es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot...

43
Prokaryotes 1. General Characteristics and structures The prokaryotic Cell contains a single circular chromosome, ribosomes (70S), and a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan. They have no membrane bound organelles. 2. Natural History Prokaryotes appear in the fossil record 3.5 billion years ago as fossilized Stromatolites (a thin layer of rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together). They were the sole inhabitants until about 2.1 billion years ago (for 1.4 billion years). 3. Biogeography They are present in most habitats on the planet, growing in soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and deep in the Earth's crust, as well as in organic matter and the live bodies of plants and animals. They have been found living in the cold and dark in a lake buried a half-mile deep under the ice in Antarctica and in the upper atmosphere.

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Page 1: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Prok

aryo

tes

1.G

ener

alCh

arac

teris

tics

and

stru

ctur

es–

The

prok

aryo

ticCe

llco

ntai

nsa

singl

eci

rcul

arch

rom

osom

e,rib

osom

es(7

0S),

and

ace

llw

all

mad

eup

ofpe

ptid

ogly

can.

They

have

nom

embr

ane

boun

dor

gane

lles.

2.N

atur

alHi

stor

y–

Prok

aryo

tes

appe

arin

the

foss

ilre

cord

3.5

billi

onye

ars

ago

asfo

ssili

zed

Stro

mat

olite

s(a

thin

laye

rofr

ocks

that

form

whe

nce

rtai

npr

okar

yote

sbi

ndth

infil

ms

ofse

dim

ent

toge

ther

).Th

eyw

ere

the

sole

inha

bita

nts

until

abou

t2.

1bi

llion

year

sag

o(fo

r1.

4bi

llion

year

s).

3.Bi

ogeo

grap

hy –

They

are

pre

sent

in

mos

t hab

itats

on

the

plan

et,

grow

ing

in so

il, w

ater

, aci

dic

hot

sprin

gs, r

adio

activ

e w

aste

, and

dee

p in

the

Eart

h's

crus

t, as

wel

l as i

n or

gani

c m

atte

r and

the

live

bodi

es o

f pl

ants

and

ani

mal

s. T

hey

have

bee

n

foun

d liv

ing

in th

e co

ld a

nd d

ark

in a

la

ke b

urie

d a

half-

mile

dee

p un

der

the

ice

in A

ntar

ctic

a an

d in

the

uppe

r atm

osph

ere.

Page 2: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Prok

aryo

tes –

Gen

eral

Cha

ract

eris

tics

Mor

phol

ogy

Mos

t pro

kary

otes

are

uni

cellu

lar b

ut h

ave

a va

riety

of s

hape

s.

1.Co

cci

-Rou

nd o

r Sph

eric

al in

shap

e.2.

Baci

lli -

Rod-

shap

ed.

3.He

lical

–Sp

iral-s

hape

d.4.

Fila

men

tous

–Ce

lls th

at c

ontin

ue to

el

onga

te in

stea

d of

div

idin

g.

Page 3: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Prok

aryo

tes –

Gen

eral

Cha

ract

eris

tics

Cell-

Surf

ace

Stru

ctur

eA

key

feat

ure

of n

early

all

prok

aryo

tes i

s the

cel

l wal

l. T

he c

ell w

all c

onta

ins

pept

idog

lyca

n(a

pol

ymer

of

suga

rs c

ross

-link

ed b

y sh

ort p

olyp

eptid

es).

Usin

g a

tech

niqu

e ca

lled

the

Gram

stai

n, b

acte

rial

spec

ies c

an b

e se

para

ted

into

two

grou

ps b

ased

on

the

diffe

renc

es in

cel

l wal

l com

posit

ion.

Gra

m

stai

ning

is a

tech

niqu

e us

ed to

iden

tify

bact

eria

.

The

proc

edur

e is

as fo

llow

s:

1. A

pplic

atio

n of

crys

tal v

iole

t2.

App

licat

ion

of io

dine

3. A

lcoh

ol w

ash

4. A

pplic

atio

n of

safr

anin

1.G

ram

-pos

itive

–Vi

olet

in C

olor

A si

mpl

e st

ruct

ure

with

a la

rge

amou

nt o

f pe

ptid

ogly

can

that

reta

ins t

he v

iole

t col

or in

th

e cy

topl

asm

.

2.G

ram

-neg

ativ

e –

Red

in C

olor

A sm

all a

mou

nt o

f pep

tidog

lyca

n sa

ndw

iche

d in

be

twee

n tw

o m

embr

anes

. Th

e vi

olet

dye

eas

ily

was

hes a

way

to e

xpos

e th

e re

d dy

e.

Page 4: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Prok

aryo

tes –

Gene

ral C

hara

cter

istic

sBa

cter

ial C

olon

ies

Aba

cter

ial

colo

nygr

ows

from

asin

gle

bact

eriu

man

dis

com

pose

dof

mill

ions

ofce

lls.

Each

colo

nyha

sa

char

acte

ristic

size,

shap

e,co

nsist

ency

,te

xtur

e,an

dco

lor,

all

ofw

hich

may

beus

eful

inpr

elim

inar

ysp

ecie

sid

entif

icat

ion.

Atth

isst

atio

nyo

uha

veex

ampl

esof

diffe

rent

bact

eria

lcol

onie

s.

Beab

leto

iden

tify

the

Petr

idi

shes

only

asba

cter

ial

colo

nies

and

real

izeth

atth

eir

shap

es,m

argi

ns,a

ndsu

rface

char

acte

ristic

s(a

sill

ustr

ated

onth

ele

ft)

are

used

asa

tool

.

Page 5: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Prok

aryo

tes –

Gene

ral C

hara

cter

istic

s

Bact

eria

and

Ant

ibio

tics

Itis

com

para

tivel

yea

syto

find

orde

velo

pdr

ugs

that

are

effe

ctiv

eag

ains

tpro

kary

otic

cells

and

that

dono

taffe

cteu

kary

otic

cells

.Th

ese

two

type

sof

cells

diffe

rin

the

pres

ence

orab

senc

eof

cell

wal

ls,th

eir

ribos

ome

stru

ctur

e,an

dde

tails

ofth

eir

met

abol

ism.

Diffe

renc

esbe

twee

ndi

ffere

ntba

cter

ial

cells

allo

wce

rtai

nan

tibio

tics

tow

ork

once

rtai

nba

cter

iaan

dno

ton

othe

rs.

Ther

efor

eit

isim

poss

ible

toha

veon

ean

tibio

ticfig

htal

lbac

teria

ldise

ases

.

Spec

trum

of M

icro

bial

Act

ivity

(Ran

ge)

Nar

row

Spe

ctru

m –

wor

ks o

n ei

ther

gra

m

nega

tive

or g

ram

-pos

itive

bac

teria

(e

x. P

enic

illin

–gr

am p

ositi

ve)

Broa

d Sp

ectr

um –

wor

ks o

n bo

thgr

am

nega

tive

and

gram

pos

itive

bac

teria

(e

x. Te

trac

yclin

e)

Page 6: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Prok

aryo

tes –

Gene

ral C

hara

cter

istic

sBa

cter

ia P

igm

ents

Som

e ba

cter

ia ca

n be

iden

tifie

d by

thei

r col

orfu

l pi

gmen

ts.

Pigm

ents

are

use

d fo

r sev

eral

reas

ons:

Phot

osyn

thes

is: ce

rtai

n pi

gmen

ts a

re u

sed

to

colle

ct li

ght e

nerg

y an

d co

nver

t it i

nto

suga

rs fo

r th

e ba

cter

ia

Prot

ectio

n: ce

rtai

n pi

gmen

ts a

re u

sed

to p

rote

ct

the

bact

eria

from

the

dam

age

of U

ltrav

iole

t lig

ht

Be a

ble

to re

cogn

ize th

e pi

gmen

ted

bact

eria

at

this

stat

ion.

Page 7: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Prok

aryo

tes –

Gene

ral C

hara

cter

istic

sLu

min

esce

nt B

acte

ria

Mic

robi

allu

min

esce

nce

(or

light

emiss

ion)

isfo

und

inde

epse

aen

viro

nmen

tsan

din

soils

.Th

ese

orga

nism

sha

vean

enzy

me

calle

dlu

cife

rase

that

rele

ases

light

durin

gce

llula

rre

spira

tion

(the

mak

ing

ofAT

P).

Thes

ety

peof

bact

eria

are

bein

gus

edin

indu

stry

to:

dete

ctth

epr

ogre

ssio

nof

plan

tin

fect

ions

,an

tibio

tics

inm

ilk,

toxi

cpo

lluta

nts,

and

bact

eria

info

od.

Page 8: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Prok

aryo

tes –

Clas

sific

atio

nTh

eki

ngdo

mM

oner

a(in

the

five

king

dom

syst

em)c

onta

ined

all

the

prok

aryo

tes.

This

taxo

nom

icgr

oupi

ngw

aspo

lyph

ylet

ican

dw

asba

sed

only

once

llula

rst

ruct

ure

and

not

onan

ym

olec

ular

evid

ence

.U

sing

mol

ecul

arbi

olog

y(s

mal

lsub

unit

ribos

omal

RNA)

,Car

lWoe

sesu

gges

ted

that

som

epr

okar

yote

sar

em

ore

clos

ely

rela

ted

toeu

kary

otes

.He

sugg

este

dth

atev

enth

ough

they

are

all

mad

eup

ofpr

okar

yotic

cells

,one

grou

pof

bact

eria

repl

icat

edth

eirD

NA

and

mad

epr

otei

nsm

ore

like

Euka

ryot

esan

dsh

ould

bese

para

ted

into

ase

para

teDo

mai

n.

The

Dom

ain

Bact

eria

incl

udes

the

vast

maj

ority

ofpr

okar

yotic

spec

ies

whi

chin

clud

efiv

em

ajor

grou

ps:1

)the

Prot

eoba

cter

ia,2

)the

Chla

myd

ias,

3)th

eSp

iroch

etes

,4)t

heCy

anob

acte

ria,a

nd5)

the

Gram

-pos

itive

Bact

eria

.

The

Dom

ain

Arch

aea

can

isbe

ing

wor

ked

out

but

the

first

Arch

aea

wer

eca

lled

extr

emop

hile

sdu

eto

the

extr

eme

cond

ition

sth

eyw

ere

foun

din

.Th

ese

incl

ude

two

type

s:1)

the

halo

phile

s,an

d2)

the

ther

mop

hile

s.A

third

grou

pha

sbe

enid

entif

ied

and

they

are

foun

din

mor

em

oder

ate

envi

ronm

ent

rele

ase

met

hane

and

are

calle

d3)

met

hano

gens

.

Euka

ryot

es

Hal

ophi

les

Arc

haea

The

rmop

hile

s

Met

hano

gens

Uni

vera

l Anc

esto

rPr

oteo

bact

eria

Chl

amyd

ia

Bact

eria

Spi

roch

etes

Cya

noba

cter

ia

Gra

m +

Bac

teria

Page 9: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Dom

ain

Bact

eria

–Cl

assi

ficat

ion

Clas

sific

atio

n Sy

stem

sTh

e Sc

ient

ists

inte

rest

ed in

the

evol

utio

n of

mic

roor

gani

sms

are

mor

e in

tere

sted

in ta

xono

mic

tech

niqu

es th

at a

llow

for t

he

com

paris

on o

f hig

hly

cons

erve

d ge

nes

amon

g di

ffere

nt sp

ecie

s.

In th

e 19

80’s.

rese

arch

ers b

egan

usin

g PC

R (p

olym

eras

e ch

ain

reac

tion)

to a

naly

ze b

acte

rial g

enes

. As

a re

sult

of th

ese

com

paris

ons,

a p

hylo

gene

tic tr

ee c

an b

e de

velo

ped

that

disp

lays

th

e de

gree

of r

elat

edne

ss o

f diff

eren

t org

anism

s. M

akin

g re

latio

nshi

ps d

iffic

ult i

s the

abi

lity

of p

roka

ryot

es to

do

horiz

onta

l gen

e tr

ansf

ers

that

mak

e up

an

aver

age

of 7

5%of

a

bact

eria

’s ge

nom

e.

The

clas

sific

atio

n of

bac

teria

serv

es a

var

iety

of d

iffer

ent

func

tions

. Bec

ause

of t

his v

arie

ty, b

acte

ria m

ay b

e gr

oupe

d us

ing

man

y di

ffere

nt ty

ping

sche

mes

. The

crit

ical

feat

ure

for a

ll th

ese

clas

sific

atio

n sy

stem

s is

an o

rgan

ism id

entif

ied

by o

ne in

divi

dual

(s

cien

tist,

clin

icia

n, e

pide

mio

logi

st),

is re

cogn

ized

as th

e sa

me

orga

nism

by

anot

her i

ndiv

idua

l. At

pre

sent

the

typi

ng s

chem

es

used

by

clin

icia

ns a

nd c

linic

al m

icro

biol

ogist

s re

ly o

n ph

enot

ypic

ty

ping

sche

mes

. The

se s

chem

es u

tilize

the

bact

eria

l mor

phol

ogy

and

stai

ning

pro

pert

ies

of th

e or

gani

sm, a

s wel

l as O

2gr

owth

re

quire

men

ts o

f the

spe

cies

and

nut

ritio

nre

quire

men

ts

com

bine

d w

ith a

var

iety

of b

ioch

emic

al te

sts.

For

clin

icia

ns, t

he

envi

ronm

enta

l res

ervo

ir of

the

orga

nism

, the

vec

tors

and

mea

ns

of tr

ansm

issio

n of

the

path

ogen

are

also

of g

reat

impo

rtan

ce.

Page 10: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Dom

ain:

Bac

teria

Grou

p: P

rote

obac

teria

The

grou

p pr

oteo

bact

eria

is th

e m

ost d

iver

se g

roup

of b

acte

ria.

It is

brok

en d

own

into

thre

e m

ain

subg

roup

s dep

endi

ng o

n th

eir

maj

or n

utrit

iona

l mod

es a

nd th

e so

urce

of t

heir

ener

gy.

The

grou

ps a

re:

1. P

hoto

auto

trop

hic

(use

ligh

t and

CO

2)2.

Pho

tohe

tero

trop

hic

(use

ligh

t and

org

anic

mol

ecul

es)

3. C

hem

oaut

otro

phic

(use

inor

gani

c m

olec

ules

and

CO

2)4.

Che

moh

eter

otro

phic

(use

org

anic

mol

ecul

es fo

r bot

h)

The

exam

ple

for t

his g

roup

is E

sche

richi

a co

li(E

. col

i). E

. col

iis a

ro

d-sh

aped

, gra

m n

egat

ive,

facu

ltativ

e an

aero

be.

Thi

s is o

ne o

f th

e m

ost p

rolif

ic m

icro

orga

nism

s in

the

hum

an in

test

inal

trac

t. E.

co

liis

norm

ally

har

mle

ss b

ut c

erta

in st

rain

s are

pat

hoge

nic.

So

me

of th

ese

have

spec

ializ

ed fi

mbr

ae(fi

nger

s) th

at a

llow

them

to

bin

d to

the

inte

stin

al w

all.

The

se p

rodu

ce to

xins

that

caus

e di

arrh

ea a

nd, i

n a

few

cas

es, d

eath

. Se

vera

l out

brea

ks in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es h

ave

been

link

ed to

raw

milk

or u

nder

cook

ed

ham

burg

er.

Page 11: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Dom

ain:

Bac

teria

Grou

p: C

hlam

ydia

This

grou

pof

cocc

iba

cter

iaar

eob

ligat

ein

trac

ellu

lar

para

sites

ofan

imal

sth

atob

tain

all

thei

rAT

Pfr

omho

stce

lls.

They

are

tran

smitt

edto

hum

ans

byin

terp

erso

nal

cont

act

orby

airb

orne

resp

irato

ryro

utes

.W

hen

usin

ggr

amst

ain

onth

isor

gani

sm,y

ouw

illge

tagr

amne

gativ

ere

sult.

This

isdu

eto

thei

run

usua

lce

llw

all

whi

chla

cks

pept

idog

lyca

n.

Ther

eis

nola

bex

ampl

efo

rth

isgr

oup

beca

use

ofth

eir

smal

lsiz

e(c

an’t

bese

enw

ithou

rm

icro

scop

es)

but

you

shou

ldkn

owab

out

the

follo

win

gsp

ecie

s.

Chla

myd

iatr

acho

mat

isis

the

mos

tco

mm

onca

use

ofbl

indn

ess

inth

ew

orld

and

isth

em

ost

com

mon

sexu

ally

tran

smitt

edin

fect

ion.

Page 12: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Dom

ain:

Bac

teria

Grou

p: S

piro

chet

esTh

esp

iroch

etes

are

helic

alch

emoh

eter

otro

phs.

They

have

aun

ique

mor

phol

ogy

and

mec

hani

smof

mot

ility

.Th

eyar

ety

pica

llysle

nder

,lo

ngan

dhe

lical

insh

ape.

They

cont

ain

fibril

s(a

xial

filam

ents

)tha

tare

atta

ched

toth

ece

llpo

les

and

wra

pped

thro

ugho

utth

ebo

dy.

(Ina

sens

e,th

eyar

eba

cter

ialf

lage

llain

apr

otop

lasm

icsh

eath

).Th

eyar

efo

und

inaq

uatic

envi

ronm

ents

and

inth

ebo

dies

ofan

imal

s.So

me

ofth

emm

ayca

use

dise

ase.

The

exam

ple

for

this

grou

pis

Trep

onem

apa

llidu

m.

This

isth

eor

gani

smth

atca

uses

syph

ilis.

This

orga

nism

isfra

ilan

dca

nnot

surv

ive

dryi

ngor

chill

ing.

Sinc

eit

dies

with

ina

few

seco

nds

onbe

ing

expo

sed

toai

r(e

ssen

tially

anae

robi

c),

itm

ust

betr

ansm

itted

byse

xual

inte

rcou

rse,

kiss

ing,

orot

her

intim

ate

body

cont

act.

Itre

quire

sw

arm

,m

oist

skin

orm

ucou

smem

bran

esu

rfac

esto

pene

trat

eth

ebo

dy.

Syph

ilis o

ccur

s in

four

stag

es•

Prim

ary

stag

e(to

pph

oto)

isa

pink

tore

d,ra

ised

pain

less

sore

calle

da

chan

cre

whi

chdi

sapp

ears

in3-

6w

eeks

.•

Seco

ndar

yst

age

(bot

tom

phot

o)oc

curs

1-6

mon

ths

afte

rthe

chan

cre

disa

ppea

rs.

Itis

ara

shth

atdo

esn’

titc

h.•

Late

ntst

age

last

sfo

ra

few

mon

ths

toa

lifet

ime.

Ther

ear

eno

exte

rnal

sym

ptom

s.•

Tert

iary

stag

eis

char

acte

rized

bype

rman

ent

dam

age

tovi

talo

rgan

sand

deat

h.

Page 13: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Dom

ain:

Bac

teria

Grou

p: C

yano

bact

eria

The

cyan

obac

teria

are

aero

bic,

phot

oaut

otro

phic

bact

eria

.Th

eyw

ere

once

calle

dbl

ue-g

reen

alga

ebu

tthe

yar

em

ade

upof

prok

aryo

ticce

llsan

dar

eno

tatr

ueal

gae.

They

have

unic

ellu

lar,

colo

nial

and

filam

ento

usfo

rms.

They

cont

ain

the

pigm

ent

phyc

ocya

nin

whi

chgi

veth

emth

eirb

lue-

gree

nco

lor.

They

are

uniq

ueon

this

plan

etbe

caus

eth

eyar

eth

eon

lyor

gani

sms

know

nto

both

rele

ase

oxyg

enan

dfix

nitr

ogen

.Th

eym

ostly

inha

bit

fres

hw

ater

,but

they

are

also

foun

din

mar

ine

envi

ronm

ents

and

som

esy

mbi

otic

rela

tions

hips

.

The

exam

ple

for

cyan

obac

teria

isO

scill

ator

ia.

Osc

illat

oria

isa

filam

ento

usfo

rmth

atis

foun

din

larg

enu

mbe

rsin

fres

hw

ater

.Th

eyca

nbe

apr

oble

min

area

sw

here

ther

eis

chem

ical

pollu

tion

inth

efo

rmof

synt

hetic

dete

rgen

ts.

The

dete

rgen

tsco

ntai

nph

osph

ates

that

allo

wth

ecy

anob

acte

riato

mul

tiply

rapi

dly

and

whe

yth

eydi

e,it

caus

esde

com

posin

gba

cter

iato

bloo

m,

whi

chin

turn

rem

oves

all

the

oxyg

enfr

omth

ew

ater

and

resu

ltsin

the

deat

hof

othe

ror

gani

sms(

fish,

inse

cts,

etc.

).

Page 14: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Dom

ain:

Bac

teria

Grou

p: G

ram

Pos

itive

Bac

teria

Mos

toft

heba

cter

iain

this

grou

par

egr

ampo

sitiv

e.Th

ere

are

afe

wgr

amne

gativ

em

embe

rsbu

tare

grou

ped

inth

ista

xadu

eto

mol

ecul

arsy

stem

atic

s.So

me

are

phot

osyn

thet

ic,b

utm

osts

peci

esar

ech

emoh

eter

otro

phs.

The

exam

ple

fort

his

grou

pis

Clos

trid

ium

teta

ni.

This

isan

oblig

ate

anae

robe

,end

ospo

re-fo

rmin

ggr

am–p

ositi

vero

d.Th

een

dosp

ores

mak

eth

eba

cter

iare

sista

ntto

hars

hco

nditi

ons.

(Not

ice

the

roun

den

dson

som

eof

the

rod-

shap

edin

divi

dual

s).

Itis

com

mon

inso

ilco

ntam

inat

edw

ithan

imal

feca

lwas

tes.

The

spec

ies

rele

ases

anex

otox

in(n

euro

toxi

n)th

atbl

ocks

the

rela

xatio

npa

thw

ayof

the

mus

cles

and

caus

esth

emto

cont

ract

.Th

em

uscl

esin

the

jaw

are

affe

cted

early

and

the

cond

ition

isof

ten

know

nas

lock

jaw

.An

amou

ntof

the

neur

otox

inw

eigh

ing

asm

uch

asth

ein

kin

ape

riod

ofth

ispa

geca

nki

ll30

peop

le.

Page 15: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Dom

ain:

Arc

haea

Grou

p: M

etha

noge

ns (m

etha

ne re

leas

ing)

Grou

p: H

alop

hile

s (liv

es in

hig

h sa

lt ar

eas)

Grou

p: T

herm

ophi

les (

lives

in e

xtre

me

tem

pera

ture

s)

This

dom

ain

is m

ade

up o

f pro

kary

otic

cel

ls bu

t ar

e qu

ite d

iffer

ent t

han

the

true

bac

teria

. Th

ey

do sh

are

som

e ch

arac

teris

tics w

ith th

e eu

kary

otes

and

are

thou

ght t

o be

mor

e cl

osel

y re

late

d to

the

euka

ryot

es th

an th

e ba

cter

ia o

f to

day.

The

shar

ed c

hara

cter

istic

s with

eu

kary

otes

incl

ude:

DNA

intr

ons p

rese

nt

RNA

poly

mer

ase

Star

t Am

ino

Acid

for p

rote

in sy

nthe

sisRe

spon

se to

ant

ibio

tics

Page 16: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Viru

ses

Page 17: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Viru

ses

Viru

ses a

re m

ade

up o

f ge

nom

es (D

NA

or R

NA)

en

clos

ed in

a p

rote

ctiv

e co

at c

alle

d a

caps

id

(pro

tein

).Th

e tin

iest

vi

ruse

s are

onl

y 20

nm

in

diam

eter

(sm

alle

r tha

n a

ribos

ome)

.

Page 18: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Prot

ista

Clas

sific

atio

nTh

eki

ngdo

mPr

otist

a(in

the

five

king

dom

syst

em)

cont

ains

mos

tlyun

icel

lula

reu

kary

otes

.Th

ista

xono

mic

grou

ping

ispo

lyph

ylet

ican

dba

sed

only

once

llula

rst

ruct

ure

and

life

styl

esno

ton

any

mol

ecul

arev

iden

ce.

Usin

gm

olec

ular

biol

ogy

and

deta

iled

com

paris

onof

cell

stru

ctur

e,sc

ient

ists

are

now

begi

nnin

gto

see

evol

utio

nary

hist

ory

inth

epr

otist

s.Th

eon

goin

gch

ange

sin

the

prot

est

phyl

ogen

yar

era

pidl

ych

angi

ngw

ithea

chne

wpi

ece

ofev

iden

ce.

The

follo

win

gcl

assif

icat

ion

sugg

ests

4“s

uper

grou

ps”

with

inth

eor

igin

alPr

otist

aki

ngdo

man

dth

eta

xono

my

isst

illbe

ing

wor

ked

out.

This

lab

islo

okin

gat

one

curr

ent

hypo

thes

issh

own

onth

erig

ht.

Som

eof

the

orga

nism

sar

egr

oupe

dto

geth

erbe

caus

eof

very

stro

ngsu

ppor

tan

dot

hers

are

cont

rove

rsia

l.It

isim

port

antt

ofo

cus

onth

ech

arac

teris

tics

ofea

chcl

ade

whi

chex

plai

nsw

hyth

eyar

egr

oupe

dto

geth

er.

This

lab

will

only

look

atth

egr

oups

that

wer

eon

cein

clud

edin

the

Prot

ista

king

dom

and

the

othe

rgr

oups

(hig

her

plan

ts,

fung

i,an

dan

imal

s)w

illbe

exam

ined

infu

ture

labs

.

Exca

vata

SAR

Arch

aepl

astid

a

Uni

kont

a

Alve

olat

es

Stra

men

opila

Rhiza

ria

Amoe

bozo

ans

Opi

stho

kont

s

Page 19: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Prot

ista

Clas

sific

atio

nSt

artin

gw

ithth

efo

ur“S

uper

grou

ps”,

we

will

divi

deth

ere

stin

todi

ffere

ntle

vels

calle

dcl

ades

.A

Clad

eis

defin

edas

agr

oup

ofbi

olog

ical

taxa

(as

spec

ies)

that

incl

udes

all

desc

enda

nts

ofon

eco

mm

onan

cest

or.

Too

simpl

ifyth

ispr

oces

s,w

eha

vein

clud

eda

clad

ogra

mw

ew

illbe

usin

gth

roug

hout

the

cour

se.

We

will

divi

deor

expa

ndpa

rts

ofth

ecl

adog

ram

toem

phas

izeev

olut

iona

ryre

latio

nshi

ps.

For

the

prot

ists,

we

will

divi

deth

esu

perg

roup

sin

tosm

alle

rcl

ades

assig

ning

them

artif

icia

lnu

mbe

rs(c

lade

1,cl

ade2

,cl

ade3

)to

esta

blish

agr

oupi

ngat

asp

ecifi

cle

vel.

Exca

vata

SAR

Arch

aepl

astid

a

Uni

kont

a

Alve

olat

es

Stra

men

opila

Rhiza

ria

Amoe

bozo

ans

Opi

stho

kont

s

CLA

SSIF

ICA

TIO

N:

Dom

ain:

Euk

arya

Su

perg

roup

: Exc

avat

a

Su

perg

roup

: Arc

haep

last

ida

C

lade

2: D

iplo

mon

ads

Cla

de2:

Rho

doph

yta

Cla

de2:

Para

basa

lids

Cla

de2:

Chl

orop

hyta

C

lade

2: Eu

glen

ozoa

ns

Cla

de2:

Cha

roph

yta

Cla

de3:

Eugl

enid

s

Supe

rgro

up: U

niko

nta

Cla

de3:

Kin

etop

last

ids

Cla

de1:

Am

oebo

zoan

s

Supe

rgro

up: S

AR

C

lade

2: Sl

ime

Mol

ds

Cla

de1:

Alv

eola

tes

Cla

de3:

Plas

mod

ial

Cla

de2:

Din

ofla

gella

tes

C

lade

3: C

ellu

lar

Cla

de2:

Api

com

plex

ans

Cla

de2:

Gym

nam

oeba

s

Cla

de2:

Cili

ates

Cla

de2:

Enta

moe

bas

C

lade

1: S

tram

enop

ila

Cla

de1:

Opi

stho

kont

s

Cla

de2:

Bac

illar

ioph

yta

Cla

de2:

Nuc

lear

iids

Cla

de2:

Chr

ysop

hyta

C

lade

2: C

hoan

ofla

gella

tes

C

lade

2: Ph

aeop

hyta

Cla

de2:

Oom

ycet

es

C

lade

1: R

hiza

ria

Cla

de2:

Cer

cozo

ans

Cla

de2:

Fora

ms

Cla

de2:

Rad

iola

rians

Page 20: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Prot

ista

Clas

sific

atio

n1.

Gen

eral

Char

acte

ristic

san

dst

ruct

ures

–Th

ese

orga

nism

son

cew

ere

plac

edin

asin

gle

king

dom

but

with

new

gene

ticin

form

atio

n,it

now

appe

ars

this

king

dom

ispo

lyph

ylet

ic.

The

indi

vidu

als

incl

uded

inth

isne

wcl

ade

are

all

euka

ryot

es(w

itha

nucl

eus

and

mem

bran

e-bo

und

orga

nelle

s)an

dm

osta

resin

gle-

celle

d.2.

Nat

ural

Hist

ory

–Th

efir

stpr

otist

(euk

aryo

tic)

orga

nism

appe

ars

inth

efo

ssil

reco

rdab

out

2.1

billi

onye

ars

ago

durin

gth

ePr

ecam

bria

n.It

isbe

lieve

dth

efir

stpr

otist

was

prob

ably

ano

n-pi

gmen

ted

hete

rotr

ophi

cfo

rm.

Itis

belie

ved

that

mito

chon

dria

and

plas

tids

wer

esm

all

prok

aryo

tes

that

lived

with

inot

her

prok

aryo

tes

givi

ngris

eto

new

orga

nelle

s.Th

ese

rial

endo

sym

bios

ishy

poth

esis

sugg

ests

that

mito

chon

dria

evol

ved

befo

repl

astid

sth

roug

ha

serie

sof

endo

sym

biot

icev

ents

.3.

Biog

eogr

aphy

–Th

edi

strib

utio

nof

prot

ists

isw

orld

wid

e;as

agr

oup,

thes

eor

gani

sms

are

both

cosm

opol

itan

and

ubiq

uito

us.

Ever

yin

divi

dual

spec

ies,

how

ever

,ha

spr

efer

red

nich

esan

dm

icro

habi

tats

,and

all

prot

ists

are

toso

me

degr

eese

nsiti

veto

chan

ges

inth

eir

surr

ound

ings

.Th

eav

aila

bilit

yof

suffi

cien

tnu

trie

nts

and

wat

er,

asw

ell

assu

nlig

htfo

rph

otos

ynth

etic

form

s,is,

how

ever

,the

only

maj

orfa

ctor

sre

stra

inin

gsu

cces

sful

and

heav

ypr

otist

colo

niza

tion

ofpr

actic

ally

any

habi

tato

nEa

rth.

Page 21: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up:

Exca

vata

1.Ge

nera

lCh

arac

teris

tics

and

stru

ctur

es–

The

mem

bers

ofth

issu

perg

roup

have

simila

rcy

tosk

elet

alfe

atur

esan

dso

me

mem

bers

have

an“e

xcav

ated

”gr

oove

onon

esid

eof

thei

rbod

y.2.

Nat

ural

Hist

ory

–Ea

chof

the

clad

esw

ithin

the

supe

rgro

upar

em

onop

hyle

tic,

but

itis

diffi

cult

tode

term

ine

ifth

issu

perg

roup

ism

onop

hyle

ticbe

caus

eth

ech

arac

teris

tics

they

have

may

have

been

foun

din

the

com

mon

ance

stor

ofal

leuk

aryo

tes.

3.Bi

ogeo

grap

hy–

The

Exca

vata

incl

udes

taxa

that

are

phot

osyn

thet

ic,

para

sitic

,sy

mbi

otic

and

hete

rotr

ophi

c.Th

eth

ree

clad

esar

eth

eDi

plom

anad

s,th

ePa

raba

salid

sand

the

Eugl

enoz

oans

.

Diag

ram

mat

ic re

pres

enta

tions

of

the

prox

imal

cyt

oske

leto

ns

of E

xcav

ata

Dip

lom

onad

s

Exca

vata

Para

basa

lids

Eugl

enoz

oans

Page 22: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: E

xcav

ata

Clad

e 2: Di

plom

onad

s1.

Gene

ral

Char

acte

ristic

san

dst

ruct

ures

–Th

em

embe

rsof

this

clad

eha

vem

odifi

edm

itoch

ondr

iaca

lled

mito

som

es.

They

lack

func

tiona

lel

ectr

ontr

ansp

ort

chai

nsan

dca

nnot

use

oxyg

ento

mak

eAT

P.Th

eyar

ean

aero

bic.

They

also

have

two

equa

llysiz

edha

ploi

dnu

clei

.2.

Biog

eogr

aphy

–M

any

Dipl

omon

ads

are

para

sitic

.O

urEx

ampl

eis

Giar

dia

lam

blia

whi

chpa

rasit

izeth

ein

test

ines

ofm

amm

als.

InCa

lifor

nia,

Itca

nbe

foun

din

the

high

est

stre

ams

inth

eSi

erra

s.3.

Uni

que

Char

acte

ristic

s-

Itca

nin

fect

peop

lew

hen

they

drin

kco

ntam

inat

edw

ater

.It

can

caus

ecr

amps

and

seve

redi

arrh

ea.

Dip

lom

onad

s

Exca

vata

Para

basa

lids

Eugl

enoz

oans

Page 23: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: E

xcav

ata

Clad

e 2: Pa

raba

salid

s1.

Gene

ral

Char

acte

ristic

san

dst

ruct

ures

–Th

em

embe

rsof

this

clad

eha

vere

duce

dm

itoch

ondr

iaca

lled

hygr

ogen

osom

es.

They

are

anae

robi

can

dre

leas

ehy

drog

enpe

roxi

deas

aby

-pro

duct

.Th

eyal

soha

vea

mod

ified

flage

llaw

ithan

undu

latin

gm

embr

ane.

2.Bi

ogeo

grap

hy –

Man

y pa

raba

salid

sare

pa

rasit

ic.

Our

Exa

mpl

e is

Tric

hom

onas

vagi

nalis

. 3.

Uni

que

Char

acte

ristic

s: It

caus

es V

agin

itis

by in

fect

ing

the

vagi

na a

nd u

reth

ral

muc

us m

embr

anes

and

can

be

tran

smitt

ed b

y se

xual

inte

rcou

rse.

Mal

es

ofte

n ha

ve n

o sy

mpt

oms w

hen

infe

cted

.

Dip

lom

onad

s

Exca

vata

Para

basa

lids

Eugl

enoz

oans

Page 24: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: E

xcav

ata

Clad

e 2: Eu

glen

ozoa

ns1.

Gene

ral

Char

acte

ristic

san

dst

ruct

ures

–Th

em

embe

rsof

this

clad

eal

lhav

ea

rod

with

eith

era

spira

lor

acr

ysta

lline

stru

ctur

ein

side

each

ofth

eir

flage

lla.

They

also

have

adi

sc-s

hape

dcr

istae

.2.

Biog

eogr

aphy

–Th

em

embe

rsof

this

clad

ear

eve

rydi

vers

ein

clud

ing

pred

ator

s,he

tero

trop

hs,

phot

osyn

thet

icau

totr

ophs

and

para

sites

.Th

etw

obe

stkn

own

grou

psar

ein

the

clad

es:

Kine

topl

astid

sand

Eugl

enid

s.

Kine

topl

astids

Eugl

enoz

oans

Eugl

enid

sDin

ofla

gella

tes

Dip

lom

onad

s

Exca

vata

Para

basa

lids

Eugl

enoz

oans

Page 25: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: E

xcav

ata

Clad

e 2: Eu

glen

ozoa

nsCl

ade 3:

Kine

topl

astid

s1.

Gene

ralC

hara

cter

istic

san

dst

ruct

ures

–Th

em

embe

rsof

this

clad

eha

vea

singl

e,la

rge

mito

chon

drio

nth

atco

ntai

nsa

larg

em

asso

fDN

Aca

lled

aki

neto

plas

t.2.

Biog

eogr

aphy

–Th

e m

embe

rs o

f thi

s cla

de in

clud

e sp

ecie

s th

at fe

ed o

n pr

okar

yote

s in

fres

hwat

er, m

arin

e an

d m

ost

terr

estr

ial h

abita

ts.

Ther

e ar

e al

so sp

ecie

s tha

t par

asiti

ze

anim

als,

pla

nts,

and

oth

er p

rotis

ts.

3.U

niqu

e Ch

arac

teris

tics:

Our

exa

mpl

e is

a Tr

ypan

osom

aw

hich

is a

hum

an p

atho

gen

that

cau

ses

Afric

an S

leep

ing

Sick

ness

in A

fric

a sp

read

by

the

TseT

seFl

y an

d C

haga

sDi

seas

e in

Sou

th A

mer

ica

spre

ad b

y th

e Ki

ssin

g Bu

g.

Dip

lom

onad

s

Exca

vata

Para

basl

ids

Eugl

enoz

oans

Kin

eto

pla

stid

sEugle

nozo

ans

Eugle

nid

sDin

oflagella

tes

Page 26: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: E

xcav

ata

Clad

e 2: Eu

glen

ozoa

nsCl

ade 3:

Eugl

enid

s1.

Gene

ral

Char

acte

ristic

san

dst

ruct

ures

–Th

em

embe

rsof

this

clad

eha

vean

ante

rior

pock

etw

ithon

eor

two

flage

llaem

ergi

ngfr

omth

epo

cket

.2.

Biog

eogr

aphy

–Th

eyar

eco

mm

only

foun

din

fres

hwat

eres

peci

ally

whe

nit

isric

hin

orga

nic

mat

eria

ls,w

itha

few

mar

ine

and

endo

sym

biot

icm

embe

rs.

3.U

niqu

eCh

arac

teris

tics

-M

any

mem

bers

ofth

iscl

ade

are

calle

dm

ixot

roph

sbe

caus

eth

eyar

eau

totr

ophi

cin

sunl

ight

but

whe

nun

avai

labl

e,th

eyca

nbe

com

ehe

tero

trop

hic.

Dip

lom

onad

s

Exca

vata

Para

basl

ids

Eugl

enoz

oans

Kin

eto

pla

stid

sEugle

nozo

ans

Eugle

nid

sDin

oflagella

tes

Page 27: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up:

SAR

1.Ge

nera

lCh

arac

teris

tics

and

stru

ctur

es–

The

mem

bers

ofth

issu

perg

roup

are

grou

ped

toge

ther

base

don

two

piec

esof

evid

ence

:1)D

NA

Sequ

ence

Data

and

2)th

ese

cond

ary

endo

sym

biot

icre

latio

nshi

pw

itha

red

alga

e2.

Nat

ural

Hist

ory

–Ev

iden

cesu

gges

tsth

issu

perg

roup

evol

ved

over

abi

llion

year

sag

ow

ithth

ein

corp

orat

ion

ofpl

astid

sfr

oma

red

alga

eal

thou

ghso

me

lack

plas

tids

and

itis

belie

ved

thes

ew

ere

lost

late

rin

thei

revo

lutio

nary

hist

ory.

3.Bi

ogeo

grap

hy–

The

SAR

incl

ude

taxa

that

are

very

dive

rse

incl

udin

gso

me

ofth

em

ost

impo

rtan

tph

otos

ynth

etic

orga

nism

son

Eart

h.It

also

incl

udes

orga

nism

sth

atm

ake

upou

rla

rge

kelp

fore

sts

and

som

eim

port

ant

path

ogen

s.Th

issu

perg

roup

can

bedi

vide

din

toth

ree

clad

es:

the

Alve

olat

es,

the

Stra

men

opile

s,an

dth

eRh

izaria

.

Page 28: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

AR

Clad

e 1: Al

veol

ates

1.Ge

nera

lCh

arac

teris

tics

and

stru

ctur

es–

The

mon

ophy

letic

grou

ping

for

this

clad

eis

wel

lsu

ppor

ted

byDN

Asim

ilarit

ies.

The

mem

bers

ofth

iscl

ade

also

incl

ude

spec

ies

with

mem

bran

e-bo

und

sacs

(alv

eoli)

just

unde

rth

epl

asm

am

embr

ane.

2.Bi

ogeo

grap

hy–

The

Alve

olat

esin

clud

eth

ree

diffe

rent

clad

es:

1)th

eDi

nofla

gella

tes,

2)th

eAp

icom

plex

ans,

and

3)th

eCi

liate

s.

Page 29: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

AR

Clad

e 1: Al

veol

ates

Clad

e 2: Di

nofla

gella

tes

1.Ge

nera

lCh

arac

teris

tics

and

stru

ctur

es–

This

clad

eis

iden

tifie

dby

the

rein

forc

edce

llula

rpl

ates

with

two

flage

lla,o

neap

ical

and

one

ina

groo

vew

ithin

the

plat

es.

2.Bi

ogeo

grap

hy–

The

dino

flage

llate

sar

eab

unda

ntin

both

mar

ine

and

fres

hwat

erpl

ankt

on.

3.U

niqu

eCh

arac

teris

tics–

InCa

lifor

nia,

thes

eor

gani

smsa

rere

spon

sible

forR

edTi

des.

Thes

eor

gani

sms

rele

ase

ane

urot

oxin

that

can

bem

agni

fied

infil

ter

feed

ing

shel

lfish

and

can

caus

ere

spira

tory

dist

ress

orev

ende

ath.

Man

yof

the

spec

iesa

rem

ixot

roph

s. Din

ofla

gella

tes

Alv

eola

tes

Api

com

plex

ans

Ciliat

es

Page 30: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

AR

Clad

e1: A

lveo

late

sCl

ade 2:

Apic

ompl

exan

s1.

Gene

ral

Char

acte

ristic

san

dst

ruct

ures

–Th

iscl

ade

isid

entif

ied

byth

eap

ical

stru

ctur

eof

the

spor

ozoi

te.

This

apic

alco

mpl

exis

used

tope

netr

ate

thei

rhos

t.2.

Biog

eogr

aphy

–Th

eAp

icom

plex

ansa

real

lint

erna

lpa

rasit

esof

anim

als.

The

path

ogen

icsp

ecie

sar

eno

wm

ainl

yco

nfin

edto

Afric

a,As

iaan

dLa

tinAm

eric

ain

trop

ical

and

subt

ropi

cal

area

sw

here

the

Anop

hele

smos

quito

can

bree

d.3.

Uni

que

Char

acte

ristic

s–

One

ofth

ebe

stkn

owsp

ecie

sis

Plas

mod

ium

sp.w

hich

caus

esM

alar

ia.

The

host

spec

ies

ofth

isdi

seas

eis

the

Anop

hele

sm

osqu

ito.

Itat

tack

sahu

man

’sre

dbl

ood

cells

.

Din

ofla

gella

tes

Alv

eola

tes

Api

com

plex

ans

Ciliat

es

Page 31: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

AR

Clad

e1: A

lveo

late

sCl

ade 2:

Cilia

tes

1.G

ener

alCh

arac

teris

tics

and

stru

ctur

es–

This

clad

eis

iden

tifie

dby

cilia

whi

chis

used

form

ovem

ento

rfee

ding

.Th

eyal

soha

vetw

odi

stin

ctnu

clei

,a

mac

roan

da

mic

ronu

clei

.2.

Biog

eogr

aphy

–Th

eCi

liate

sar

ea

dive

rse

grou

pth

atis

com

mon

alm

ost

ever

ywhe

reth

ere

isw

ater

—in

lake

s,po

nds,

ocea

ns,

river

s,an

dso

ils.

Cilia

tes

have

man

yec

tosy

mbi

otic

and

endo

sym

biot

icm

embe

rs,

asw

ell

asso

me

oblig

ate

and

oppo

rtun

istic

para

sites

.3.

Uni

que

Char

acte

ristic

s–

The

mac

ronu

clei

cont

rol

the

func

tions

ofth

ece

llan

dth

em

icro

nucl

eiar

eex

chan

ged

durin

gco

njug

atio

n(s

exua

lre

prod

uctio

n)w

here

the

orga

nism

sar

esid

eby

side.

They

repr

oduc

eas

exua

llyth

roug

htr

ansv

erse

bina

ryfis

sion

(end

toen

d).

Din

ofla

gella

tes

Alv

eola

tes

Api

com

plex

ans

Ciliat

es

Asex

ual

Sexu

al

Page 32: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

AR

Clad

e 1: St

ram

enop

iles

1.Ge

nera

lCha

ract

erist

ics

and

stru

ctur

es-

mem

bers

ofth

isgr

oup

incl

ude

mem

bers

that

have

flage

llum

with

num

erou

sfin

e,ha

irlik

epr

ojec

tions

.2.

Biog

eogr

aphy

–Th

isis

the

clad

eth

atin

clud

esso

me

ofth

em

ost

impo

rtan

tph

otos

ynth

etic

orga

nism

son

the

plan

et.

Ital

soin

clud

esse

vera

lcla

deso

fhe

tero

trop

hs.

The

Stra

men

opile

sin

clud

efo

urdi

ffere

ntcl

ades

:1)

the

Diat

oms,

2)th

eGo

lden

Alga

e,3)

the

Brow

nAl

gae

and

4)th

eO

omyc

etes

(Wat

erM

olds

).

Page 33: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

AR

Clad

e 1: St

ram

enop

iles

Clad

e 2: Di

atom

s 1.

Gene

ral

Char

acte

ristic

san

dst

ruct

ures

–Th

iscl

ade

isid

entif

ied

byce

llw

alls

mad

eup

ofov

erla

ppin

gsil

ica

test

sca

lled

afr

ustu

le.

2.Bi

ogeo

grap

hy–

The

diat

oms

are

unic

ellu

lara

lgae

that

are

ala

rge

com

pone

ntof

phyt

opla

nkto

nin

ocea

nsan

dla

kes.

3.U

niqu

eCh

arac

teris

tics–

Foss

ilize

ddi

atom

sac

cum

ulat

ein

sedi

men

tskn

own

asdi

atom

aceo

usea

rth.

Thes

ese

dim

ents

are

min

edto

use

asa

filte

ring

med

ium

and

can

befo

und

inpr

oduc

tslik

epa

ints

and

toot

hpas

tes.

Afte

ra

bloo

m,m

any

diat

oms

die

and

are

left

un-d

ecom

pose

don

the

ocea

nflo

orw

hich

rem

oves

thei

rca

rbon

from

the

carb

oncy

cle.

This

acts

asa

carb

onsin

k,a

natu

ral

way

ofre

duci

ngca

rbon

diox

ide

omiss

ions

that

cont

ribut

eto

glob

alcl

imat

ech

ange

.

Chr

omal

veo

Dia

tom

s Gol

den

Alg

ae

Str

amen

opile

sBr

own

Alg

ae O

omyc

etes

Page 34: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

AR

Clad

e 1: St

ram

enop

iles

Clad

e 2: G

olde

n Al

gae

1.Ge

nera

lCh

arac

teris

tics

and

stru

ctur

es–

This

clad

eis

iden

tifie

dby

thei

rco

lor

due

toye

llow

and

brow

nca

rote

noid

s(x

anth

ophy

ll).

The

cells

ofth

ese

orga

nism

sar

ety

pica

llybi

-flag

ella

ted,

with

both

flage

llane

aron

een

dof

the

cell.

2.Bi

ogeo

grap

hy–

The

Gold

enAl

gae

are

com

pone

nts

offr

esh

wat

eran

dm

arin

epl

ankt

on.

3.U

niqu

eCh

arac

teris

tics

–W

hile

mos

tsp

ecie

sar

eph

otos

ynth

etic

,so

me

spec

ies

are

mix

otro

phic

.M

ost

spec

ies

are

unic

ellu

lar

but

the

one

inla

bis

colo

nial

.Th

eyca

nfo

rmpr

otec

tive

cyst

sund

erex

trem

eco

nditi

onsa

ndca

nsu

rviv

efo

rdec

ades

.

Chr

omal

veo

Dia

tom

s Gol

den

Alg

ae

Str

amen

opile

sBr

own

Alg

ae O

omyc

etes

Page 35: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

AR

Clad

e 1: St

ram

enop

iles

Clad

e 2: Br

own

Alga

e 1.

Gene

ral

Char

acte

ristic

san

dst

ruct

ures

–Th

iscl

ade

isth

ela

rges

tand

mos

tcom

plex

mul

ticel

lula

ralg

ae.

They

gett

heir

colo

rfro

mth

ebr

own

orol

ive

colo

r(p

igm

ents

:ca

rote

ne,

fuco

xant

hin)

inth

eir

plas

tids.

The

inte

rtid

alsp

ecie

sar

esu

bjec

tto

desic

catio

nan

dw

ave

actio

nan

dha

veev

olve

da

cell-

wal

lwith

cellu

lose

and

age

l-lik

esu

bsta

nce

calle

dal

gin

(apo

lysa

ccar

hide

)to

redu

cedr

ying

and

help

cush

ion

them

from

wav

es.

2.Bi

ogeo

grap

hy–

The

Brow

nAl

gae

are

mos

tlym

arin

efo

und

alon

gte

mpe

rate

coas

tsw

here

the

wat

eris

cool

.3.

Uni

que

Char

acte

ristic

s–

The

algi

nis

used

toth

icke

npr

oces

sed

food

ssu

chas

ice

crea

m,p

uddi

ng,s

alad

dres

sing

and

othe

rpro

duct

slik

epa

int.

Chr

omal

veo

Dia

tom

s Gol

den

Alg

ae

Str

amen

opile

sBr

own

Alg

ae O

omyc

etes

Page 36: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

AR

Clad

e 1: St

ram

enop

iles

Clad

e 2: Br

own

Alga

e Ex

tern

alSt

ruct

ures

–A

repr

esen

tativ

eof

the

brow

nal

gae

isth

eco

mm

onse

awee

d,Fu

cus,

ofte

nca

lled

kelp

orro

ckw

eed.

Itoc

curs

inth

ero

cks

alon

gse

asho

res.

Seaw

eeds

are

mul

ticel

lula

ran

dm

ade

upof

diffe

rent

ial

tissu

esan

dor

gans

that

rese

mbl

eth

ose

we

find

inpl

ants

.Th

eyla

cktr

uero

ots,

stem

san

dle

aves

and

are

calle

da

thal

lus.

Ath

allu

sco

nsist

sof

aho

ldfa

st(u

sed

for

atta

chm

ent)

,ast

em-li

kest

ipe,

and

leaf

-like

blad

es.

On

the

blad

esar

eai

rbl

adde

rsth

atar

eus

edto

help

the

blad

esflo

atan

don

the

ends

are

rece

ptac

les

that

are

swol

len

area

sat

the

ends

ofth

ebl

ades

that

cont

ain

the

repr

oduc

tive

com

pone

nts

for

the

alga

e.Th

esm

all

pore

sth

aten

tert

here

cept

acle

sar

eca

lled

ostio

les.

Page 37: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

AR

Clad

e 1: St

ram

enop

iles

Clad

e 2: Br

own

Alga

e In

tern

alSt

ruct

ures

–Th

eos

tiole

sin

the

Fucu

sre

cept

acle

sle

adin

toch

ambe

rsca

lled

conc

epta

cles

.O

bser

vebo

thth

em

ale

and

fem

ale

conc

epta

cles

,whi

char

eav

aila

ble

onpr

epar

edsli

des.

Inth

em

ale,

find

the

bran

ched

anth

erid

iaan

dth

esp

erm

.Su

rrou

ndin

gth

ean

ther

idia

,th

ere

are

ster

ileha

irsca

lled

para

phys

es,

whi

char

eus

edfo

rpr

otec

tion

(top

pict

ure)

.In

the

fem

ale,

obse

rve

the

oogo

nia

and

itseg

gsal

ong

with

the

para

phys

es(b

otto

mpi

ctur

e).

Page 38: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

AR

Clad

e 1: St

ram

enop

iles

Clad

e 2: Br

own

Alga

e Al

tern

atio

nof

Gen

erat

ion

–Th

ebr

own

alga

elif

ecy

cle

cons

ists

ofa

cycl

ew

ithm

ultic

ellu

lar

hapl

oid

and

dipl

oid

form

s.Th

iste

rmre

fers

toth

efa

ctth

atbo

thfo

rms

are

mul

ticel

lula

r.Th

ispa

tter

nw

illal

sobe

seen

inhi

gher

plan

ts.

The

stru

ctur

em

ost

peop

leid

entif

yas

“alg

ae”

isa

spor

ophy

test

ruct

ure

that

isdi

ploi

d.

Page 39: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

AR

Clad

e 1: St

ram

enop

iles

Clad

e 2: O

omyc

etes

1.Ge

nera

lCh

arac

teris

tics

and

stru

ctur

es–T

hey

have

hyph

aelik

ea

fung

us(a

ndat

one

poin

tth

eyw

ere

thou

ght

tobe

afu

ngus

)but

thei

rce

llw

alls

are

mad

eof

cellu

lose

(fung

usce

llw

alls

are

mad

eof

chiti

n).T

hisc

lade

incl

udes

the

wat

erm

olds

,th

ew

hite

rust

s,an

dth

edo

wny

mild

ews.

2.Bi

ogeo

grap

hy–

The

Oom

ycet

esha

velo

stth

eir

plas

tids

and

are

ther

efor

eei

ther

deco

mpo

sers

orpa

rasit

es.

Wat

erm

olds

are

usua

llypa

rasit

eson

dead

alga

ean

dan

imal

sin

fres

hw

ater

and

the

whi

teru

sts

and

dow

nym

ildew

sar

eus

ually

plan

tpa

rasit

es.

3.U

niqu

eCh

arac

teris

tics–

The

Oom

ycet

esar

ere

spon

sible

inth

e19

thce

ntur

yfo

rthe

Fren

chW

ine

Crisi

san

dfo

rthe

Pota

toFa

min

ein

Irela

ndca

usin

gth

eIri

shto

mig

rate

toN

orth

Amer

ica

and

Russ

ia.

Chr

omal

veo

Dia

tom

s Gol

den

Alg

ae

Str

amen

opile

sBr

own

Alg

ae O

omyc

etes

Page 40: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

ARCl

ade 1:

Rhiza

ria1.

Gene

ral

Char

acte

ristic

san

dst

ruct

ures

–Th

em

embe

rsof

this

clad

eha

vesim

ilar

DNA

sequ

ence

sev

enth

ough

they

vary

grea

tlyin

mor

phol

ogy.

Man

yof

the

form

eram

oeba

sw

ere

incl

uded

with

this

clad

ebu

tw

eno

wkn

owth

eyar

edi

stin

ctly

diffe

ren

and

belo

ngin

this

clad

ean

dar

ech

arac

teriz

edby

thin

like

pseu

dopo

dia.

2.N

atur

alHi

stor

y–

Each

ofth

ecl

ades

with

inth

ela

rger

clad

ear

em

onop

hyle

tic.

The

thre

ecl

ades

are

the

Cerc

ozoa

ns,

the

Fora

ms

and

the

Radi

olar

ians

.3.

Biog

eogr

aphy

–Th

eRh

izaria

are

foun

din

mar

ine,

fres

hwat

eror

soil

ecos

yste

ms.

Cer

cozo

ans

Fora

ms

Rhiz

aria

Radi

olar

ians

Page 41: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

ARCl

ade 1:

Rhiza

riaCl

ade 2:

Cerc

ozoa

ns1.

Gene

ral

Char

acte

ristic

san

dst

ruct

ures

–Th

iscl

ade

incl

udes

mos

tof

the

amoe

boid

-sha

ped

Prot

ista

with

thin

pseu

dopo

dia.

2.Bi

ogeo

grap

hy–

The

Cerc

ozoa

nsar

epr

edat

ors,

and

para

sites

foun

din

fres

hwat

er,m

arin

e,an

dso

ilec

osys

tem

s.3.

Uni

que

Char

acte

ristic

s–

They

have

evol

ved

asa

usag

e-sh

aped

inte

rnal

stru

ctur

eth

roug

hen

dosy

mbi

osis

ofa

cyan

obac

teria

for

phot

osyn

thes

is(a

chro

moa

toph

ore)

whi

chis

diffe

rent

from

the

cyan

obac

teria

that

prod

uced

plas

tidsi

not

hero

rgan

isms.

Page 42: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

ARCl

ade1

: Rhi

zaria

Clad

e2: F

oram

s1.

Gene

ral

Char

acte

ristic

san

dst

ruct

ures

–Th

iscl

ade

incl

udes

the

amoe

bas

with

thin

pseu

dopo

dia

and

aca

lciu

mca

rbon

ate

test

.(F

oram

enis

Latin

forl

ittle

hole

).2.

Biog

eogr

aphy

–Th

eFo

ram

sar

efo

und

inbo

thoc

ean

and

fres

hwat

erha

bita

tsat

tach

edto

sand

,ro

ckso

ralg

ae.

Oth

ersa

refo

und

inpl

ankt

on.

3.U

niqu

eCh

arac

teris

tics

–M

ost

Fora

ms

are

know

nfro

mfo

ssils

and

mak

eup

sedi

men

tary

rock

.Th

eyal

soar

esy

mbi

otic

with

phot

osyn

thet

ical

gae

that

can

live

inth

eir

calc

ium

carb

onat

ete

stan

dpr

ovid

eth

emw

ithno

urish

men

t.

Page 43: es - faculty.mtsac.edu · es – tion eom a n e e om) d l e s. s c ng as c d as ased y on ar e d ot on y ar e. ng ar gy l t omal A), arl ese ed at e s e e y d to s. He d at n gh y

Supe

rgro

up: S

ARCl

ade1

: Rhi

zaria

Clad

e2: R

adia

olar

ians

1.

Gene

ral

Char

acte

ristic

san

dst

ruct

ures

–Th

iscl

ade

incl

udes

the

amoe

bas

with

thin

pseu

dopo

dia

and

ade

licat

esil

ica

skel

eton

.2.

Biog

eogr

aphy

–Th

eRa

diol

aria

nsar

eco

mm

onas

mar

ine

plan

kton

.3.

Uni

que

Char

acte

ristic

s–

Mos

tRa

diol

aria

nsar

epl

ankt

onic

and

whe

nth

eydi

e,th

eir

skel

eton

ssin

kto

the

bott

oman

dfo

rma

radi

olar

ian

ooze

cove

ring

muc

hof

the

sea

floor

.