Erwinia amylovora and itsactivity in SLOVENIA

Slovenia

NOVA GORICA

MARIBOR

BIOTECHNICAL FACULTY

INSTITUTE FOR PHYTOMEDICINE

MAFF

NOVO MESTO

AUTHORISED INSTITUTIONS

PhytosanitaryAdministration of the RS

[PARS]

AGRICULTURAL

& FORESTRY INSTITUTIONS

NationalInstitute of Biology

[NIB]

Slovenian Institute forHop Research

and Brewing [SIHRB]

IRSAFF - PhytosanitaryInspection of the RS

[PIS]

Agricultural Institute of Slovenia [AIS]

SURVEY CHRONOLOGY

•1990-2002 Ea near SloveniaItaly 1990 - Emilia Romagna, Austria 1993 - Vorarlberg, Croatia 1995 - Slavonija, Hungary 1995 - Nagykanizsa•from 1998 – in Sloveniasystematic surveys with theintention to determine thepresence of bacteria•in Slovenia was bacteriaconfirmed by surveys

+ PYRUS 2001

+ CYDONIA 2002

RESULTS

• FIRST FINDING: 18 JULY 2001 Naklo near Kranj (Gorenjska region) [infected PYRUS - old tree]

• examination of all host trees in focus zone (foci 1 km + protected zones 5 km) [1 P + 2 M]

• in the same year infected Cotoneaster sp. - found at an import (Belgium)

• SECOND FINDING: YEAR 2002 infestation in private gardens (in protected zones) around thefirst focus zone [1 C]

Ea OCCURENCE in SI

LEGEND:

● positive

● negative

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

DECREE OF PHYTOSANITARY ADMINISTRATION ON DELIMITATION OF OUTBREAKS

• PLANT HEALTH ACT (OJ RS 45/01 and amendements)

• RULES on protective measures with regard to the introduction and spread of harmful organisms in plants, plant products and other regulated objects (OJ RS 31/04 and 142/04)

• Rules on protected zones and official systematic surveys carried out in special control zones (OJ RS 91/03 in 82/05)

• RULES on measures to prevent of spread and suppression of Fireblight (OJ RS 18/04, 44/04 and 21/05)

http://www.furs.si/en/Index.asp

DEFINITION OF AREASSPECIAL CONTROL ZONE

(Slovenia)

INFECTED AREA PEST FREE AREA

FOCUS (POINT + 1 km) NURSERYBUFFER ZONE (1 – 5 km) STOCK NURSERY

PLACE or UNIT OF PRODUCTION

ENDANGERED AREA• treshold: 10 ha host plants for planting and fruit production(ecological factors, important economical damages) • list in annex

PROTECTED ZONE• territory of RS• rules…protected zones…systematic surveys

”BUFFER ZONE”• official control of production of plants for planting• absence of Ea• at least 50 km2

• list on PARS

INFECTED AREA• LIST of FOCI is defined by PARS and published on its website (http://www.furs.si/en/Index.asp).

in the year of determination and the following year – area with low pest prevalence

IN THE THIRD YEAR

NO new foci – cancellation of foci

NEW foci – bacteria is stabilized [INFECTED AREA]

“BUFFER ZONE”

PEST FREE AREA• area where bacteria is NOT

FOUNDERADICATED

AREA WITH LOW PEST PREVALENCE

LEGEND

Area with lowpest prevalence

andPEST FREE AREAS ofSlovenia

ENDANGERED AREA• ECOLOGICAL FACTORS favourable for settling of bacteria

• IMPORTANT ECONOMICAL DAMAGES

Area of intensive andmeadow orchards in

Slovenia

Area withlow pest prevalence

MEASURES in endangered zone

RESTRICTION OF PLANT GROWING in “BUFFER” zone:- COTONEASTER sp.

- PYRACANTHA sp.

- PHOTINIA DAVIDIANA

- CRATAEGUS sp.

- CYDONIA sp.

DUTIES OF OWNERS and OFFICIAL SERVICE

[NURSERIES, STOCK NURSERIES, INTENSIVE ORCHARDS]

Examination of zones:

→ 250 m - nursery and stock nursery

→ 100 m - intensive orchard (fruit production)

CLAIM for eradication of plants (ordered by PIS/FIS)

RESTRICTION OF BEEHIVES MOVEMENT

PROHIBITION OF MOVEMENTS

FOCUS ENDANGERED AREABUFFER AREA

from 15 MARCH to 1 JULY (Primorska region)from 25 MARCH to 15 JULY (rest of Slovenia)

QUARANTINE MEASURES FOR BEEHIVES:

48 hours closed in dark space72 hours qarantine at least 1300 m above the sea level72 hours quarantine where no blossom host plants are present in flight space ofbees (3km)

94 ha

1389 ha

605 ha

132 ha

188 ha

INTENSIVE ORCHARDS IN SLOVENIA

FOCI and ENDANGERED AREAS

positive

foci

buffer area

ORCHARDS by communities in Slovenia

[production area > 10 ha]

379241

241

225

204

166

154

14714295

1793

KrškoOrmožPesnicaBrežiceLenartSevnicaSlovenska BistricaMariborŽalecŠentjurOstale občine

∑ Production area of the other parts of

SLOVENIA – less than 50%

PLANT HEALTH SURVEYSOFFICIAL SURVEYSPROVIDERS [INSPECTION SERVICE, PLANT HEALTH SERVICE, PUBLIC FORESTRY

SERVICE, AUTHORIZED OFFICIAL PERSONS]

at least 2 – 3 x in vegetative period:

FOCUS (spreading of bacteria)PEST FREE AREAS (absence and early detection of bacteria)“BUFFER” ZONES (production of plants for planting)NURSERIES and STOCK NURSERIES + BUFFER AREASPEST FREE PLACES or UNITS OF PRODUCTION

AUTHORISED PROVIDERSINFORMATION and COMMUNICATION (PIS and other)GUIDANCE by Head of PARS

SUSPICION

VISIBLE SYMPTOMS

LATENT FOCI

PROGNOSTIC model – MARYBLYT

CHECKING

announcement of danger (owners of plants!)

sanitary measures (NO contact with plants and disinfection needed!)

sampling (esspecially on pest free areas and at place or units of production)

prohibition of movements – plants or equipements (INSPECTION!)

LOCATION DECLARATION

NEW location of nursery and stock nursery:

declared before plantingby 31 MARCH at the latest [PIS]

LOCATED on:pest free area or “buffer zone” or at least 500 m from

borders of fociplants are NOT infected in buffer area

ANNUAL PRODUCTION DECLARATION

On APPROVED location of nursery and stocknursery:

declared before 30 APRIL each year at thelatest (competent authority),

before 31 MARCH - before graft using, wherefruit orchard is used as stock orchard

INFECTION DETERMINATION

FOCUS

VISUAL SYMPTOMS -on host plants

POSITIVE SAMPLE

DETERMINATION of FOCUS - decision byPARS

ANNOUNCEMENT

PUBLIC PROCLAMATION

[LOCALLY andWEBESITE]

INFORMATION SYSTEM and Databases

MAP – DOF 5A 1:1

RESULTS OF SURVEYS [2003 – 2005]

DESTRUCTION OF:

9 NURSERIES [93 809 PLANTS]

16 INTENSIVE ORCHARDS [36 743 PLANTS]

753 EXTENSIVE ORCHARDS AND GARDENS [2760 PLANTS]

73 FOCI [2003] + 4 new FOCI [2004] + 3 new FOCI[2005] near Italian border – Nova Gorica

2005 YEAR SITUATION

Flower infection was possible

Ea is determined in 2003 and 2004 foci [Gorenjska andMaribor]

Activities were in progress

Laboratory diagnosisNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY• Dept. of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, head:

Maja Ravnikar

METHODS ACCORDING TO PUBLISHED STANDARDS• PM 3/40. EPPO Bulletin 22 (1992): 225-231.• PM 7/20. EPPO Bulletin 34 (2004): 155-157.• Diagnosis of Erwinia amylovora. SMT PROJECT SMT-4-

CT98-2252.

RESULTS REGULARLY PRESENTED IN PUBLIC• Slovenian Plant Protection Society, Fruit Growing Society• 10th International Workshop on Fireblight, Bologna 2005

Symptomatic samples I.• Preparation of extract from plant

tissues• Isolation of bacteria on media• Confirmation:

PATHOGENICITY TESTINGSEROLOGICAL TESTSMOLECULAR METHODS

Symptomatic samples II.Results not consistent with

observed symptoms:• Other pathogens• Chemical treatment!?• Degradation of plant tissues• Enrichment in non-selective and

selective media• Immunofluorescence test on extracts• PCR

Special attention• Erwinia amylovora non-pathogenic on

fruitlets

Asymptomatic samples

• Sampling according to PM 3/40

• Immunofluorescence test on extracts

• Isolation of bacteria on media• Confirmation:

PATHOGENICITY TESTINGSEROLOGICAL TESTSMOLECULAR METHODS

CONCLUSIONS

Based on 2005 situation it can be concluded:Legislation control measures are in place

Ea is present and under the official control

Ea is locally established in Gorenjska and in thevicinity of Maribor – “EU buffer zone” is established fornursery production

Protected zone status is kept for the rest of Slovenia