erik erikson’s stages of development presentation and study by elizabeth eaton
TRANSCRIPT
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Erik Erikson’sStages of Development
Presentation and Study by
Elizabeth Eaton
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Life of Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
• Born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1902
• Raised by mother and stepfather, Dr. Homburger
• Wandered Europe after high school
• Studied child psychoanalysis with Anna Freud
• Married Joan Serson at age 27
• Forced to leave Europe in 1933, moved to US
• First child analyst in Boston, MA
• Studied normal development of children across cultures
• Held positions at Yale, the University of California, and Harvard
• Died as a professor at Harvard University in 1994
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Erikson’s Interest in Identity
• Struggle to find his own identity• Did not know his father• Adopted stepfather’s last name• Did not resemble his parents• Did not do well in high school• Went through a moratorium
• Creation of his own identity• Began studying the work of Sigmund Freud• Built on Freud’s stages of development• Changed name from Erik Homburger to Erik H.
Erikson
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• Born in Moravia, 1856
• Studied neurology and psychology
• Founder of psychoanalysis• Free association
• Theorized about• The Unconscious• Dreams• Psychosexual Development
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Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Freud believed that a person’s identity was set by the time they were an adult, and that it was governed by the outcome of five developmental stages:
• Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital
In each stage, the child’s libido is focused on an erogenous zone. If the child is over or under stimulated in a stage, he or she may develop neurotic behavior relating to that stage’s part of the body. Examples of neurotic traits would be having an oral fixation or being anal retentive.
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Erikson’s vs Freud’s Theory of Development
Erik Erikson• psychosocial
• 8 stages
• general
Sigmund Freud• psychosexual
• 5 stages
• specific
(more adorable than Freud)
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Erikson’s Stages of Development
Erikson’s First Stage of Development
• Age: Birth to 1 year
• Conflict: Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust
• Core ego strength: Hope
• Freud’s stage: Oral
• “Can I trust the world?”
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Erikson’s Stages of Development
Erikson’s Second Stage of Development
• Age: 1 to 3 years
• Conflict: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
• Core ego strength: Will
• Freud’s stage: Anal
• “Is it okay to be me?”
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Erikson’s Stages of Development
Erikson’s Third Stage of Development
• Age: 3 to 6 years
• Conflict: Initiative vs Guilt
• Core ego strength: Purpose
• Freud’s stage: Phallic
• “Is it okay for me to do, move, and act?”
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Erikson’s Stages of Development
Erikson’s Fourth Stage of Development
• Age: 6 to 11 years
• Conflict: Industry vs Inferiority
• Core ego strength: Competence
• Freud’s stage: Latency
• “Can I make it in the world of people and things?”
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Erikson’s Stages of Development
Erikson’s Fifth Stage of Development
• Age: Adolescence
• Conflict: Identity vs Role Confusion
• Core ego strength: Fidelity
• Freud’s stage: Genital
• “Who am I? Who can I be?”
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Erikson’s Stages of Development
Erikson’s Sixth Stage of Development
• Age: Young Adulthood
• Conflict: Intimacy vs Isolation
• Core ego strength: Love
• Freud’s stage: Genital
“Can I love?”
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Erikson’s Stages of Development
Erikson’s Seventh Stage of Development
• Age: Adulthood
• Conflict: Generativity vs Stagnation
• Core ego strength: Care
• Freud’s stage: Genital
“Can I make my life work?”
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Erikson’s Stages of Development
Erikson’s Eighth Stage of Development
• Age: Old Age
• Conflict: Ego Integrity vs Despair
• Core ego strength: Wisdom
• No equivalent stage for Freud
“Is it okay to have been me?”
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My Study
• Questions• Is Erikson’s theory really observable in a small child?• What specific behaviors outlined in Erikson’s second stage does a
child of that age exhibit?• Does a child in Erikson’s second stage exhibit behaviors from the
first or third stage?
• Hypothesis• I will be able to observe evidence that a child between one and
three years of age is going through Erikson’s second stage of development, as opposed to the first stage or third stage.
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Method (Participants and Activities)
• Case study of one child, 21 months of age
• Observation conducted in the presence of Mom, Nana, and Papa
• Observation lasted about 1 hour
• Activities were chosen by Mom and the grandparents and included• A brief walk• Play time• Meal time
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Method (Rubric for Erikson’s Stages 1-3)
Stage 1o Sucking
o Biting
o Unable to walk or sit up
Stage 2o Feeding self
o Grabbing / Picking up
o Likes to walk on own
o “No!” “Mine!”
o Throwing / Placing
o Able to sit up on own
Stage 3o “Why?”
o Intrusive curiosity
o Efficient at walking
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Results (Rubric for Erikson’s Stages 1-3)
Stage 1 Sucking
o Biting
o Unable to walk or sit up
Stage 2 Feeding self
Grabbing / Picking up
Likes to walk on own
o “No!” “Mine!”
Throwing / Placing
Able to sit up on own
Stage 3o “Why?”
o Intrusive curiosity
o Efficient at walking
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Observations
• Stage 1 • Stage 2
• Child repeatedly puts fingers in mouth and sucks on them
• Child feeds self with hands, spoon and holds sippy cup to feed self juice
• Child picks up decorative items, moves them to another location, places them. Child stacks blocks.
• Child walks and climbs by self. When child falls, picks self up.
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Conclusion
• Answers• Is Erikson’s theory really observable in a small child? Yes!• What specific behaviors outlined in Erikson’s second stage does a child of
that age exhibit? Feeding self, grabbing, likes to walk on own, throwing, able to sit up on own.
• Does a child in Erikson’s second stage exhibit behaviors from the first or third stage? This child exhibited one trait from the first stage, sucking.
• Hypothesis• I will be able to observe evidence that a child between 1 and 3 years of age
is going through Erikson’s second stage of development as opposed to the first stage or third stage. Confirmed!
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Limitations
• Small sample (just 1 child)
• Did not observe potty training
• Rubric was self made
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Sources
Crain, W. (2000). Theories of Development (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society (2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.
Erikson, E. H. (1959/1980). Identity and the Life Cycle. New York: W. W. Norton.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: W. W. Norton.
Freud, S. (1959). The Question of Lay Analysis. Trans. Strachey, J. (1978). New York: W. W. Norton.
Hoare, C. H. (2002). Erikson on Development in Adulthood: New Insights from the Unpublished Papers. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 7–12.
Macnow, A. S., ed. (2014). MCAT Behavioral Science Review. New York: Kaplan Publishing. p. 220.