Erin Wilson

John Fitzgerald Kennedy

• Background:- Born in Brookline, Massachusetts- Harvard graduate- Served in the Navy- Became Senator in 1953- Married Jacqueline Bouvier Sept. 12, 1953- 1960 beat Republican candidate Richard Nixon

to become the first Roman Catholic President

JFK in the Navy

Kennedy family

Kennedy wedding day

Caroline and

John Jr.

JFK as President

• Inaugural Address: "Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.”

- Pledged to stimulate economy, eliminate poverty, and push for civil rights

• Tremendously Popular- Loved by the press- Young family

Inaugural Address

JFK Domestic Policy

• New Frontier- Increased federal aid to education- Federal support of healthcare- Urban renewal- Civil rights- Increased minimum wage- Major tax cuts

Just for Kicks board game

JFK Domestic Policy cont.

• JFK couldn’t get his programs passed because he had been elected by a small majority in 1960.

- Conservative Southern Democrats controlled Congress

JFK at the White House

John Jr. hiding in his ‘secret door’

JFK Foreign Policy

• Peace Corps- Sent college graduates to undeveloped

countries to bring education, irrigation, power development, etc. to people there

Peace Corps volunteers

JFK Foreign Policy cont.

• Bay of Pigs- CIA planned invasion of Cuba• Cuban Missile Crisis- U-2 spy planes took pictures showing nuclear

missile bases being built in Cuba by USSR- JFK responded by quarantining Cuba, meeting

with UN Security Council- Eventually got USSR to back down

Photo from U-2 plane

JFK Assassination

• Assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas

- Oswald shot by Jack Ruby on national tv- JFK Magic Bullet

JFK, Jacqueline, and Texas governor John Connally minutes before

assassination Oswald shot by Ruby

Lyndon Baines Johnson

• Background:- Born in Stonewall, Texas- Attended Southwest Texas State Teachers

College- Elected to House of Representatives 1937 and

Senate 1948.- Married Claudia “Lady Bird” Taylor in 1934- Served as JFK’s vice president and became

president upon his assassination

LBJ using intimidation to force people to own up to their words

LBJ, Lady Bird, Lynda, and Luci

Young Johnson

LBJ as President

• 3 Goals:

1.Space Program

2.Fight Communism in Southeast Asia

3.Great Society• Civil Rights Act of 1964- Expanded version of JFK’s proposed civil rights bill• Voting Rights Act of 1965

- desegregated voting with federal oversight of elections

LBJ sworn in to presidency

LBJ and the Space Race

• US in competition with USSR

- Yuri Gargarin first man in space• Space Program

- 1961 Alan Shepard became first American in space- 1962 John Glenn orbit the earth- Ed White “walk in space”- 1967 first Apollo capsule caught on fire, killing Gus

Grisson, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee- 1969 Apollo 11 Neil Armstrong walks on moon

America walks on

the moon

LBJ and Vietnam

• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- Result of N. Vietnamese gunboats supposedly

firing on USS Maddox in Gulf of Tonkin- Gave LBJ “blank check”• 1965 Operation Rolling Thunder: bombing

campaign of N. Vietnam• “Americanization” over 100,000 troops sent

Photo taken from USS Maddox

LBJ and Vietnam cont.

• Robert S. McNamara Goals- Limit war to Vietnam, stop Vietcong, prop up

Saigon, separate civilian, convince south of goals, maintain 1954 Geneva Accord boundaries

• Guerrilla warfare

-Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos and Cambodia- Jungle terrain• 1965-1968 over 550,000 troops

Soldier in Vietnam

LBJ and Vietnam cont.

• “hawks” vs. “doves”• Tet Offensive- U.S. Embassy attacked- Militarily U.S. won- Demoralized American public- Caused LBJ not to run for reelection

Anti-government protestors

Eddie Adams's Pulitzer Prize-winning photo taken on the

streets of Saigon during the Tet Offensive sent shock waves

through America

LBJ Great Society

• “War on Poverty”- Economic Opportunity Act (Job Corps, Head Start)- Medicare and Medicaid- Elementary and Secondary Education Act- DOT and HUD- Funding for public housing and crime prevention• Criticisms- Massive welfare state- Led to higher taxes and inflation

Richard Nixon

• Background:- Born in Yorba Linda, California- Attended Whittier College and Duke University- 1940 married Patricia Ryan- Served in Navy- Republican California Congressman and Vice

President for Eisenhower- 1968 defeated Hubert Humphrey and George

Wallace for presidency

Julie and David Eisenhower; President and Mrs. Nixon; Tricia and Ed Cox 

Richard M. Nixon takes the oath of office as President of the United

States. 

Joint statement by Presidents Nguyen Van Thieu and Nixon

at Midway Island. Young Nixon

Nixon and Vietnam

• “Vietnamization”

- Turn war back over to South Vietnam

- 156,000 troops by 1971

Nixon proposes Vietnamization Soldiers in Vietnam

Malaney Jackson

1960

• April 1st, 1960 Four black college students begin sit-ins at the lunch counter of Woolworth’s in Greensboro, North Carolina.

• Their request for food was refused. When asked to leave, they remained in their seats. 

Ezell A. Blair, Jr., Franklin E. McCain, Joseph A. McNeil, and David L. Richmond leave the Woolworth store after the first sit-in. On the second day of the Greensboro sit-in, Joseph A. McNeil

and Franklin E. McCain are joined by William Smith and Clarence Henderson

1961• Freedom Rides begin from

Washington, D.C., into Southern states.

• They intended to test the Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional. 

• In the first few days, the riders encountered only minor hostility, but in the second week the riders were severely beaten. Outside Anniston, Alabama, one of their buses was burned, and in Birmingham several dozen whites attacked the  riders only two blocks from the sheriff's office.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/watch

The bus on fire after being attacked

A bus as it leaves Mississippi

1962• President Kennedy sends federal troops

to the University of Mississippi to end riots so that James Meredith, the school's first black student, can attend.

• The Supreme Court rules that segregation is unconstitutional in all transportation facilities.

• The Department of Defense orders complete integration of military reserve units, excluding the National Guard.

James Meredith as he enters the university

News article announcing bus segregation is unconstitutional

Newspaper announcing Truman wiping out segregation in armed forces

1963

• Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his "I Have a Dream" speech to hundreds of thousands at the March on Washington, D.C.

• A church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, by the Ku Klux Klan, leaves four young black girls dead.

Martin Luther King as he delivers his speech in Washington

The four girls killed in the bombing

Aftermath of the bombing

1964

• Congress passes the Civil Rights Act, declaring discrimination based on race illegal.

• The 24th Amendment abolishes the poll tax, which originally had been established in the South after Reconstruction to make it difficult for poor blacks to vote.

• Three civil rights workers, two white and one black man, disappear in Mississippi. They were found buried six weeks later. The three men murdered in

Mississippi

1965

• Malcolm X, a longtime minister of the Nation of Islam, rejcecter of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s policies of non-violence, was assasinated.

• A new Voting Rights Act, which made it illegal to force would-be

voters to pass literacy tests in order to vote, is signed

Malcolm X giving a speech

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/malcolm-x-assassinated

1967

• Thurgood Marshall becomes the first black to be named to the Supreme Court.

• He was appointed by John F. Kennedy

Thurgood Marshall

1968

• Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray.

• President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing.

Little girl paying respects to Martin Luther King

Lyndon B. Johnson signing Civil Rights Bill, April 11, 1968

1960

• The Food and Drug Administration approves birth control pills

The product that was approved

1961

• President John F. Kennedy establishes the President's Commission on the Status of Women and appoints Eleanor Roosevelt as chairwoman.

• The report issued by the Commission in 1963 documents substantial discrimination against women in the workplace and makes specific recommendations for improvement, including fair hiring practices, paid maternity leave, and affordable child care.

The president and Eleanor Roosevelt with the commission on the Status of

Women

1963

• Betty Friedan publishes her highly influential book The Feminine Mystique, which describes the dissatisfaction felt by middle-class American housewives with the narrow role imposed on them by society.

• Congress passes the Equal Pay Act, making it illegal for employers to pay a woman less than what a man would receive for the same job.

A copy of the bookKennedy Signing the Equal Pay Act

1964

• Title VII of the Civil Rights Act bars discrimination in employment on the basis of race and sex.

• At the same time it establishes the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to investigate complaints and impose penalties.

Seal of the EEOC

1965

• In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court strikes down the one remaining state law prohibiting the use of contraceptives by married couples.

A man protests outside a Planned Parenthood clinic

in New Haven, Connecticut.

1966

• The National Organization for Women (NOW) is founded.

Buttons for NOW

Women of NOW gather at a march.

1967

• Executive Order 11375 expands President Lyndon Johnson’s affirmative action policy of 1965 to cover discrimination based on gender. As a result, federal agencies and contractors must take active measures to ensure that women as well as minorities enjoy the same educational and employment opportunities as white males

Johnson signing his affirmative action policy in 1965

1968

• The EEOC rules that sex-segregated help wanted ads in newspapers are illegal.

A sex segregated ad

Hannah White

General

• “Age of Youth”– 70 million children, known as the baby boom

generation, were becoming teenagers and adults.

• A time where people were moving away from the conservative thinking of the fifties and into revolutionary thoughts of change.

• They wanted to be different than previous generations.

Architecture• Moved away from

Modernism• More contemporary• Tall buildings and

skyscrapers– Kline Biological Tower

• Built by Philip Johnson and John Burgee

• Architects used light and space for the building to adapt to the activities they were used for– Cleo Rogers Memorial

Library by I.M. Pei

Kline Biological tower

Cleo Rogers Memorial Library

Art• Influenced by the desire for futuristic and interpretive art• Artists wanted the viewer to experience the art in their own

way• Major artists of the time:

– Alexander Calder, Helen Frankenthaler, and Andy Warhol

• Forms that began:– Optical art, Kinetic abstraction, environmental art and pop art

Optical Art

Kinetic abstraction

Environmental

Pop art

Book and Literature

• Reflected what was happening in politics and social issues of the 60s

• Well known books:– To Kill a Mockingbird by: Eric Berne

– Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test by: Tom Wolfe

– The Feminine Mystique by: Betty Friedan

– One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by: Ken Kesey

– Where The Wild Things Are by: Maurice Sendak

Education

• Colleges:– Became a place of protest and debate

– Many of the college-age children were reaching the military draft age but not voting age.

• Equal Education Opportunities, a study that led to integration and busing in the 1970s, was published by James S. Coleman

FashionMen• Beginning

– Crew cut hairstyles– Casual plaid or button down shirts

• Mid-decade:– Bright, double breasted sport jackets, and polyester pants suits with turtle necks– Hair was long and wider with beards and moustaches

• By the end:– Ties that were up to 5 inches wide with patterns were worn, often even with striped shirts

Women• Beginning

– Bouffant hairstyles– Knee length dresses were required in public

• Mid-decade:– Mini skirts and hot pants, go-go boots– Hair was very short or long and lanky

• By the end:– Peasant skirts or granny dresses

Unisex• Bell bottomed jeans, love beads and embellished t-shirts• Blacks of both genders wore their hair in an afro

Fads

• Skateboards

• Barbies

• G.I. Joe

• The Troll Doll

• Slot cars

Music• Motown became very popular with artists like:

– Gladys knight and the Pips– The Supremes– Aretha Franklin– James Brown – Jimi Hendrix– The Temptations

• The Beach Boys began recording songs that appealed to high schoolers.

• The Beatles became very popular.• Major changes due to the drug scene occurred

bringing psychedelic rock and acid rock.• This folk music contributed to the counter

culture• Woodstock was a major musical phenomenon

during this time.• The modular synthesizer was developed and

led to the electro-acoustic genre

Film, Television, Theater and Radio• It was a decade of musicals

– Hello, Dolly– Hair– Funny Girl

• Theater expanded outside of New York City• Popular musicals were turned into movies

– The Sound of Music– My Fair Lady

• Disney offered family entertainment– 101 Dalmatians– Pinocchio

• Movies involved more sexual appeal and political issues.– Dr. Strangelove (political)– The Graduate

• The radio continued to primarily be used for music, the major change was from AM to FM radio

– Chubby Checker brought in the twist, and other new dance crazes.• Television appealed to both children and adults.

– The Flintstones– The Andy Griffith Show

Sports

• Roger Maris hit homer number 61– Set a record that wasn't broken until the September of

1998 by Mark McGwire.

• Wilma Rudolph, a black American woman, received three Olympic gold medals in fast running. – She had pneumonia and scarlet fever as a child and

was thought to never walk again.

• In 1962, Jackie Robinson, the first black American to play in major league baseball, – Earned a place in the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Counterculture

• People gathered for protests of the war– campus rallies, antiwar demonstrations, and

concerts for peace

• Showed an alternative lifestyle with the use of drugs, sex and antiwar protests.

• Protests were held on college campuses in main cities of the United States

• Rebellion was shown through rock music at Woodstock