es368 renewable energy systems part b: solar energy
TRANSCRIPT
ES368 Renewable Energy Systems Part B: Solar Energy
Brett Martinson
Office F334
Office hours Monday 12:00 – 13:00Office hours Wednesday 12:00 – 13:00
Phone 22339
E-mail [email protected]
Objectives
• understand the nature of the solar resource
• appreciate the performance and limitations of solar conversion technologies
• undertake simple system design for solar energy conversion systems.
Syllabus
1. Nature of the solar energy resource
2. Flat Plate Collectors
3. System types
4. Storage
5. System performance prediction
6. Concentrating collectors
7. Other applications of solar thermal
8. Photovoltaics
Books
Duffie and Beckman (1991) Solar engineering of thermal processes 2nd Ed.,Wiley, (TJ 810.D8)
Reddy (1987), The design and sizing of active solar thermal systems,Clarendon, (TJ 810.R3)
Lunde (1980) Solar thermal engineering: space heating and hot water systemsWiley, (TH 7413.L8),
Roberts (1991), Solar electricity: a practical guide to designing and installing small photovoltaic systems,Prentice Hall, (TK 2960.R6)
Web resources
Course site
www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/staff/dbm/es368/
US Department of Energy solar pageswww.eere.energy.gov/solar
The International Solar Energy Society www.ises.org
Centre for the Analysis and Dissemination of Demonstrated Energy Technologies (CADDET)www.caddet-ee.org/
Dti’s solar grants www.solargrants.org.uk/
Assessment
• Exam (80%)– 3 ½ of 7 questions (choose five)
• Assessed work (20%)– Set in week 14– Due Week 19– Worth 1.5 CATS ( 15 hours work)
Some solar things
Thermo-siphon hot water cisterns
The thermo siphon uses the heat of the water to circulate the water by convection so no pump is necessary
Evacuated tube collector
Evacuated tube collector on a roof in Germany
Parabolic trough collectors in the USA
Power tower at CESA in Spain
Solar furnace in France
Solar Chimney in Spain
Solar roof in the USA
Solar challenge
Part B1: Nature of the solar resource
B1.1 Nature of the solar resourceThe sun
The source of all power on the earthradiates at about 5,777º K
(Blackbody equivalent)
B1.1 Nature of the solar resourceSpectral power distribution of the sun
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Wavelength (m-1)
Spectral power distribution of 6000K blackbody
Actual Spectral power distribution of the sun
Energ
y d
istr
ibuti
on (
kW
/m2/
m)
B1.1 Nature of the solar resourceIrradiance
• The amount of the suns energy that reaches the earth (before entering the atmosphere)
• The average value of irradiance per year is called the solar constant (Gsc)and is equivalent to 1353, 1367 or 1373 W/m2 depending on who you believe
• 1353 (1.5%) from Thekaekara (1976) – derived from measurements at very high atmosphere and used by NASA
• 1367 (1%) Adopted by the World Radiation Centre
• 1373 (1-2%) from Frohlich (1978) - derived from satellite data
B1.2 Nature of the solar resourceEarth’s orbit ain’t circular
B1.2 Nature of the solar resourceEarth’s orbit: Variation in radiation
1,300
1,350
1,400
1,450
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Irra
dia
nc
e (
W/m
2 )
B1.2 Nature of the solar resourceEarth’s orbit: Variation in radiation
Gon = Irradiance
Gsc = Solar constant
n = day number (number of days since 1st January)
Note: cosine is for degrees
3601 0.033cos
365on sc
nG G
B1.3 Nature of the solar resource
Earth is tilted 23.45
B1.3 Nature of the solar resource
Earth is tilted 23.45
• On the winter solstice (December 21)– The north pole has its maximum angle of inclination
away from the sun
– Everywhere above 66.55 N (90-23.45) is in darkness for 24 hours, Everywhere above 66.55 S is in sunlight for 24 hours
– the sun passes directly overhead over the tropic of Capricorn (23.45 S)
• On the equinox (March 22 & September 22)– Both poles are equidistant– the day is exactly 12 hours long – the sun passes directly overhead over the equator– The sun tracks a straight line across the sky
• On the summer solstice (June 22)– The reverse of the winter solstice
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry
Beamradiation
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry
= Latitude
= Declination – the between the earth’s axis of rotation and the surface of a cylinder through the earth’s orbit
= Declination
n = day number (number of days since 1st January)
Note: cosine is for degrees
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Declination
28423.45sin 360
365
n
B1.3 Nature of the solar resource
Solar geometry: Hour angle
Rotation
Beamradiation
• The angular displacement of the sun east or west of the local meridian due to the rotation of the earth
• Denoted by ()
• 15 per hour – noon is zero, so morning negative, afternoon positive
• Depends on Apparent Solar Time
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Hour angle
AST = Apparent solar time
LCT = Local clock time
TZ = Time zone
L = Longitude (west = +ve)
EQT = Equation of time
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Hour angle
15 60
L EQTAST LCT TZ
• Sunrise and sunset are asymmetrical– the plane of the Earth's equator is inclined
to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun
– the orbit of the Earth around the Sun is an ellipse and not a circle
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Equation of time
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Equation of time
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Equ
atio
n of
tim
e (m
in)
EQT = Equation of time
n = day number
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Equation of time
Where
0.000075 0.001868cos 0.032077sin229.2
0.014615cos2 0.04089sin 2
B BEQT
B B
3601
365B n
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Equation of time: Analemma
http://www.analemma.com
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Sun angles
s
Beam
radiation
Horizontalz
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Sun angles
z
s
s
N
South E
W
Zenith
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Sun angles
z = Zenith angle – the angle between the vertical (zenith) and the line of the sun
s = Solar attitude angle – the angle between the horizontal and the line to the sun
s = Solar azimuth angle – the angle of the projection of beam radiation on the horizontal plane (with zero due south, east negative and west positive)
Z = Zenith Angle
= Latitude
= Declination
= Hour angle
s = Solar azimuth angle
s = Solar attitude angle
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Sun angles
cos cos cos cos sin sinz
sin cos cos sin sincos
cosss
Note: & should be the same sign
s = Sunset angle
= Declination
= Latitude
Note:
Day length is in hours
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Sun angles: Sunset angle and day length
cos tan tans
12Day length cos tan tan
15
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Collector angles
( - )
Normal
Beam
radiation
Horizontal
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Collector angles
z
s
s
N
SouthE
W
Zenith
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Collector angles
= Slope – the angle between the plane of the collector and the horizontal
= Surface azimuth angle – the deviation of the projection on a horizontal plane of the normal to the collector from the local meridian (with zero due south, east negative and west positive)
= Angle of incidence – the angle between the beam radiation on the collector and the normal
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Collector angles
cos cos sin sin sin
cos cos sin cos
sin cos
s s
s s
s
cos sin sin cos cos sin cos
cos cos cos cos sin sin cos
cos sin sin sin
= Angle of incidence
s = Solar attitude angle
= Surface azimuth angle
s = Solar azimuth angle
= Collector slope
= Declination
= Latitude
= Hour angle
Sun angles
Earth angles
ss = Sunset angle
= Declination
= Latitude
= Collector slope
B1.3 Nature of the solar resourceSolar geometry: Collector angles
cos tan tanss
Northern Hemisphere
cos tan tanss
Southern Hemisphere
B5.1 System designIrradiance: Variables
• Latitude at the point of observation
• Orientation of the surface in relation to the sun
• Day of the year
• Hour of the day
• Atmospheric conditions
B5.1 System designIrradiance on a horizontal surface
, cosb b n zG G
,b nG
bG
Gb = Beam Irradiance normal to the earth’s surface (W/m2)Gb,n = Beam Irradiance (W/m2)z = Zenith angle
,b TG,b nG
, , cosb t b nG G Gb,t = Beam Irradiance normal to a tilted surface (W/m2)Gb,n = Beam Irradiance (W/m2) = Angle of incidence
B5.5 System designTilt: Beam radiation
, ,,
,
cos cos
cos cosb t b n
b tb b n z z
G GR
G G
,b nG,b tG
bG
,b nG
B5.5 System designTilt: Beam radiation