europe. d. converted Prince Vladimir of Kiev to Orthodox Christianity..

16. Prince Vladimir of Kiev chose Byzantine Christianity as the religion for his Russian people in preference to Islam because

a. Islam prohibited alcoholic beverages. b. its ceremonies were more aesthetically pleasing. c. Muslim traders were enslaving Vladimir's subjects. d. he already had more than four wives.

17. The cultural elements that early Russian civiliztion received from Byzantine civilization included

a. Orthodox religion. b. Slavic language. c. Domed architecture style. d. Cyrillic writing system.

18. Because Russia received its civilization from Byzantium, Russian civilization manifested a tendency

a. to hate Catholics. b. toward Greek rationalism. c. to view the ruler as head of the church. d. to iconoclasm.

19. On Christmas Day in the year 800 a. the first Carolingian king of France was crowned. b. the Vikings began their invasion of France and England. c. Pope Leo III crowned Charles the Great emperor of the Romans. d. western European civilization declared its independence from the eastern Roman empire.

20. Which of the following were peoples who threatened and invaded a part of western Europe after the reign of Charlemagne?

a. Magyars b. Norsemen c. Angles d. Burgundians

21. After the time of Charlemagne, distinctive developments of "medieval" European civilization included the disappearance of

a. cities. b. external invaders. c. money. d. religious dissent.

22. After the time of Charlemagne, distinctive characteristics of "medieval" European civilization included

a. international religious uniformity. b. feudalism. c. enserfed labor force. d. iconoclasm.

23. The distinctive characteristics of medieval European civilization resulted from a. anxiety produced by invasions of France by Vikings and Muslims. b. massive destruction caused by the invasion of Germanic barbarians. c. loss of international trade in the Mediterranean area. d. religious disputes between western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Christians.

24. Which, if any, of the following are distinguishing characteristics of the system called "feudalism"?

a. political decentralization b. mutually obligatory contract c. representative legislature d. conditional land tenure

25. Which, if any, of these statements correctly identify the obligations of European feudal lords to their vassals?

a. They swore fealty to their vassals. b. They provided vassals physical security. c. They participated in the vassals' council to give them policy advice. d. They provided for vassals' livelihood.

26. Which, if any, of the statements correctly state the obligations of European feudal vassals to their lords?

a. They swore fealty to their lords. b. They provided lords physical security. c. They participated in the lords' council to give them policy advice. d. They contributed to the costs of the weddings of the lords' children.

27. European feudalism led to the development of essential features of modern liberal democracy because it

a. claimed that rulers had legal obligations to those whom they ruled. b. required that the Ten Commandments should be respected in society. c. deprived rulers of the power to determine the guilt of criminals. d. required subordinates of rulers to give them advice.

28. "Society is divided into three orders." What were the three defined hierarchic classes of European civilization in the middle ages?

a. warriors b. clergy c. merchants d. peasants

29. European civilization in the postclassical period was like that of China in that it gave little value to the class of

a. warriors. b. clergy. c. merchants. d. peasants.

30. The sources of the negative views on merchants in western Christian civilization included a. subsistence level of agriculture on manors. b. the church's teaching that receiving interest on money was sin. c. Jesus' warning against riches. d. the church's teaching that profit-making endangered one's soul.

31.The social classes that Chinese civilization valued while European civilization did not in its postclassical period included

a. warriors. b. clergy. c. scholars. d. peasants.

32. Which, if any, of the following were among the contributions made by the Byzantine east to western European civilization?

a. the fundamental codes of European law b. achievements of mathematical sciences c. defense of the borders of Christiandom against Turks d. preservation of classical Greek texts

33. The goals of the western European "Crusades" in the 1000s-1200s included the desire to a. gain control of the shrines of Palestine. b. reunite the divided Christian churches. c. eliminate the religion of Islam. d. find a trading route with Asia that by-passed the Muslim empires.

34. The events that instigated the western European crusades in the late 1000s included a. Muslim conquest of Jerusalem. b. the Byzantine emperor Alexius' request for help against Seljuk invaders. a. the formal schism between east and west Christian churches in 1054. d. Pope Urban's speech in Clermont.

35. Among the motivations of west Europeans who participated in the Crusades was the hope for a. adventure and booty. b. immediate entry to heaven in the event of death. c. access to scientific knowledge of the Muslim world. d. healing and similar divine favors.

36. The Crusades can plausibly be seen as contributing significantly to the a. decline of European feudalism. b. development of European medieval science. c. expansion of European commercial activity. d. growth of religious toleration.

37. The Crusades were largely responsible for facilitating the introduction into Europe of a. new luxury textiles. b. coffee. c. Muslim science. d. guns and cannons.

38. The signs that the middle ages were ending in Western European Christian civilization included

a. the increase of commercial activity. b. the growth of cities. c. the ending of serf obligations to lords. d. the growth of population.

39. The medieval guild system in west European civilization differed from a capitalist economic system in that it

a. was a barter and not a money system of exchange. b. emphasized competitive practice. c. promoted mutual protection of merchants and artisans. d. avoided participation in international trade.

40. Which, if any, of the following accurately describe western European developments during the High Middle Ages (1100s-1200s)?

a. The church suppressed scientific and creative thought. b. Foundations for modern representative instutions were created. c. National monarchies were strengthened. d. The scientific way of thinking increased in acceptance among educated people.

41. The quarrel between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV a. involved who had the right to give a newly consecrated bishop his bishop's ring and staff. b.signified the practice of caesaropapism in western civilization. c. was won by the pope. d. is called the "investiture controversy."

42. The organization of the European Gothic institution of the university was patterned after a. Plato's "Academy" in Athens. b. the Chinese examination system. c. the trade guild system developed in European towns. d. the Cairo Azhar Mosque school.

43. Which of the following scholars of the Muslim world were responsible for introducing the thinking of Aristotle to western European thinkers like Thomas Aquinas

a. Avicenna. b. al-Ghazali. c. Averroes. d. Maimonides.

44. Muslim knowledge made substantial contributions to the advance of western European civilization in the Gothic age in the areas of

a. philosophy. b. mathematics. c. law. d. medicine.

45. The "scholasticism" represented by Thomas Aquinas a. synthesized Christian theology with the philosophy of Aristotle. b. warned that rational study of nature posed spiritual danger to one's soul. c. preferred the philosophy of Plato above that of Aristotle. d. said that by human rationality alone one could not figure out that God exists.

46. Cultural development of the Gothic age that Roger Bacon signified included a. construction of cathedrals. b. troubadour poetry promoting chivalry. c. university education. d. Europe's first "scientific revolution."

Gothic cathedral of Bourges

47. Which, if any, of these characteristics are distinctive of the Gothic style of architecture? a. ornate decoration. b. pointed arches. c. dark interiors. d. verticality.

model Gothic cathedral

48. Which, if any, of these characteristics are distinctive of the Gothic style of architecture? a. ribbed ceiling vaults. b. rounded arches. c. stained-glass. d. flying buttresses.

49. Which, if any, of these characteristics are distinctive of the Gothic (late medieval) literary style?

a. use of Latin language. b. women elevated to the pedestal. c. attacks on Christian heretics. d. promotion of male chivalry toward women.

Study guide prepared by Paul D. Steeves; all rights reserved

Margin Review Questions:1. In what respects did Byzantium continue the patterns of the classical Roman

Empire? In what ways did it diverge from those patterns?2. How did Eastern Orthodox Christianity differ from Roman Catholicism?

3. How did the historical development of the European West differ from that of Byzantium in the postclassical era?

4. What replaced the Roman order in Western Europe?5. In what ways was European civilization changing after 1000?6. What was the impact of the Crusades in world history?

7. In what ways did borrowing from abroad shape European civilization after 1000?

8. Why was Europe unable to achieve the kind of political unity that China experienced? What impact did this have on the subsequent history of Europe?

9. In what different ways did classical Greek philosophy and science have an impact in the West, in Byzantium, and in the Islamic world?

Big Picture Questions:

WRITE ME A GOOD PARAGRAPH WITH DATA QUOTED FROM THE TEXT!USE THE 3 EX’sExplainExpandUse Examples

1. How did the histories of the Byzantine Empire and Western Europe differ during the era of third-wave civilizations?

2. What accounts for the different historical trajectories of these two expressions of Christendom?

3. How did Byzantium and Western Europe interact with each other and with the larger world of the postclassical era?

4. Was the civilization of the Latin West distinctive and unique, or was it broadly comparable to other third-wave civilizations?