erik h.m. heijne cern, geneva and ieap of ctu in prague medipix collaboration

Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014

3-D Pixel Imagers with Exploitation of Delta-rays in Precision Flow Tracking and Identification of Elementary Particles

ERIK H.M. HEIJNEERIK H.M. HEIJNECERN, Geneva and IEAP of CTU in CERN, Geneva and IEAP of CTU in

PraguePrague

MEDIPIX CollaborationMEDIPIX Collaboration

2014 Workshop on Intelligent Trackers2014 Workshop on Intelligent Trackers

16 May U. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia16 May U. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia


AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Thanks to colleagues at CERN, at IEAP and at NikhefThanks to colleagues at CERN, at IEAP and at Nikhef for discussion and help for discussion and help

Thanks for satellite data Thanks for satellite data from ESA and Czech Space Research Centerfrom ESA and Czech Space Research Center

Thanks to co-authorsThanks to co-authorsMichael Campbell and CERN team, Carlos Granja(IEAP), Claude Michael Campbell and CERN team, Carlos Granja(IEAP), Claude Leroy(IEAP), Stepan Polansky (IEAP), Stanislav Pospisil (IEAP), Leroy(IEAP), Stepan Polansky (IEAP), Stanislav Pospisil (IEAP),

Daniel Turecek (IEAP), Zdenek Vykydal (IEAP), Daniel Turecek (IEAP), Zdenek Vykydal (IEAP), Alan Owens (ESA ESTEC), Karim Mellab (ESA ESTEC) and Alan Owens (ESA ESTEC), Karim Mellab (ESA ESTEC) and

Petteri Nieminen (ESA ESTEC)Petteri Nieminen (ESA ESTEC)

Special thanks for discussions with Special thanks for discussions with

Suen Hou, Tjeerd Ketel, Sophie Redford, Enrico SchioppaJrSuen Hou, Tjeerd Ketel, Sophie Redford, Enrico SchioppaJr


Imaging around the Vertex

Some different (old) ideas for future Detectors

certainly provocative, and simplistic

keeping in mind nanometer electronics and 3D developments

cloud chamber - emulsion - bubble chamber - wire chamber - silicon array


Particle Physics Old TimesParticle Physics Old Times (2m Chamber (2m Chamber CERN)CERN)

2 cm


Typical Muon Trails in Timepix ...Typical Muon Trails in Timepix ...

T3-1500

T3-1504

T3-1507

1mmbubble in BEBC


TYPICAL TRAILS ...TYPICAL TRAILS ...

T3-1558

T3-1511

T3-1510

bubble in BEBC 1mm


Thick gelatine film 3D, sub µm precisionThick gelatine film 3D, sub µm precision

Photon exp.WA59 ~ 1985

50 µm

CHARM DECAY

Successive ionizing energy transfers (~5keV) to grainscreate latent image

500 µm

Photosensitive Emulsion as DetectorPhotosensitive Emulsion as Detector

with AgBr


Thick gelatine film 3D, sub µm precisionThick gelatine film 3D, sub µm precision

Photon exp.WA59 ~ 1985

50 µm

CHARM DECAY

Successive ionizing energy transfers (~5keV) to grainscreate latent image

with AgBr

500 µm

300 µmSi pixel

55 µm



Sub- µm PrecisionSub- µm PrecisionCOLLABORATIVE DEVELOPMENT with INDUSTRY (ILFORD – COLLABORATIVE DEVELOPMENT with INDUSTRY (ILFORD – UK)UK)

Thick LayersThick Layers> 200µm – 1mm> 200µm – 1mm

Stacks allow Larger VolumeStacks allow Larger Volume


Cecil POWELL

Following plates are from Handbook:Powell, Fowler & PerkinsThe Study of Elementary Particles by the Photographic Method, Pergamon Press 1959


Sequence of Ions Z=1...26 in EmulsionSequence of Ions Z=1...26 in Emulsion

N7

Ne10

O8

H1

He2

Li3

Be4

B5

C6

Energy deposit and also the delta ray frequency along the track proportional to Z2

50µm

Fe26

Ti22

Na11

Mg12

Si14

Ca20


Delta electrons allow ion identification

Can they be specific also in other situations?

Delta electron counting proposed by Powell. Fowler & PerkinsThe Study of Elementary Particles by the Photographic Method, Pergamon Press 1959


Arguments for imaging detectorTracking with many pixels (15-30) improves precision

allows to exclude points corrupted by a -raypossible to reach <0.1µm

Reduction of ambiguities in reconstruction processproposed 2-point stubs help already, this goes further

Additional information on particles: improved dE/dx

Specific features identify energetic leptons (e , µ)transverse momentum, delta rays

Sensitivity for exotic things e.g. clusters from neutrals, very low energy


Is there danger that we miss new phenomena?Is there danger that we miss new phenomena?

Clusters observed withTimepix pixel detectorat 850km altitudein ESA Proba V missionSATRAM experiment 2013-2014

Most of these clusters can be explained asenergetic heavy ions

sometimes part of annuclear interactionin upstream material


CERN SPS 80GeV/n Pb ion beam CERN SPS 80GeV/n Pb ion beam 20122012

rear-side glancing angular incidence, here 4.1 degree

Pb ION with many delta rays

energy loss mip in Si280 eV per µm = 77 e- /µm

relativistic Pb ion in Six Z/A (=0.396) x z2 (=6724)295 keV per µm = 81000 e- /µm

Landau value in 0.3mm full loss is 380 eV/ µm

trails are 76±1 pixels x 55.14 µmtotal energy deposit 3124 MeV


Delta Electrons

Emulsions: delta counting performed on 5keV delta’s: energy deposit per grainabove ~50keV tracks are too long to be followed

Timepix pixel detector: delta’s visible if kinetic energy >70keV>50µm range needed to escape from pixels along the trail

pixel size is 55µm square

Bubble chamber: delta’s only visible if >MeV

Microstrip detector: delta’s detectable only in lateral direction if kinetic energy >90keVcause undesirable double or multiple hits


GeV/c momentum of muon1 10 100 1000 100000.1

(a) Bethe Bloch

(b) corrected for density effect

(c) restricted loss η 500keV

(d) Landau peak

HeijneCERN Yellow Report 83-06

Ionization Energy Loss for m.i.p. in Si (with η)Ionization Energy Loss for m.i.p. in Si (with η)


Ionization Energy Loss for m.i.p. in Si (with η)Ionization Energy Loss for m.i.p. in Si (with η)

GeV/c momentum of muon1 10 100 1000 100000.1

(a) Bethe Bloch

(b) corrected for density effect

(c) restricted loss η 500keV

(d) Landau peak

HeijneCERN Yellow Report 83-06

Increase bylarge transfersη= > ε >

500GeV/cmany of these appear as δ rays


Energy Loss for Minimum Ionizing µ in SiEnergy Loss for Minimum Ionizing µ in Si

the factor kwith z=1, for Si if β1 k = 0.0766 MeV cm2g-1

substitute =2.33 g cm-3 k = 179 keV cm-1

Energy loss liberates chargepartially as – electrons with transfers < <

for a 100 GeV/c muon, simplified major termnumber of ‘s per cm of Si


Fraction of Energy Transfer into Fraction of Energy Transfer into Electrons in Electrons in Si Si

increasing fraction goes intoincreasing fraction goes into

energetic delta electronsenergetic delta electrons

µµGeVGeV

dE/dxdE/dxkeV/mmkeV/mm GeVGeV

limit limit MeVMeV

dE/dxdE/dxrestrrestr

keV/mmkeV/mm

% dE/dx% dE/dx

> >

22 444444 0.3390.339

0.10.1

10.010.0

100.100.

316316

398398

435435

29%29%

10 %10 %

2 %2 %

2020 521521 13.013.0

0.10.1

10.010.0

100.100.

328328

411411

452452

37%37%

21 %21 %

13 %13 %

200200 570570 190190

10.010.0

100.100.

1000.1000.

412412

453453

494494

28 %28 %

20 %20 %

13 %13 %

relevant for LHClarge transfers along tracks

>10MeV

>10MeV

>10MeV


Electron Range in SiElectron Range in Simm

10

1.0

100

0.1

0.01

0.001

Graph adapted from Leroy-Rancoita ISBN 981-238-909-1 p.81

1 pixel

2-4 pixels

20 pixels

pixel 55µm


Delta Electron Generation 100GeV/c muon in Delta Electron Generation 100GeV/c muon in Si Si

a few SATRAM particles seem to have exceptional frequencysee later


Muon Energy Loss in CopperMuon Energy Loss in Copper

Rev Part Phys 2006, Groom et al.

OVER 109 INTERVAL

density effect

Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014 27

~TeV particles may be found in high altitude cosmic rays

Timepix pixel detector has been launched on 7 March 2013

on ESA minisatellite PROBA Vorbit 800-900km

’SATRAM’ experiment >1 year of data frames online(Space Application of Timepix Radiation Monitor)


Observations on SATRAM involving delta electrons

Launched 7 March 2013Altitude ~820km (Low Earth Orbit)

Space Application Timepix Radiation Monitor

Carlos GranjaTalk EPS Ravenna Workshop


Satram Cluster/Event with Trail and electrons (?)

a few more candidates


Deltas in Si Deltas in Si

two of the‘apparent’ deltasmay be in factshort m.i.p. sthat overlap onthe long trackindicated with the arrow

data from IEAP-CTUMedipix Monitoring web site


Satram: the Full Frame 32570

in realitycomplicated event????



Another Satram Frame: November 2013

6 m.i.p. + ion coming out from satellite

wide charge deposit by ion at rear of sensordue to diffusion

delta’s point towards rear



SATRAM frame on ESA PROBA V satelliteSATRAM frame on ESA PROBA V satellite

Nov 2013

Many perpendicularly incidentprotons

also 2 ionsrecognized by crown of -rays

axially symmetric




31 December 201317.26.00

Particle showing enhanced frequency of -rays

low background

trail length in Si 7.8mm

see following enlargement




31 December 201317.26.00

Particle nearly at 45°

-rays multiple7 single pixel

several more pixels haveenhanced dE/dx


Can enhanced Electrons indicate TeV Space Muons?

Some indications, need more candidates

The microscopic imaging capability proves very useful“MHz Emulsion” Experiment becomes possible

Our particle physics imagers light-weight, “picosatellite <1kg”


3D Stacked Pixel Imaging Unit3D Stacked Pixel Imaging Unit

periphery 0.44mm64 pixels 2.56mm total 3 mm

1 mm

20.5 mm512 pixels 40x40µm

Spacerto achieve

circle

200µm


Tentative Design for Inner Particle Imager LHC Tentative Design for Inner Particle Imager LHC

innercircle 200mm

r=30mm

outer sensorcircle 210mm

slits10mm

detector unit1mm =2 layers

~200 units

chip 64x512 pixels 40µm

+ periphery 3x20.5mm

services 2mm ?circle 220mm

beam pipe

one ring ofradial pixel assembliessensor/readout chip is 20.5 x 3 mm one unit (1mm thick) is 4 chips


Speculative Parameters

Sensor Pixel Matrix: Pixel 40µmx40µm, thickness 200µm matrix 512x64 32768 pixels

Basic Unit 4-layer hybrid pixel detector: Thickness 1mm= 4x0.2 back-toback + 4x0.04 + spacersPower and data connections per basic unit of 1mm

Readout Chip: Matrix idem as sensor, 20.5mmx2.56mm + periphery 400µmCMOS technology 32nm including TSV, thinned 40µmpower per pixel 1µW (??) chip ~40mW

Basic ring, consists of 200 basic units = 800 chips + sensors: Circumference: Inner 200mm around beam pipe 60mm

Outer circumference 220mm 70mmWidth 20.5mm Thickness Rin-Rout 3mm Si + 2mm services (???)Power 800x40mW = 32 Wneed 20 rings to cover 41cm >600W


Speculative Parameters Full Pixel System of 20 rings, 40cm long:

Number of chips 20x200x4 =16 00016 000 x 32768 = 525 000 000 pixels

Overall layer structure: Basic Unit has 4x512 pixels of 200µmx40µmcoverage is 200 x 2064 = 400 000 pixels per layeroccupancy ~1% for 1000 interactions/average multiplicity 4020% Insensitive area from readout chips and spacers,remedy could be to incline basic units64 layers deep along the radius

Highly speculative indeed, many mechanical and electrical issues....What could be physics gains for such a system?

innercircle 200mm

r=30mm

Operational:Ultra-LHC 1000 collisons/crossing 40 000 tracks x 64 pixels generate 1010 carriers/10ns

continuous signal current ~0.1A dark current ~equal 16 000 x 10µA = 0.16 A


MHz Imaging & Flow DetectorRelatively thick rings of tracking layer

many pixels deep , sensitive over several mmcan handle high particle densitydeep submicron precision

Imaging allows recognition of different featuresmay be most interesting close to primary collisions

Need for experimental verification>100 GeV electron beamnew Timepix3 just now operational, readout per cluster

Still highly speculative optioninitial studies can be made in space experimentsinvestigate principles, technology as well as analysis


CERN H6 40GeV/c IonTrails beam with A/Z=2.5 CERN H6 40GeV/c IonTrails beam with A/Z=2.5

different trails with distinguishing signatures

scale 3000scale 100Pixelman display software


Different IonTrails A/Z=2.5 Frame 2717 Different IonTrails A/Z=2.5 Frame 2717

for large energy deposition, wide trails with 'sarcophage' effect'

scale 4000scale 1000

a

a

Pixelman display software


for large energy deposition, wide trails with 'sarcophage' effect'

scale 4000scale 1000

a

a

c

b

b

d

d

d

f

e

Different IonTrails A/Z=2.5 Frame 2717 Different IonTrails A/Z=2.5 Frame 2717


ENDEND


Extra SlidesExtra Slides


Accelerator people seem not to mind Accelerator people seem not to mind to make Ultra-LHC (1000 collisions/crossing)to make Ultra-LHC (1000 collisions/crossing)

Plainly reject, or think about this?Plainly reject, or think about this?

Physics and Politics, increase of intensity may be main justification for longer-term operation of LHC

2030-2040 Horizon

Can radiation levels be supportable at all?

Indications for TeV-energy physics may be found in space cosmic radiation

Please note: these statements are my personal view for this workshop, no endorsement by CERN is implied


Particle Physics Old TimesParticle Physics Old Times (2m Chamber (2m Chamber CERN)CERN)

2 cm


MUON ENERGY LOSS in FeMUON ENERGY LOSS in Fe

AT HIGH MOMENTUMDOMINATED by BREMSSTRAHLUNG


ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS in Si ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS in Si

SiliconSilicon

1 MeV1 MeV

FLUORESCENCE

BREMSSTRAHLUNG

IONIZATION

Electron

1

1000

0.001

keV/mm

eV/µm

EXCITATION

K-EDGE

1 keV1 keV 100 GeV100 GeV


MUON ENERGY TRANSFER PROBABILITY in FeMUON ENERGY TRANSFER PROBABILITY in Fe

IONIZATION up to ~100 MeV

PAIR PRODUCTION >100 MeV

BREMSSTRAHLUNG >20 GeV

SUM of CONTRIBUTIONS ~1/E2


% CONTRIBUTIONS ENERGY LOSS in Fe% CONTRIBUTIONS ENERGY LOSS in Fe

CONTRIBUTIONSup to 100 GeV

erik h.m. heijne cern, geneva and ieap of ctu in prague medipix collaboration

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