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Best Available Techniques (BAT)
Reference Document for Waste
Treatment Industrial Emissions
Directive 2010/75/EU
(Integrated Pollution
Prevention and Control)
JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE
Directorate Growth and Innovation Unit Circular Economy and Industrial
Leadership European IPPC Bureau Final Draft (October 2017)
This draft has not been adopted or endorsed by the European Commission. Any views expressed are the preliminary views of the Commission services and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the Commission. The information transmitted is intended only for the Member State or entity to which it is addressed for discussions and may contain confidential and/or privileged material.
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Acknowledgements This report was produced by the European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau (EIPPCB) at the European Commission's Joint Research Centre Directorate B: Growth and Innovation under the supervision of Serge Roudier (Head of the EIPPCB) and Luis Delgado Sancho (Head of the Circular Economy and Industrial Leadership Unit). The authors of this BREF were Mr Michele Canova, Mr Antoine Pinasseau, Mr Benoit Zerger and Mr Joze Roth. This report was drawn up in the framework of the implementation of the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU) and is the result of the exchange of information provided for in Article 13 of the Directive. Major contributors of information were:
among EU Member States: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom;
among industry: EBA (European Biogas Association), ECN (European Compost Network), EFR (The European Ferrous Recovery and Recycling Federation), EUCOPRO (European Association for Co-processing), EURITS (EU for Responsible Incineration and Treatment of Special Waste), FEAD (European Federation of Waste Management and Environmental Services), HWE (Hazardous Waste Europe), MWE (Municipal Waste Europe);
among environmental Non-Governmental Organisations: EEB (European Environmental Bureau).
Other contributors to the review process were Czech Republic, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Norway, CEFIC, CEMBUREAU, CEPI, CEWEP, EERA, ERFO, ESRG, ESWET, EURELECTRIC, EUROFER, EUROMETAUX, GEIR and ORGALIME. The whole EIPPCB team provided contributions and peer reviewing.
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This document is one from the series of foreseen documents listed below (at the time of writing, not all documents have been drafted):
Reference Document on Best Available Techniques (BREF) Code
Ceramic Manufacturing Industry CER
Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical
Sector CWW
Common Waste Gas Treatment in the Chemical Sector WGC
Emissions from Storage EFS
Energy Efficiency ENE
Ferrous Metals Processing Industry FMP
Food, Drink and Milk Industries FDM
Industrial Cooling Systems ICS
Intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs IRPP
Iron and Steel Production IS
Large Combustion Plants LCP
Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers Industries LVIC-
AAF
Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals Solids and Others Industry LVIC-S
Large Volume Organic Chemical Industry LVOC
Management of Tailings and Waste-rock in Mining Activities MTWR
Manufacture of Glass GLS
Manufacture of Organic Fine Chemicals OFC
Non-ferrous Metals Industries NFM
Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide CLM
Production of Chlor-alkali CAK
Production of Polymers POL
Pulp and Paper Industry PP
Production of Speciality Inorganic Chemicals SIC
Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas REF
Slaughterhouses and Animals By-products Industries SA
Smitheries and Foundries Industry SF
Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics STM
Surface Treatment Using Organic Solvents (including Wood and Wood Products
Preservation with Chemicals) STS
Tanning of Hides and Skins TAN
Textiles Industry TXT
Waste Incineration WI
Waste Treatment WT
Wood-based Panels Production WBP
Reference Document (REF)
Economics and Cross-media Effects ECM
Monitoring of Emissions to Air and Water from IED Installations ROM
Electronic versions of draft and finalised documents are publicly available and can be downloaded from http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu
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Preface
BZ/JR/EIPPCB/WT_Final Draft October 2017 i
PREFACE
1. Status of this document Unless otherwise stated, references to the Directive in this document refer to Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and the Council on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) (Recast). This document is a working draft of the European IPPC Bureau (of the Commission's Joint Research Centre). It is not an official publication of the European Union and does not necessarily reflect the position of the European Commission. 2. Participants in the information exchange As required in Article 13(3) of the Directive, the Commission has established a forum to promote the exchange of information, which is composed of representatives from Member States, the industries concerned and non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection (Commission Decision of 16 May 2011 establishing a forum for the exchange of information pursuant to Article 13 of the Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (2011/C 146/03), OJ C 146, 17.05.2011, p. 3). Forum members have nominated technical experts constituting the technical working group (TWG) that was the main source of information for drafting this document. The work of the TWG was led by the European IPPC Bureau (of the Commission's Joint Research Centre).
3. Structure and contents of this document General information Chapter 1 provides general information on the waste treatment sector. For the sake of clarity, the waste treatment sector has been divided into four chapters, each split into several sections as shown below.
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Structure and content of Chapters 2 to 5
Chapter
number Item
Section
number Item
Chapter 2 Processes and techniques commonly
used for waste treatment
This chapter deals with common process steps
such as reception, storage, handling, blending
and mixing, cleaning and washing. This chapter
also gives information about the data collection
used to review this document as well as an
overview of the emissions encountered across
the sector. Finally, it addresses the techniques to
consider in the determination of BAT for the
processes commonly found in the waste
treatment sector.
Chapter 3 Mechanical treatment of waste
Section 3.1 Mechanical treatment in
shredders of metal waste
Section 3.2 Treatment of WEEE containing
VFCs and/or VHCs
Section 3.3 Mechanical treatment of waste
with calorific value
Chapter 4 Biological treatment of waste
Section 4.1 Overview of the different
biological treatments of waste
Section 4.2 Aerobic treatment
(including composting)
Section 4.3 Anaerobic treatment
(or anaerobic digestion (AD))
Section 4.4 Mechanical biological
treatment (MBT)
Section 4.5
As the three processes
addressed in chapter 4 (aerobic
treatment, AD and MBT) have
many commonalities, this
section deals with all
techniques to consider in the
determination of BAT for the
biological treatments.
Chapter 5 Physico-chemical treatment (PCT)
of waste
Section 5.1 PCT of solid and/or pasty waste
Section 5.2 Re-refining of waste oil
Section 5.3 PCT of waste with calorific
value
Section 5.4 Regeneration of spent solvents
Section 5.5
Regeneration/recovery of
pollution abatement
components / residues
Section 5.6 Treatment of excavated
contaminated soil
Section 5.7 Treatment of water-based liquid
waste
Section 5.8 PCT of waste containing POPs
or mercury and of other waste
Applied processes and techniques General information on the industrial processes and techniques used within the sector are provided as shown below.
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Structure of general information on processes and techniques
Treatment type Section number
Processes and techniques commonly used for
waste treatment Section 2.1
Mechanical treatment of waste Sections 3.1.1, 3.2.1 and 3.3.2
Biological treatment of waste Sections 4.2.1, 4.3.1 and 4.4.1
Physico-chemical treatment (PCT) of waste
PCT of solid and/or pasty waste: Section 5.1.2
Re-refining of waste oil: Section 5.2.1
PCT of waste with calorific value: Section 5.3.2
Regeneration of spent solvents: Section 5.4.1
Regeneration/recovery of pollution abatement
components / FGT residues: Section 5.5.1
Treatment of excavated contaminated soil:
Section 5.6.1
Treatment of water-based liquid waste: Section 5.7.1
PCT of POP-containing waste: Section 5.8.1.1
PCT of mercury-containing waste: Section 5.8.2.1
Other PCT treatments: Sections 5.8.3, 5.8.4, 5.8.5
and 5.8.6
Current emission and consumption levels Data and information concerning the environmental performance of plants within the sector, and in operation at the time of writing, in terms of current emissions, consumption and nature of raw materials, water usage, and use of energy, are provided as shown below. Structure of data and information concerning current emission and consumption levels
Treatment type Section number
Processes and techniques commonly used for
waste treatment Section 2.2
Mechanical treatment of waste Sections 3.1.2, 3.2.2 and 3.3.3
Biological treatment of waste Sections 4.2.2, 4.3.2 and 4.4.1.1.2
Physico-chemical treatment (PCT) of waste
PCT of solid and/or pasty waste: Section 5.1.3
Re-refining of waste oil: Section 5.2.2
PCT of waste with calorific value: Section 5.3.3
Regeneration of spent solvents: Section 5.4.2
Regeneration/recovery of pollution abatement
components / FGT residues: Section 5.5.2
Treatment of excavated contaminated soil:
Section 5.6.2
Treatment of water-based liquid waste: Section 5.7.2
PCT of POP-containing waste: Section 5.8.1.2
PCT of mercury-containing waste: Section 5.8.2.2
Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT Techniques to prevent or, where this is not practicable, to reduce the emissions from plants in this sector that were considered in determining the BAT are presented in more detail as shown below. This information includes, where relevant, the environmental performance levels (e.g. emission and consumption levels) that can be achieved by using the techniques, the associated monitoring and the costs and the cross-media issues associated with the techniques. W
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Structure of techniques to consider in the determination of BAT
Treatment type Section number
Processes and techniques commonly used for
waste treatments Section 2.3
Mechanical treatment of waste Sections 3.1.3, 3.2.3 and 3.3.4
Biological treatment of waste
All types of biological treatments: Section 4.5.1
Aerobic treatment of waste: Section 4.5.2
Anaerobic treatment of waste: Section 4.5.3
Mechanical biological treatment: Section 4.5.4
Physico-chemical treatment (PCT) of waste
PCT of solid and/or pasty waste: Section 5.1.4
Re-refining of waste oil: Section 5.2.3
PCT of waste with calorific value: Section 5.3.4
Regeneration of spent solvents: Section 5.4.3
Regeneration/recovery of pollution abatement
components / FGT residues: Sections 0 and 5.5.4
Treatment of excavated contaminated soil:
Section 5.6.3
Treatment of water-based liquid waste:
Section 5.7.3
PCT of POP-containing waste: Section 5.8.1.3
PCT of mercury-containing waste: Section 5.8.2.3
Best available techniques (BAT) conclusions Chapter 6 presents the BAT conclusions as defined in Article 3(12) of Directive 2010/75/EU. Emerging techniques Chapter 7 presents information on 'emerging techniques' as defined in Article 3(14) of Directive 2010/75/EU. Concluding remarks Concluding remarks and recommendations for future work are presented in Chapter 8.
4. Information sources and the derivation of BAT This document is based on information collected from a number of sources, in particular through the TWG that was established specifically for the exchange of information under Article 13 of the Directive. The information has been collated and assessed by the European IPPC Bureau (of the Commission's Joint Research Centre) who led the work on determining BAT, guided by the principles of technical expertise, transparency and neutrality. The work of the TWG and all other contributors is gratefully acknowledged. The BAT conclusions have been established through an iterative process involving the following steps:
identification of the key environmental issues for the Waste Treatment sector; examination of the techniques most relevant to address these key issues; identification of the best environmental performance levels, on the basis of the available
data in the European Union and worldwide;
examination of the conditions under which these environmental performance levels were achieved, such as costs, cross-media effects, and the main driving forces involved in the implementation of the techniques;
selection of the best available techniques (BAT), their associated emission levels (and other environmental performance levels) and the associated monitoring for this sector according to Article 3(10) of, and Annex III to, the Directive.
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Expert judgement by the European IPPC Bureau and the TWG has played a key role in each of these steps and the way in which the information is presented here. Where available, economic data have been given together with the descriptions of the techniques presented in the sections mentioned above. These data give a rough indication of the magnitude of the costs and benefits. However, the actual costs and benefits of applying a technique may depend strongly on the specific situation of the plant concerned, which cannot be evaluated fully in this document. In the absence of data concerning costs, conclusions on the economic viability of techniques are drawn from observations on existing plants.
5. Review of BAT reference documents (BREFs) BAT is a dynamic concept and so the review of BREFs is a continuing process. For example, new measures and techniques may emerge, science and technologies are continuously developing and new or emerging processes are being successfully introduced into the industries. In order to reflect such changes and their consequences for BAT, this document will be periodically reviewed and, if necessary, updated accordingly.
6. Contact information All comments and suggestions should be made to the European IPPC Bureau at the Joint Research Centre at the following address: European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) Directorate B Growth and Innovation Circular Economy and Industrial Leadership Unit European IPPC Bureau Edificio Expo c/ Inca Garcilaso, 3 E-41092 Seville, Spain Telephone: +34 95 4488 284 Fax: +34 95 4488 426 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu
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vi October 2017 BZ/JR/EIPPCB/WT_Final Draft
Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Waste Treatment
PREFACE.........................................................................................................................I
SCOPE ....................................................................................................................... XXV
1 GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1
1.1 THE PURPOSE OF WASTE TREATMENT ..................................................................... 1
1.2 TYPES OF WASTE AND WASTE GENERATION IN THE EU ............................................ 3
1.2.1 End-of-life vehicles (EoLVs) ........................................................................ 6
1.2.2 Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) ........................................ 6
1.2.3 Municipal solid waste (MSW) ...................................................................... 7
1.2.4 Sludge and liquid waste................................................................................ 8
1.2.5 Waste acids and bases .................................................................................. 8
1.2.6 Waste adsorbents ......................................................................................... 9
1.2.7 Waste catalysts ............................................................................................ 9
1.2.8 Wastes from combustion processes ..............................................................10
1.2.9 Waste oil ....................................................................................................11
1.2.10 Waste solvents ............................................................................................12
1.2.11 Other recyclable wastes ...............................................................................12
1.2.11.1 Waste plastics ......................................................................................................................12 1.2.11.2 Waste wood ..........................................................................................................................14
1.2.12 Hazardous waste from the construction and demolition sector........................14
1.2.13 Waste contaminated with PCBs ...................................................................15
1.2.14 Waste contaminated with SF6 ......................................................................15
1.2.15 Waste soils .................................................................................................16
1.3 INSTALLATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF WASTE ...................................................17
1.3.1 Shredders ...................................................................................................18
1.3.2 Waste transfer installations ..........................................................................19
1.3.3 Installations for the biological treatment of waste ..........................................20
1.3.4 Installations for the physico-chemical treatment of waste waters ....................20
1.3.5 Installations for the treatment of combustion ashes and flue-gas treatment residues ......................................................................................................21
1.3.6 Installations for the treatment of waste containing POPs ................................21
1.3.7 Installations for the treatment of waste containing SF6 ...................................21
1.3.8 Installations for treatment of waste oil ..........................................................22
1.3.9 Installations for treatment of waste solvent ...................................................23
1.3.10 Installations for the treatment of waste catalysts, waste from pollution abatement and other inorganic waste ............................................................24
1.3.11 Installations for treatment of activated carbon and resins ...............................24
1.3.12 Installations for the treatment of waste acids and bases ..................................25
1.3.13 Installations for the preparation of waste with calorific value .........................25
1.4 ECONOMICS OF THE WASTE TREATMENT SECTOR ...................................................27
1.5 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO INSTALLATIONS THAT TREAT WASTE ................................................................................................................30
2 PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES COMMONLY USED FOR WASTE
TREATMENT ........................................................................................................ 33
2.1 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES..................................................................34
2.1.1 Pre-acceptance and acceptance of waste .......................................................34
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2.1.1.1 Pre-acceptance .....................................................................................................................34 2.1.1.2 Acceptance ...........................................................................................................................34
2.1.2 Storage ...................................................................................................... 35
2.1.3 Handling ................................................................................................... 37
2.1.4 Blending and mixing .................................................................................. 39
2.1.5 Treatment of laboratory smalls .................................................................... 41
2.1.6 Cleaning and washing................................................................................. 42
2.1.7 Reduction of solid waste size ...................................................................... 43
2.1.8 Other than normal operating conditions ....................................................... 44
2.2 CURRENT EMISSION AND CONSUMPTION LEVELS ................................................... 46
2.2.1 General information on the data collection ................................................... 46
2.2.2 General information on the emission levels .................................................. 48
2.2.2.1 Dust emissions to air...........................................................................................................49 2.2.2.2 Organic compound emissions to air .................................................................................53 2.2.2.3 Ammonia emissions to air .................................................................................................61
2.3 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER IN THE DETERMINATION OF GENERAL BAT FOR THE WT SECTOR ........................................................................................................ 64
2.3.1 Organisational techniques to improve environmental performance ................ 67
2.3.1.1 Environmental management system (EMS) ...................................................................67 2.3.1.2 Stream inventory/register...................................................................................................70 2.3.1.3 Utilisation of qualified personnel in the plant ................................................................71
2.3.2 Operational techniques to improve environmental performance..................... 72
2.3.2.1 Waste pre-acceptance .........................................................................................................72 2.3.2.2 Waste composition characterisation.................................................................................75 2.3.2.3 Waste acceptance ................................................................................................................78 2.3.2.4 Waste sampling ...................................................................................................................81 2.3.2.5 Waste tracking system and waste inventory...................................................................84 2.3.2.6 Output quality management for the waste treatment ....................................................85 2.3.2.7 Waste segregation ...............................................................................................................87 2.3.2.8 Waste compatibility assessment .......................................................................................91 2.3.2.9 Waste sorting .......................................................................................................................93
2.3.3 Monitoring ...............................................................................................109
2.3.3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................109 2.3.3.2 Monitoring of influent and effluent waste water .........................................................109 2.3.3.3 Monitoring of emissions to water...................................................................................110 2.3.3.4 Monitoring of channelled emissions to air....................................................................112 2.3.3.5 Odour monitoring ..............................................................................................................113
2.3.4 Techniques for the prevention and control of channelled emissions to air ......114
2.3.4.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................114 2.3.4.2 Cyclone ...............................................................................................................................114 2.3.4.3 Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) ......................................................................................115 2.3.4.4 Fabric filter .........................................................................................................................115 2.3.4.5 Absolute filter ....................................................................................................................116 2.3.4.6 Thermal oxidation .............................................................................................................117 2.3.4.7 Biofiltrat ion ........................................................................................................................118 2.3.4.8 Condensation and cryogenic condensation...................................................................119 2.3.4.9 Adsorption ..........................................................................................................................120 2.3.4.10 Scrubbing............................................................................................................................122 2.3.4.11 Sorbent injection ...............................................................................................................123
2.3.5 Techniques for the prevention and control of odour and diffuse/fugitive emissions to air .........................................................................................124
2.3.5.1 Odour management plan ..................................................................................................124 2.3.5.2 Prevention or reduction of odour emissions from waste treatment ..........................125 2.3.5.3 Reduction of diffuse emissions.......................................................................................127
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2.3.5.4 Leak detection and repair programme ...........................................................................131 2.3.5.5 Flaring .................................................................................................................................132
2.3.6 Techniques for the prevention and control of emissions to water .................. 136
2.3.6.1 Treatment of waste water from waste treatment plants ..............................................136 2.3.6.1.1 Environmental performance of all waste treatment plants except for those
treating water-based liquid waste ..........................................................................138 2.3.6.1.2 Environmental performance of plants treating water-based liquid waste.......159
2.3.6.2 Descriptions of individual waste water treatment techniques ...................................196 2.3.6.2.1 Equalisation ...............................................................................................................196 2.3.6.2.2 Neutralisation ............................................................................................................196 2.3.6.2.3 Mechanical separation of insoluble contaminants ..............................................197
2.3.6.2.3.1 Oil-water separation .......................................................................................197 2.3.6.2.3.2 Coagulation and flocculat ion........................................................................197 2.3.6.2.3.3 Electrocoagulation..........................................................................................198 2.3.6.2.3.4 Sedimentation..................................................................................................199 2.3.6.2.3.5 Flotation ...........................................................................................................199 2.3.6.2.3.6 Filtration ...........................................................................................................200 2.3.6.2.3.7 Membrane filtration .......................................................................................201
2.3.6.2.4 Physico-chemical treatment of soluble non-biodegradable or inhibitory contaminants..............................................................................................................202
2.3.6.2.4.1 Precip itation of metals ...................................................................................202 2.3.6.2.4.2 Chemical oxidat ion ........................................................................................203 2.3.6.2.4.3 Chemical reduction ........................................................................................204 2.3.6.2.4.4 Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis .............................................................205 2.3.6.2.4.5 Stripping ...........................................................................................................206 2.3.6.2.4.6 Ion exchange processes .................................................................................206 2.3.6.2.4.7 Evaporation......................................................................................................207 2.3.6.2.4.8 Adsorption .......................................................................................................208 2.3.6.2.4.9 Distillat ion/rectification.................................................................................209
2.3.6.2.5 Biological treatment of waste water ......................................................................209 2.3.6.2.5.1 Aerobic treatment ...........................................................................................209 2.3.6.2.5.2 Anaerobic treatment .......................................................................................212 2.3.6.2.5.3 Nitrogen removal by biological n itrification/denitrification ...................213
2.3.6.3 Sludge treatment techniques............................................................................................214
2.3.7 Techniques for the optimisation of water usage and reduction of waste water generation ................................................................................................ 215
2.3.8 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of consumption of raw materials and chemicals ........................................................................................... 217
2.3.9 Techniques for the efficient use of energy................................................... 219
2.3.9.1 Energy efficiency plan......................................................................................................219 2.3.9.2 Energy balance ..................................................................................................................221
2.3.10 Techniques for the prevention and control of noise and vibration emissions .. 223
2.3.10.1 Noise and vibration management plan ..........................................................................223 2.3.10.2 Noise and vibration reduction at source and noise abatement...................................224
2.3.11 Techniques for the prevention and reduction of soil and water contamination225
2.3.12 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of residues generation................ 227
2.3.13 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of the environmental consequences of accidents and incidents ..................................................... 229
2.3.13.1 General techniques for the prevention or limitation of the environmental consequences of accidents and incidents ......................................................................229
2.3.13.2 Techniques for the reduction of the environmental risk of storing waste ...............232 2.3.13.3 Techniques for the reduction of the environmental risk of handling and
transferring waste ..............................................................................................................235 2.3.14 Techniques for the decommissioning of the plant ........................................ 237
3 MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE................................................... 241
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3.1 MECHANICAL TREATMENT IN SHREDDERS OF METAL WASTE ................................241
3.1.1 Applied processes and techniques...............................................................241
3.1.2 Current emission and consumption levels ...................................................251
3.1.2.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................251 3.1.2.1.1 General overview......................................................................................................251 3.1.2.1.2 Dust and particle-bound metals..............................................................................253 3.1.2.1.3 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)....................................................................257 3.1.2.1.4 PCB and dioxins .......................................................................................................259 3.1.2.1.5 Mercury ......................................................................................................................262
3.1.2.2 Emissions to water and water usage ..............................................................................265 3.1.2.2.1 Emissions to water ...................................................................................................265 3.1.2.2.2 Water usage ...............................................................................................................270
3.1.2.3 Noise and vibration ...........................................................................................................270 3.1.2.4 Consumption of energy ....................................................................................................271
3.1.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ...................................271
3.1.3.1 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of emissions to air ................................271 3.1.3.1.1 Abatement of waste gases using cyclone, Venturi scrubber and bag filter in
combination or alone................................................................................................271 3.1.3.1.2 Ultrafiltrat ion.............................................................................................................281 3.1.3.1.3 Prevention or reduction of diffuse emissions ......................................................283
3.1.3.1.3.1 Specific acceptance procedure .....................................................................283 3.1.3.1.3.2 Pressure relief dampers..................................................................................284 3.1.3.1.3.3 Deflagration management plan ....................................................................285 3.1.3.1.3.4 Pre-shredding ..................................................................................................287
3.1.3.2 Techniques for the prevention and control of noise and vibration emissions.........287 3.1.3.2.1 Vibrat ion management plan ....................................................................................287 3.1.3.2.2 Noise barriers ............................................................................................................289
3.1.3.3 Techniques to reduce energy consumption...................................................................291 3.1.3.3.1 Shredder feed control...............................................................................................291
3.1.3.4 Water management in mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste..............291
3.2 TREATMENT OF WEEE CONTAINING VFCS AND/OR VHCS ...................................293
3.2.1 Applied processes and techniques...............................................................293
3.2.1.1 Innovative processes .........................................................................................................298 3.2.1.1.1 Treatment of halogen-free cooling and freezing appliances .............................298
3.2.2 Current emission and consumption levels ...................................................299
3.2.2.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................299 3.2.2.1.1 Dust .............................................................................................................................300 3.2.2.1.2 Volatile fluorocarbons (VFCs)...............................................................................300 3.2.2.1.3 VOCs, NMVOC and TOC ......................................................................................302
3.2.2.2 Emissions to water ............................................................................................................302 3.2.2.3 Energy consumption .........................................................................................................302
3.2.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ...................................303
3.2.3.1 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of emissions to air ................................303 3.2.3.1.1 Removal o f refrigerants and oils ............................................................................303 3.2.3.1.2 Treatment of gas containing organic compounds such as VFCs/VHCs .........304 3.2.3.1.3 Reduction of dust emissions ...................................................................................308
3.2.3.2 Techniques to prevent explosion ....................................................................................309
3.3 MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WITH CALORIFIC VALUE..............................311
3.3.1 Overview..................................................................................................311
3.3.2 Applied processes and techniques...............................................................311
3.3.3 Current emission and consumption levels ...................................................318
3.3.3.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................318 3.3.3.2 Emissions to water ............................................................................................................322 3.3.3.3 Water usage ........................................................................................................................325 3.3.3.4 Energy consumption .........................................................................................................325
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3.3.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ................................... 326
3.3.4.1 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of emissions to air ................................326 3.3.4.1.1 Reduction of dust emissions ...................................................................................326 3.3.4.1.2 Reduction of organic compounds emissions........................................................329
4 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE..................................................... 331
4.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW ......................................................................................... 331
4.2 AEROBIC TREATMENT (INCLUDING COMPOSTING) ................................................ 334
4.2.1 Applied processes and techniques .............................................................. 334
4.2.1.1 Innovative processes .........................................................................................................338 4.2.2 Current emission and consumption levels ................................................... 339
4.2.2.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................339 4.2.2.1.1 Outdoor aerobic treatment ......................................................................................339 4.2.2.1.2 Indoor aerobic treatment .........................................................................................341
4.2.2.2 Emissions to water ............................................................................................................348 4.2.2.2.1 Outdoor aerobic treatment ......................................................................................348 4.2.2.2.2 Indoor aerobic treatment .........................................................................................352
4.2.2.3 Water usage ........................................................................................................................356 4.2.2.4 Energy consumption .........................................................................................................356
4.3 ANAEROBIC TREATMENT (OR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (AD)) ................................. 357
4.3.1 Applied processes and techniques .............................................................. 357
4.3.1.1 Innovative processes .........................................................................................................367 4.3.1.1.1 Conversion of organic waste to carboxylates, carboxylic acids or polymers
by fermentation with mixed cultures .....................................................................367 4.3.1.1.2 Bioethanol production .............................................................................................368 4.3.1.1.3 Separation and recircu lation of dry matter in AD plants ...................................368 4.3.1.1.4 Pretreatment of biomass substrates to enhance anaerobic digestion ...............369
4.3.2 Current emission and consumption levels ................................................... 369
4.3.2.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................369 4.3.2.2 Emissions to water and water usage ..............................................................................375
4.3.2.2.1 Emissions to water ...................................................................................................375 4.3.2.2.2 Water usage ...............................................................................................................380
4.3.2.3 Energy consumption .........................................................................................................380
4.4 MECHANICAL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT (MBT) ................................................... 381
4.4.1 Applied processes and techniques .............................................................. 381
4.4.1.1 Innovative processes .........................................................................................................387 4.4.1.1.1 Pretreatment to separate food waste from packaging .........................................387 4.4.1.1.2 Separation of biodegradable material by enzyme treatment .............................387
4.4.2 Current emission and consumption levels ................................................... 388
4.4.2.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................388 4.4.2.2 Emissions to water and water usage ..............................................................................394
4.4.2.2.1 Emissions to water ...................................................................................................394 4.4.2.2.2 Water usage ...............................................................................................................396
4.4.2.3 Energy consumption .........................................................................................................396
4.5 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER IN THE DETERMINATION OF BAT ................................ 397
4.5.1 Techniques for all types of biological treatment .......................................... 397
4.5.1.1 Selection of the waste input.............................................................................................397 4.5.1.2 Storage management of putrescible waste input..........................................................400 4.5.1.3 Odour management plan ..................................................................................................402 4.5.1.4 Reduction of channelled emissions of dust, odour, organic compounds, H2S and
NH3 ......................................................................................................................................403 4.5.1.5 Reduction of waste water generation and water usage [ ............................................409
4.5.2 Techniques for aerobic treatment ............................................................... 413
4.5.2.1 Monitoring of aerobic process to improve the environmental performance ...........413 4.5.2.2 Techniques to limit diffuse dust, odour and bioaerosols emissions .........................418
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4.5.2.3 Semipermeable membrane covers with forced positive aeration..............................419 4.5.3 Techniques for anaerobic treatment ............................................................422
4.5.3.1 Anaerobic process and waste monitoring .....................................................................422 4.5.4 Techniques for MBT .................................................................................424
4.5.4.1 Measures to reduce emissions to air ..............................................................................424
5 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE ..................................... 431
5.1 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF SOLID AND/OR PASTY WASTE ........................431
5.1.1 Overview..................................................................................................431
5.1.2 Applied processes and techniques...............................................................431
5.1.2.1 Immobilisation of solid and/or pasty waste ..................................................................431 5.1.2.1.1 Stabilisation ...............................................................................................................435 5.1.2.1.2 Solidification .............................................................................................................438
5.1.2.2 Physico-chemical treatment of solid and/or pasty waste before backfilling ...........439 5.1.3 Current emission and consumption levels ...................................................442
5.1.3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................442 5.1.3.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................442 5.1.3.3 Emissions to water and water usage ..............................................................................449 5.1.3.4 Energy consumption .........................................................................................................450
5.1.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ...................................450
5.1.4.1 Monitoring of the waste input .........................................................................................450 5.1.4.2 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of emissions to air ................................452
5.2 RE-REFINING OF WASTE OILS ..............................................................................455
5.2.1 Applied processes and techniques...............................................................455
5.2.2 Current emission and consumption levels ...................................................473
5.2.2.1 Emissions from the re-refin ing of waste oils ................................................................473 5.2.2.1.1 Emissions to air.........................................................................................................476 5.2.2.1.2 Emissions to water ...................................................................................................480
5.2.2.2 Consumption in the re-refining of waste oils ...............................................................484 5.2.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ...................................486
5.2.3.1 Selection of waste oils to be re-refined .........................................................................486 5.2.3.2 Reduction of water usage and emissions to water in waste oil re-refining plants .488 5.2.3.3 Reduction of waste generated by waste oil re-refining installat ions ........................489 5.2.3.4 Reduction of VOC emissions from waste oil re-refining plants ...............................490
5.3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WITH CALORIFIC VALUE ....................493
5.3.1 Overview..................................................................................................493
5.3.2 Applied processes and techniques...............................................................496
5.3.2.1 Preparation of solid output mainly from solid waste ..................................................496 5.3.2.1.1 Drying the solid waste .............................................................................................496 5.3.2.1.2 Pelletising and agglomeration ................................................................................497
5.3.2.2 Preparation of solid output mainly from solid and pasty waste by mechanical treatment and impregnation .............................................................................................497
5.3.2.3 Preparation of liquid output.............................................................................................499 5.3.2.3.1 Preparation of liquid waste fuels by homogenisation, phase separation and
blending/mixing of wastes ......................................................................................499 5.3.2.3.2 Preparation of liquid output by fluidification of wastes ....................................501 5.3.2.3.3 Preparation of emulsions from liquid/semi-liquid waste ...................................503
5.3.2.4 Treatments of waste oils other than re-refin ing ...........................................................505 5.3.2.4.1 Mild and severe reprocessing of waste oils..........................................................508 5.3.2.4.2 Thermal cracking ......................................................................................................510
5.3.2.5 Treatment of vegetable waste oils for the production of biodiesel...........................513 5.3.3 Current emission and consumption levels ...................................................513
5.3.3.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................517 5.3.3.2 Emissions to water and water usage ..............................................................................520 5.3.3.3 Energy consumption .........................................................................................................524
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5.3.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ................................... 524
5.3.4.1 Reduction of VOC emissions to air when preparing waste fuel from liquid and semi-liquid waste...............................................................................................................524
5.4 REGENERATION OF SPENT SOLVENTS .................................................................. 528
5.4.1 Applied processes and techniques .............................................................. 528
5.4.2 Current emission and consumption levels ................................................... 532
5.4.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ................................... 544
5.4.3.1 Recovery of raw material or energy from distillation residues .................................544 5.4.3.2 Monitoring of diffuse and fugitive VOC emissions to air .........................................545 5.4.3.3 Collection and abatement of VOC emissions to air ....................................................547 5.4.3.4 Reduction of waste water generation and of water usage from vacuum
generation ...........................................................................................................................549 5.4.3.4.1 Water-free vacuum generation ...............................................................................549 5.4.3.4.2 Liquid ring pumps with high boiling point liquids .............................................550 5.4.3.4.3 Closed cycle liquid ring vacuum pumps ...............................................................551
5.5 REGENERATION/RECOVERY OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT COMPONENTS / FGT RESIDUES .......................................................................................................... 553
5.5.1 Applied processes and techniques .............................................................. 553
5.5.1.1 Regeneration of spent activated carbon.........................................................................553 5.5.1.2 Regeneration of ion exchange resins .............................................................................555 5.5.1.3 Treatment of FGT residues..............................................................................................559
5.5.1.3.1 Recycling of Residual Sodium Chemicals from solid FGT residues ..............559 5.5.1.3.2 Recovery of salts from liquid FGT residues by solution/evaporat ion.............562 5.5.1.3.3 Washing of FGT residues and their use as a raw material for production of
construction products ...............................................................................................563 5.5.1.3.4 Acid extraction ..........................................................................................................564
5.5.2 Current emission and consumption levels ................................................... 565
5.5.2.1 Regeneration of activated carbon ...................................................................................565 5.5.2.2 Regeneration of waste catalysts......................................................................................567 5.5.2.3 Treatment of FGT residues..............................................................................................568
5.5.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT for the regeneration of activated carbon........................................................................................ 570
5.5.3.1 Heat recovery and waste gas treatment .........................................................................570 5.5.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT for the recovery of
components from catalysts......................................................................... 573
5.5.4.1 Heat recovery and waste gas treatment .........................................................................573
5.6 TREATMENT OF EXCAVATED CONTAMINATED SOIL .............................................. 575
5.6.1 Applied processes and techniques .............................................................. 575
5.6.1.1 Thermal desorption ...........................................................................................................575 5.6.1.2 Soil washing .......................................................................................................................578 5.6.1.3 Vapour extraction ..............................................................................................................582 5.6.1.4 Solvent extraction..............................................................................................................583 5.6.1.5 Biodegradation...................................................................................................................584
5.6.2 Current emission and consumption levels ................................................... 587
5.6.2.1 Emissions from thermal desorption ...............................................................................590 5.6.2.2 Emissions from vapour ext raction of solid waste........................................................592 5.6.2.3 Emissions and consumption of soil washing................................................................593 5.6.2.4 Emissions and consumption of biodegradation............................................................597
5.6.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ................................... 599
5.6.3.1 Thermal desorption ...........................................................................................................599 5.6.3.1.1 Reduction of dust and VOC emissions to air from thermal desorption of
contaminated soil ......................................................................................................599 5.6.3.2 Soil washing .......................................................................................................................600
5.6.3.2.1 Treatment and reuse of generated waste water for water washing of contaminated soil ......................................................................................................600
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5.6.3.2.2 Control of emissions to air from soil washing.....................................................601
5.7 TREATMENT OF WATER-BASED LIQUID WASTE .....................................................602
5.7.1 Applied processes and techniques...............................................................602
5.7.2 Current emission and consumption levels ...................................................611
5.7.2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................611 5.7.2.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................612 5.7.2.3 Emissions to water ............................................................................................................626
5.7.2.3.1 Overview....................................................................................................................626 5.7.2.3.2 Direct discharge ........................................................................................................626 5.7.2.3.3 Indirect discharge .....................................................................................................643 5.7.2.3.4 Direct and indirect d ischarge (THC, HOI, CN, AOX and metals) ..................654
5.7.2.4 Energy consumption .........................................................................................................678 5.7.2.5 Raw material consumption ..............................................................................................678
5.7.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ...................................681
5.7.3.1 Monitoring of the waste input .........................................................................................681 5.7.3.2 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of emissions to air from the
treatment of water-based liquid waste ...........................................................................682
5.8 TREATMENT OF WASTE CONTAINING POPS OR MERCURY AND TREATMENT OF OTHER WASTE ....................................................................................................688
5.8.1 POP-containing waste ...............................................................................688
5.8.1.1 Applied processes and techniques ..................................................................................688 5.8.1.1.1 Decontamination of waste or equipment polluted with persistent organic
pollutants (POPs) ......................................................................................................688 5.8.1.1.2 Decontamination of PCB-containing waste .........................................................689
5.8.1.1.2.1 Equipment clean ing........................................................................................689 5.8.1.1.3 Destruction of POPs .................................................................................................690 5.8.1.1.4 Innovative processes ................................................................................................694
5.8.1.2 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................................694 5.8.1.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT .................................................696
5.8.1.3.1 Optimisation of the environmental performance of PCB decontamination ...696 5.8.1.3.2 Capture and control of VOC emissions from solvent washing ........................697
5.8.2 Treatment of mercury-containing waste ......................................................699
5.8.2.1 Applied processes and techniques ..................................................................................699 5.8.2.2 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................................701 5.8.2.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT .................................................704
5.8.2.3.1 Reduction of mercury and dust emissions to air .................................................704 5.8.3 Treatment of SF6-containing waste .............................................................707
5.8.4 Treatment of waste asbestos.......................................................................709
5.8.5 Treatment of healthcare waste ....................................................................710
5.8.6 Regeneration of spent acids .......................................................................711
5.8.6.1 Regeneration of spent sulphuric acid .............................................................................711 5.8.6.2 Regeneration of spent hydrochloric acid .......................................................................712
6 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT) CONCLUSIONS FOR WASTE TREATMENT ...................................................................................................... 713
SCOPE 713
DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................715
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ...........................................................................................718
6.1 GENERAL BAT CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................720
6.1.1 Overall environmental performance............................................................720
6.1.2 Monitoring ...............................................................................................724
6.1.3 Emissions to air ........................................................................................730
6.1.4 Noise and vibrations ..................................................................................734
6.1.5 Emissions to water ....................................................................................736
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6.1.6 Emissions from accidents and incidents ...................................................... 742
6.1.7 Material efficiency .................................................................................... 742
6.1.8 Energy efficiency...................................................................................... 743
6.1.9 Reuse of packaging ................................................................................... 743
6.2 BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE ....................... 744
6.2.1 General BAT conclusions for the mechanical treatment of waste.................. 744
6.2.1.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................744 6.2.2 BAT conclusions for the mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste .. 745
6.2.2.1 Overall environmental performance ..............................................................................745 6.2.2.2 Deflagrations......................................................................................................................745 6.2.2.3 Energy efficiency ..............................................................................................................746
6.2.3 BAT conclusions for the treatment of WEEE containing VFCs and/or VHCs 746
6.2.3.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................746 6.2.3.2 Explosions ..........................................................................................................................747
6.2.4 BAT conclusions for the mechanical treatment of waste with calorific value . 747
6.2.4.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................747 6.2.5 BAT conclusions for the mechanical treatment of WEEE containing mercury748
6.2.5.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................748
6.3 BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE......................... 749
6.3.1 General BAT conclusions for the biological treatment of waste.................... 749
6.3.1.1 Overall environmental performance ..............................................................................749 6.3.1.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................749 6.3.1.3 Emissions to water and water usage ..............................................................................750
6.3.2 BAT conclusions for the aerobic treatment of waste .................................... 750
6.3.2.1 Overall environmental performance ..............................................................................750 6.3.2.2 Odour and diffuse emissions to air.................................................................................751
6.3.3 BAT conclusions for the anaerobic treatment of waste................................. 751
6.3.3.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................751 6.3.4 BAT conclusions for the mechanical biological treatment (MBT) of waste ... 752
6.3.4.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................752
6.4 BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE ............. 753
6.4.1 BAT conclusions for the physico-chemical treatment of solid and/or pasty waste........................................................................................................ 753
6.4.1.1 Overall environmental performance ..............................................................................753 6.4.1.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................753
6.4.2 BAT conclusions for the re-refining of waste oil ......................................... 754
6.4.2.1 Overall environmental performance ..............................................................................754 6.4.2.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................754
6.4.3 BAT conclusions for the physico-chemical treatment of waste with calorific value ........................................................................................................ 754
6.4.3.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................754 6.4.4 BAT conclusions for the regeneration of spent solvents ............................... 755
6.4.4.1 Overall environmental performance ..............................................................................755 6.4.4.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................755
6.4.5 BAT-AEL for emissions of organic compounds to air from the re-refining of waste oil, the physico-chemical treatment of waste with calorific value and the regeneration of spent solvents............................................................... 756
6.4.6 BAT conclusions for the thermal treatment of spent activated carbon, waste catalysts and excavated contaminated soil................................................... 756
6.4.6.1 Overall environmental performance ..............................................................................756 6.4.6.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................757
6.4.7 BAT conclusions for the water washing of excavated contaminated soil ....... 757
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6.4.7.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................................757 6.4.8 BAT conclusions for the decontamination of equipment containing PCBs.....758
6.4.8.1 Overall environmental performance ..............................................................................758
6.5 BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF WATER-BASED LIQUID WASTE ..........759
6.5.1 Overall environmental performance............................................................759
6.5.2 Emissions to air ........................................................................................759
6.6 DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUES.............................................................................760
6.6.1 Channelled emissions to air .......................................................................760
6.6.2 Diffuse emissions of organic compounds to air ...........................................762
6.6.3 Emissions to water ....................................................................................763
6.6.4 Sorting techniques.....................................................................................766
6.6.5 Management techniques ............................................................................767
7 EMERGING TECHNIQUES.............................................................................. 769
7.1 GENERAL TECHNIQUES .......................................................................................769
7.1.1 Online XRF analysis .................................................................................769
7.2 MECHANICAL TREATMENTS................................................................................771
7.2.1 Mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste .......................................771
7.2.1.1 Dissolution of VOCs ........................................................................................................771 7.2.1.2 Abatement of VOCs in exhaust air from shredders by ionisation in combination
with activated carbon adsorption ....................................................................................772
7.3 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS .................................................................................775
7.3.1 Composting ..............................................................................................775
7.3.1.1 Monitoring of emissions to air - Inverse dispersion technique using Lagrangian modelling ............................................................................................................................775
7.3.1.2 Container composting.......................................................................................................776 7.3.2 Anaerobic treatment ..................................................................................778
7.3.2.1 Dry anaerobic d igestion of organic household waste .................................................778
8 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK ................................................................................................................... 781
9 ANNEXES ............................................................................................................. 785
9.1 LIST OF PLANTS THAT PARTICIPATED IN THE DATA COLLECTION ...........................785
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................. 795
I. ISO COUNTRY CODES .........................................................................................796
II. MONETARY UNITS..............................................................................................797
III. UNIT PREFIXES, NUMBER SEPARATORS AND NOTATIONS .......................................798
IV. UNITS AND MEASURES........................................................................................799
V. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ........................................................................................800
VI. CHEMICAL FORMULAE COMMONLY USED IN THIS DOCUMENT ...............................801
VII. ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................802
VIII. DEFINITIONS......................................................................................................806
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 811
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List of Tables Table 1.1: List of waste (LoW) as per amended Commission Decision 2000/53/EC .................................4 Table 1.2: Waste generated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2012 ......................................................................4 Table 1.3: Waste generation by economic activ ity and households 2012 (1000 tonnes) ........................5 Table 1.4: End-of-life vehicles generated and treated in the EU-27 and Norway in 2012.........................6 Table 1.5: WEEE co llected and treated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2012 .................................................7 Table 1.6: Municipal waste generated and treated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2012...............................8 Table 1.7: Industrial effluent sludge, and sludge and liquid wastes from waste treatment generated
in the EU-28 and Norway in 2012 ....................................................................................................8 Table 1.8: Acid, alkaline or saline waste generated and treated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2012........9 Table 1.9: Examples of industrial sector where catalysts are used.................................................................9 Table 1.10: Overview of the types of catalysts used for industrial purposes ................................................10 Table 1.11: Combustion waste generated and treated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2012 .........................11 Table 1.12: Main components of the FGT residues ..........................................................................................11 Table 1.13: Used oils generated and treated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2012..........................................12 Table 1.14: Spent solvents generated and treated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2012 ................................12 Table 1.15: Waste plastics .....................................................................................................................................13 Table 1.16: Presence of metals in plastics ...........................................................................................................13 Table 1.17: Waste plastics generated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2012 .....................................................13 Table 1.18: Waste wood generated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2012 .........................................................14 Table 1.19: Amount of hazardous mineral construction and demolition wastes generated in 2012 in
the EU-28.............................................................................................................................................15 Table 1.20: Waste containing PCB generated and treated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2012..................15 Table 1.21: Soils generated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2012 ......................................................................16 Table 1.22: Amount waste treatment activit ies from d ifferent databases......................................................18 Table 1.23: Main air pollutants emitted by waste treatments and their main sources .................................30 Table 1.24: Main water pollutants (parameters) emitted by waste treatments and their main sources ....31 Table 2.1: Information contained in the description of each technique/process included in Chapter
2.............................................................................................................................................................33 Table 2.2: Cleaning and washing steps .............................................................................................................42 Table 2.3: Overview of the plants which part icipated in the data collect ion ..............................................46 Table 2.4: Information fo r each technique........................................................................................................65 Table 2.5: Economics of laboratory and monitoring equipment in a waste oil treatment facility ..........83 Table 2.6: Plants from the reference list operating an output quality management system .....................87 Table 2.7: Example of a compatib ility chart for the storage of hazardous waste ......................................89 Table 2.8: Examples of sorting techniques .......................................................................................................94 Table 2.9: Examples of sorting techniques used in waste treatment plants from the reference list ......106 Table 2.10: Plants equipped with cyclonic separation ....................................................................................115 Table 2.11: Plants equipped with an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) ..........................................................115 Table 2.12: Plants equipped with a fabric filter ...............................................................................................116 Table 2.13: Plants equipped with absolute filtration .......................................................................................116 Table 2.14: Plants equipped with a thermal oxidation system.......................................................................117 Table 2.15: Plants equipped with a biofilter .....................................................................................................119 Table 2.16: Plants equipped with a condensation system...............................................................................120 Table 2.17: Plants equipped with activated carbon adsorption .....................................................................121 Table 2.18: Plants equipped with a wet scrubbing system .............................................................................123 Table 2.19: Plants equipped with a sorbent injection system ........................................................................124 Table 2.20: Plants where an odour management plan is implemented ........................................................125 Table 2.21: Overview of end-of-pipe odour treatment techniques ...............................................................126 Table 2.22: Abatement efficiencies and emission levels associated with flaring.......................................133 Table 2.23: Application limits and restrictions associated with flaring .......................................................135 Table 2.24: Economics associated with flaring ................................................................................................135 Table 2.25: Examples of p lants using flaring ...................................................................................................135 Table 2.26: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly discharging to water
(TSS) ..................................................................................................................................................139 Table 2.27: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly discharging to water
(TOC and COD) ...............................................................................................................................140 Table 2.28: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly discharging to water
(nitrogen) ...........................................................................................................................................141 Table 2.29: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly discharging to water
(phosphorus)......................................................................................................................................142
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Table 2.30: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly discharging to water (phenols) ............................................................................................................................................142
Table 2.31: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly and indirectly discharging to water (THC)............................................................................................................143
Table 2.32: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly and indirectly discharging to water (HOI).............................................................................................................144
Table 2.33: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly and indirectly discharging to water (arsenic) ........................................................................................................145
Table 2.34: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly and indirectly discharging to water (cadmium) ....................................................................................................146
Table 2.35: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly and indirectly discharging to water (chromium) ..................................................................................................147
Table 2.36: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly and indirectly discharging to water (copper).........................................................................................................149
Table 2.37: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly and indirectly discharging to water (lead) ..........................