ES OPENING ASSIGNMENT

Get a chromebook or your phone and login to your email to take the Unit 7 Biotechnology pretest.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE UNIT 7: BIOTECHNOLOGY

BY MRS. SHAW

PART 1: BIOTECHNOLOGY DEFINITION AND USES

Learning Objectives

Students will be able to explain what biotechnology is describe how the use of biotechnology

has developedexplain our current uses of

biotechnology

WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY?

According to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, biotechnology is

defined as

Any technological application that

uses biological systems, living

organisms or derivatives thereof, to

make or modify products or processes

for specific use.

WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY? The word “biotechnology” usually brings up

images of modern techniques and topics of controversy such as;

cloning

stem cell research

genetically modified organisms

Biotechnology is not a new concept though. The practice of manipulating organisms to create a product has long been used in human societies.

HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD

Food has been one of the primary areas where organisms have been put to work to create an edible product for human consumption.

3 common examples of how we currently use living organisms to enhance our food products:

Fungus is added to “bleu” cheeses to help them develop the tastes and characteristics found in varieties such as gorgonzola.

Yogurt is a food that contains millions of living bacteria busily fermenting milk.

Yeast is used to create bread, beer, and wine through the anaerobic fermentation of sugar.

HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN WASTE MANAGEMENT

It was common practice early in history to allow naturally occurring soil organisms to break down the agricultural waste, sewage, and manure so nutrients would be returned to the ecosystem.

HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FARMING

Artificial selection, which are considered biotechnological practices, have been used in farming and animal husbandry and involve human intervention in breeding for selection of the most desirable traits while using organisms chosen from the current generation.

THE HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGYMore than 7,000 years ago, humans

cultivated a plant that is the ancestral species to modern day corn. Two thousand years after southern Mexico inhabitants began choosing, eating, and replanting the seeds of the best fruits from this plant, the fruiting body, the cob, was only two to three centimeters long.

It would take another 4,000 years before the corn cob would be as long as we see it today and for it to have the large kernels that are the product of generation after generation of artificial selection.

Later changes in the evolution of modern maize involved many genes (perhaps thousands) with small effects. These minor changes include the following:

Types and amounts of starch production Ability to grow in different climates and types of soil Length and number of kernel rows Kernel size, shape, and color Resistance to pests

These examples fit with the traditional view of evolution as gradual change over time. Local groups of farmers selected for characteristics that they preferred, and that worked best in their particular environment. Over thousands of years, selective breeding generated the broad diversity of corn varieties that are still grown around the world today.

HOW ARE WE USING BIOTECHNOLOGY TODAY?

We are still using all of the methods we discussed earlier but have, since the discovery of the human genome, learned how to genetically engineer or modify organisms.

TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY TODAY

Agricultural Biotechnology applications

Modification through cross-breeding and artificial selection

Insertion of genes

To resist herbicide applications and pest damage

To tolerate environmental stress

carrying Vitamin A to increase nutrition of staple foods

Methods to detect unsafe levels of pesticides on food

Notes

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY TODAY

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology applications

Mass production of penicillin and cortisone

Diagnostic testing for antibodies

Human protein production for hemophilia and diabetes

Vaccines to offer disease resistance

More than 125 approved medicines

Use of genetically engineered bacteria to produce enzymes

Notes

Industrial Biotechnology Applications

Use of organisms in sewage treatment

Breakdown of industrial and hazardous waste

Testing of groundwater, soil, and air for contamination

Use of genetically engineered bacteria to produce food supplements

Industrial Biotechnology Today

Notes

OPENING ASSIGNMENT DAY 2

Explain what biotechnology is using YOUR OWN WORDS

Give an example of how biotechnology is being used in agriculture, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications.

DAY 2 ACTIVITY

Copy the following questions below todays opening assignment.

Part 1 – How does Biotechnology affect you?

1. Explain 3 ways that you may have been exposed to biotechnology in your daily life over the past 24 hours.

2.  How can it play a role in your future?

3.  What are some of the risks or dilemmas involved with genetic engineering?

Part 2 – What is a hybrid?

4. What is the original definition of a hybrid?

5. What is DNA recombination?

6.  What is a transgenic organism? 

DAY 2 ACTIVITY

Read the articles “How Does Biotechnology Affect Me?” and “What is a hybrid?” and answer the questions you have copied down.

OPENING ASSIGNMENT DAY 3

Please get out your notes from Tuesday on Unit 7 Biotechnology. We are adding to those today and then making puppies! OA: Answer the following to the best of your ability

1. Differentiate between the terms natural selection and artificial selection.

2. How is artificial selection related to biotechnology?

Reminder: Tonight is the Spoken Word Poetry Jam $3 at door or buy tickets online. It does count as a cultural event and if you perform an Environmental science poem I will give you 10 extra credit points!

OPENING ASSIGNMENT DAY 3 REVIEW

Natural selection – when specific traits are passed on to future generations because they have enabled the species to survive. (Survival of the Fittest)

OPENING ASSIGNMENT DAY 3 REVIEW Artificial Selection is selective breeding or choosing specific organisms for the traits they display to mate and hopefully create the characteristics you intend in the offspring.

Artificial selection is a type of agricultural biotechnology because it’s purpose is to use living organisms to solve a problem.

SUPER COW

Super cow on you tube - http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=super+cow&FORM=HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=57A467CD0D1179CF6C2957A467CD0D1179CF6C29

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION ACTIVITY

LESSON FROM HTTP://WWW.UCMP.BERKELEY.EDU/EDUCATION/LESSONS/BREEDING_DOGS/

The American Foxhound is half descended from the English Foxhounds that were brought to America in 1650. The English hounds were crossed with a French hound that George Washington received as a gift from Lafayette. The combination breed became an excellent hunter of wild animals.

Notes

Notes

Notes

Notes

CREATE YOUR OWN BREED ACTIVITY

You will work in groups of 2 to determine the following:

What job do you want your breed to excel in?

What two breeds are you going to use to create your new breed?

Which breed will be the female (heads on coin toss) and which will be the male (tails on coin toss)?

Use a coin to determine which trait the offspring will inherit and document in the puppy chart.

AND then draw a picture of one of the puppies with the traits they have inherited.

CREATING THE PERFECT PET

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bi9Pa0DHG5Y

Why do you think that breeding organisms that are too closely related can have negative effects on the health of the offspring?

OPENING ASSIGNMENT

Answer these questions about the artificial selection activity we did last week where you created offspring of two breeds of dogs.

Why did you choose the breeds you chose?

What did flipping the coin represent?

What percentage of offspring turned out the way you had hoped (with the traits that you bred for)?

BIOTECHNOLOGYGENETICS, DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS REVIEW

LEARNING GOALS FOR TODAY

Students will be able to Explain how the terms alleles,

genes, chromosomes, and DNA are related.

Describe how genes are passed from parent to offspring

REVIEW OF DNA AND GENES

DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is a type of molecule that determines the traits that an individual inherits

It is the blueprint of instructions on how to create proteins and every type of cell in your body.

Notes

DNA, GENES, & CHROMOSOMES

How are these terms related?

Genes are sections of DNA that contain the code for a particular trait or more specifically proteins.

Chromosomes are coils of DNA wrapped around proteins, located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.Notes

DNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Nucleotide: a molecule that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base.

Bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Double helix structure

DNA’s main function is to provide the instructions for creating proteins.

Proteins are the chemicals that aid in cellular processes.

DNA Structure Function

HOW ARE HEREDITY AND GENETICS RELATED?

Heredity :

the passing of traits from parent to offspring

Traits are controlled by Genes.

A Gene is a section on a chromosome that has genetic information for ONE trait.

SO what is GENETICS?

Genetics: The study of how traits are inherited.

How are Heredity and Genetics related?

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Involves two parent sex cells that combine to create a zygote.

Each parent cell adds 50% of the genetic material to the offspring.

Each offspring is genetically unique – except for with identical twins

Pollination

Fertilization

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Involves one parent cell that divides to create a two new daughter cells.

Each offspring is genetically identical to the parent cell.

ASEXUAL VS. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OVERVIEW

SEXUAL ASEXUAL

Parents needed 2 1

DNA of offspring: unique or identical

Unique DNA Identical DNA

Advantages Genetic Diversity which leads to

increase in chance of survival

Faster and requires less energy

Disadvantages Takes more time and energy

No genetic diversity

THE HISTORY OF GENETICS

o First known geneticist and “father of genetics”

Gregor Mendel

o Was an Austrian monk and was born in 1822

o Did most of his genetic studies on pea plants

WHAT DID MENDEL LEARN AND HOW DID HE LEARN IT?

He learned that when he self pollinated a purple flowered pea plant all the offspring had purple flowers.

The same thing happened when he self pollinated a white flower plant – all the offspring were white.

X =

X =

WHAT DID MENDEL LEARN AND HOW DID HE LEARN IT? So, next he cross pollinated a

purple and white flower plant.

All the offspring turned out purple.

This led him to believe that purple was a dominant trait over white for these plants.

Next, he self pollinated the “hybrid” purple flower plant and what he found was that about 25% of the time the flowers produced were WHITE!

MENDEL’S CONCLUSIONS

1. He concluded that 2 genetic factors control each inherited trait.

2. He also proposed that when organisms reproduce, each reproductive cell contributes one factor for each trait.

WHAT ARE ALLELES?

o Alleles are ONE FORM of a gene (there can be more than one form)o Sex cells have one form of a gene on their

chromosomes

o Body cells have two forms or ALLELES for a single gene (you got one from Mom and one from Dad)

o One may be dominant over another. If this happens, the dominant gene is the one expressed. If not, the recessive trait is expressed.

DOMINANT VS. RECESSIVE

Dominant traits An allele that blocks

another allele.

Usually expressed using a CAPITAL letter

P = purple flower

Recessive traits

An allele that is blocked by another allele.

Usually expressed using a LOWERCASE letter

p = white flower

P X p = Pp Purple Hybrid

sperm

eggoffsp

rin

g

GENOTYPE VS. PHENOTYPE

Genotype is the genetic formula of the two alleles that control the expression of the trait.

Pp = the genotype of our offspring

Phenotype is the physical appearance of the genotype.

Purple flowers is the phenotype of the offspring.

Pp pp PP

WHAT ARE CHROMOSOMES?

Chromosomes are strands of DNA coiled around proteins.

GENES, ALLELES, CHROMOSOMES & DNA . . . .

How are these terms related? Alleles are singular forms of a gene.

(single letter B or b)

Genes have two alleles . . . one from each parent. (BB, Bb, or bb)

Genes are sections of DNA that provide the instructions for a specific trait.

Chromosomes are coils of DNA wrapped around proteins, located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

REVIEW OF GENETICS AND HEREDITY

Crash Course in Heredity

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=genetics+crash+course&FORM=VIRE1#view=detail&mid=7B8ACB08491493995F367B8ACB08491493995F36

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=bio+rap+dna+makes+proteins&FORM=VIRE1#view=detail&mid=B9194C014C3F8878978CB9194C014C3F8878978C

OPENING ASSIGNMENT

How are genes, chromosomes, and DNA related?

OPENING ASSIGNMENT - MATCH THE TERM WITH THE CORRECT DEFINITION

1. Allele ______

2. Chromosome ____

3. DNA ____

4. Genetics ____

5. Nucleus ______

6. Gene _____

A. The instructions for creating proteins

B. A section of DNA that codes for a particular trait.

C. Coils of DNA wrapped around proteins

D. The area where DNA is located in a eukaryotic cell

E. A singular form of a gene – you get one from each parent

F. The study of how traits are inherited

LEARNING GOALS FOR TODAY

Students will be able to Explain the structure of DNADescribe the process of transcription

and translationExplain what can happen when DNA

is not copied or translated correctly.

DNA STRUCTURE

Explain the structure of a DNA molecule. DNA is a double helix structure made up of two sides of nucleotides each with a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

Which nitrogen bases pair together in DNA?

Adenine pairs with Thymine and Cytosine pairs with Guanine

DNA in Prokaryotes DNA in Eukaryotes

DNA in Eukaryotes is found in the nucleus. It is more complex and linear in structure made of a pairs of chromosomes (One side from egg and one from sperm)

DNA DIFFERENCES

DNA in Prokaryotes is loosely coiled in the cytoplasm. It is less complex and circular in pattern made of a single chromosomes

MORE ON DNA STRUCTURE

The weak hydrogen bonds in between the nitrogen bases make it easy for the double strand to be separated when DNA replication needs to occur. Covalent bonds attach the sugar phosphate backbone together and are a stronger bond than the hydrogen bonds.

DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN

Remember that DNA is a set of instructions to create proteins. By itself, DNA does not do anything except provide the instructions.

The instructions are copied during a process called transcription and carried out of the nucleus by a molecule called Messenger RNA (mRNA).

mRNA takes the copy to the Cytoplasm and binds to the Ribosomes where the instructions will be read in a process called translation and then proteins will be made through a process called protein synthesis.

DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN

AMINO ACIDS TO PROTEIN MOLECULES

Remember that amino acids are the sub-units of proteins!

There are 20 different amino acids. Their order in the protein molecule determines its structure and function. Proteins may serve e.g., as enzymes, hormones or structural components of a cell.

The final protein molecule may consist of several hundred amino acids linked together according to the instructions encoded in the mRNA.

THE GENETIC CODE

The genetic code is nearly universal, meaning that nearly ALL living organisms use the same genetic code.

All organisms encode genes using DNA and RNA.

All organisms use the same codon for the same amino acid.

All organisms are genetically related to all other organisms.

UNIVERSAL PROTEIN CODON CHART

Examples

UUA = leucine

CCC = proline

AGC = serine

MUTATIONS

What happens when DNA is not copied correctly?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GieZ3pk9YVo

The Animals of Chernobyl

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TG-nwQBBfmc

OPENING ASSIGNMENT ES

Get notes from yesterday out, a blank piece of paper, and a pen or pencil for an open notes pop quiz.

POP QUIZ ES

1. What 3 things make up a DNA nucleotide?

2. Explain what transcription is.

3. Which molecule copies the instructions from the

DNA in transcription and carries them to the

ribosome for translation to occur?

4. How many different amino acids are there?

5. True or False – All organisms use a different codon for the same amino acid.

BANANA DNA EXTRACTION LAB

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=banana+dna+extraction+lab&FORM=HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=61FA57109C5EECF1DC0661FA57109C5EECF1DC06

MATERIALS FOR EACH GROUP (7 GROUPS TOTAL)

1 bag with banana piece

1 small cup of salt

1 small cup of dish soap (red)

1 beaker of water

1 larger empty beaker

1 coffee filter

1 spoon

1 pipette

1 test tube with alcohol in it

STEPS OF DNA EXTRACTION

1. Add a pinch of salt and about 50ml of water to your banana bag.

2. Mash banana up gently

3. Add small amount of dish soap to bag and continue mixing for at least 3 minutes. Don’t mix too vigorously or the soap will make bubbles.

4. Put the coffee filter into the larger beaker and pour the banana mixture in to separate the parts of the cell.

5. Pour the strained solution into the test tube that contains the alcohol.

6. Stir with the pipette and the DNA will precipitate from the solution. You can pull the DNA off the top of the mixture and observe.

NOW DO YOU WANT TO SEE YOUR OWN DNA?

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/extract-your-dna.html

POST DNA LAB QUESTIONS Answer the following questions together with your group and turn in one answer sheet per table.

1. In the DNA extraction lab, what did the salt water do?

2. What did the soap do?

3. What did the alcohol do? (you can google this)

4. How are DNA structure and function related to biotechnology?

BBC DOCUMENTARY: VISIONS OF THE FUTURE - THE BIOTECHNOLOGY REVOLUTION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuAus79n5ek

As you watch this video I want you to make a pros and cons list for biotechnology issues. These can be ethical, moral, or process related. You will be turning this in today.

OPENING ASSIGNMENT

What were some of the pros and cons on your list for the uses of biotechnology?

PERSONAL DNA TESTING

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/personal-dna-testing.html

What is a SNP?https://www.youtube.com/watch

?v=tJjXpiWKMyA

WHAT IS DNA RECOMBINATION?

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is a form of artificial DNA that is created by combining two or more sequences that would not normally occur together.

In terms of genetic modification, it is created through the introduction of relevant DNA into an existing organismal DNA, such as the plasmids of bacteria, to code for or alter different traits for a specific purpose, such as antibiotic resistance.

WHAT IS A PLASMID? A plasmid is an independent, circular, self-replicating DNA molecule that carries only a few genes.

The number of plasmids in a cell generally remains constant from generation to generation.

Plasmids are autonomous molecules and exist in cells as extrachromosomal genomes, although some plasmids can be inserted into a bacterial chromosome, where they become a permanent part of the bacterial genome.

WHAT IS A RESTRICTION ENZYME?

A restriction enzyme is an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites

THE PROCESS OF DNA RECOMBINATION

Steps to recombination1. Plasmid is extracted

from bacterial cell.2. Restriction enzyme is

applied and DNA circular pattern is cut.

3. DNA Ligase rebinds new segment of donor DNA into plasmid.

4. Plasmid is reinserted into new bacterial cell.

5. The recombinant DNA then codes to produce the protein that it was changed to create.

GENETIC ENGINEERING BASICS

Review of Restrictions Enzymes and how Plasmids are used

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfC689ElUVk

OPENING ASSIGNMENT

Put the following in order from 1st to 5th in DNA Recombination steps

_____________ _Restriction enzyme is applied and DNA circular pattern is cut.

______________ Modified plasmid is reinserted into new bacterial cell

______________ Modified new bacterial cell reproduces asexually to create many more clones of parent cell..

______________ Plasmid is extracted from original bacterial cell.

______________ Donor gene is inserted and DNA Ligase rebinds new segment of donor DNA into plasmid.

PERSONAL DNA TESTING ACTIVITY

Learning Objectives:

Students will be able to:

describe the structure and function of DNA, the genetic material of all living things.

explain what a SNP is and how it is used to determine diseases and how different people might respond to medications.

PERSONAL DNA ACTIVITY

This is a group activity and you will work with your table partner to analyze the DNA and differences between various individuals.

Your goal is to determine how differences in the genetic code between individuals can determine the effectiveness of certain medications.

Let’s do the first one together.

OPENING ASSIGNMENT

All human beings share 99.9% of the same DNA. If this is true then what makes you different from the other people in this class?

GENETIC ENGINEERING: CLONING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXfYshYnbIA

OPENING ASSIGNMENT

What are genetically modified organisms (GMO’s)?

GMO’S – ARE THEY SAFE OR NOT?

Watch the “Seeds of Death” videoAre GMO’s safe? 4 paragraph essay

EXAMPLES OF BIOTECH IN 3 MAIN AREAS

Agriculture: higher yield crops, more nutrition to crops, pest resistance, can tolerate extreme environmental conditions (drought, high salinity).

Pharmaceutical: mass production of medications like insulin and antibiotics, medical advances to grow organs or replace tissue with less chance of rejection, DNA profiles to identify risk of diseases.

Industrial: use of organisms to naturally clean water and dispose of biodegradable wastes.

BENEFITS VS. RISKS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

Benefits Production of more food

that is healthier to help with our growing population.

Advances in medicine to help identify and fight disease faster

Natural use of organisms to help clean our planet (solid waste and waste water)

Risks Possible health risks,

cancer – allergans

The risk of the use of genetic profiling to discriminate

Loss of natural biodiversity

REVIEW GAME - BINGO

Transcription translation mRNA

DNA genetics Universal Genetic Code

Plasmid restriction enzyme DNA Ligase

Biotechnology cloning ribosome

Nucleus prokaryote eukaryote

Gene GMO’s sustainability

Artificial selectionnatural selection Recombinant DNA

CRACKING YOUR GENETIC CODE

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=genetic%20code%20you%20tbe&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=genetic%20code%20you%20tbe&sc=0-18&sp=-1&sk=#view=detail&mid=F1C92D92BE6955F22D77F1C92D92BE6955F22D77