Esanye Ogbe and Michelle Ramsahoye

When and why did people start living in cities? People first had to switch from

hunting and gathering to agriculture. Components of agricultural

surplus and social stratification had to enable the formation of cities.

Urban morphology- the study of the physical form and structure of urban places

First Urban Revolution

Mesopotamia- 3500 BCE. Nile River Valley- 3200 BCE. Indus River Valley- 2200 BCE. Huang He and Wei River Valleys-

1500 BCE. Mesoamerica- 200 BCE.

Greek vs. Roman Cities

Greek Cities Acropolis Agora Theatres Mediterranean

region Main Cities: Sparta,

Athens

Roman Cities Extensive

transportation networks

Forum Mediterranean Region,

interior Europe and North Africa

Focused on site Main City: Rome

Second Urban Revolution

Marked by the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain

Improvements in agriculture: seed drill, hybrid, improved breeding practices for livestock

Location of early industrial cities determined by the proximity of a power source

Where are cities located and why? Trade area: region adjacent to

every town and city within which its influence is necessary

Rank-size rule: population of a city will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy

Central Place Theory

Developed by Walter Christaller

Predicts how and where central places would be functionally and spatially distributed

Central Places Today

Sunbelt Phenomenon- movement of millions of Americans from northern and northeastern States to the South and Southwest

CPT predicts that existing cities would increase production of technological goods and thus, increase economic reach to bypass others

Reality: Atlanta, Dallas, and Phoenix became the Central Cities. Charlotte , Tampa, San Antonio, and Tucson rose to become secondary. Others participated less and remained where they were in the hierarchy

How are city models organized and how do they function? Central Business District (CBD)- The

concentration of business and commerce in the city’s downtown.

Central city- the urban area that is not suburban, the older city compared to the newer suburbs

Suburb- outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area, and if often (but not always) adjacent to the central city

Suburbanization- process by which lands that were previously outside of the urban environment become urbanized

Ernest Burgess’s Concentric Zone

Resulted from study of Chicago in the 1920s

Zone 1= CBD Zone 2= Transition Zone 3= Independent

workers’ homes Zone 4=Better

residences Zone 5= Commuters’

zone

Hector Hoyt Sector Model

Focused on residential patterns based on the wealthy

Core Education High-Rent Residential Intermediate

Residential Low Rent Residential Industrial Transportation

Harris and Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model Developed in the 1940s Recognizes that the CBD is

losing its dominant position as the single nucleus of the urban area

CBD Wholesale, light

manufacturing Low-class residential Middle-class residential High-class residential Heavy manufacturing Outlying business district Residential Suburb Industrial suburb

Periphery & Semi Periphery model Number of cities in

the world can now be counted in the hundreds

Difficult to model, classify, or typify urban centers

Griffin Ford Sub-Saharan

African City Southeast Asian

City

Griffin-Ford

Latin American cities blend traditional elements of Latin American culture with forces of globalization to combine radial sectors and concentric zones

Quality of homes drops the farther away from the CBD

Spine: offices, shopping, high quality housing (upper & middle class), restaurants, theatres, and amenities.

Mall: High-priced residences

CBD: primary business, employment and entertainment focus. Divided into a market and a high-rise sector.

Disamenity: poorest part of the city; disconnected from regular services of the city; usually controlled by gang or drug lords.

Periferico: similar conditions as the disamenity but characterized by drug lords fighting for dominance.

Sub-Saharan African City

The world’s fastest growing cities

Consists of three CBDs

Ringed by satellite townships called squatter settlements

The Southeast Asian City

No CBD Elements of CBD

present as separate clusters surrounding the old colonial port zone

Model of mixed-land use

How do People Make Cites? Individual roles of people, governments,

corporations, developers, financial leaders, and realtors

Governments can pass or deny strict laws that restrict urban development

Powerful social and cultural preferences shape the character of particular parts of the city and influence who lives where

New transportation enables the expansion of cities

Suburbanization

The process by which lands that were previously outside of the urban environment become urbanized, as people and business move to these spaces from the city.

Suburbanization Cont.

Transforms large areas of land from rural to urban uses

Affects the large number of people who can afford to live in more expensive suburban homes

Creates distinct urban regions complete with industrial, commercial, and educational components

Edge Cities

Often located near key freeway intersections

Develop usually around shopping centers, office complexes, hotels, restaurants, and entertainment facilities

Offer workplaces, shopping, and leisure activities

Tyson’s Corner Virginia

Cities in the Global Periphery and Semi-periphery

Shantytowns-unplanned developments of crude dwellings and shelters made of mostly scrap wood, iron, and pieces of cardboard

Zoning Laws-laws that ensure the use of space in ways that the society would deem culturally and environmentally acceptable

Cities in the Global Core Cities can be made by remaking them,

reinventing neighborhoods, or changing layouts to reflect goals and aesthetics

Redlining-when financial institutions determine which neighborhoods are and refuse loans to those in the districts

Blockbusting-when realtors solicit the white residents of a neighborhood to sell their homes under the guise that the neighborhood is going downhill because a black person or family has moved in

More Global Core Vocab…

Commercialization-process of transforming the central city into an area attractive to residents and tourists

Gentrification-when individuals buy up and rehabilitate houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood and changing the neighborhood itself

More Global Core Vocab…

McMansions-new houses that were made when owners bought a new home and tore it down to build a much larger home

Called McMansions because of their super size and similar look

Urban Sprawl & New Urbanism Urban Sprawl-when

urban areas experience unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land with little concern for urban planning

New Urbanism-development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walk able neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs

Urban Sprawl Cities

Gated Communities

Gated Communities-fenced-in neighborhoods with controlled access gates for people and automobiles

Usually have security cameras and security forces that patrol the community with the objective of creating a space of safety in an uncertain urban world.

What Role do Cities Play in Globalization? World Cities-cities that function at

the global scale, beyond the reach of the state borders, functioning as the service centers of the world economy.

Primate City-the largest and most economically influential city within the state, with the next largest city in the state being much smaller and less influential

World Cities

London, England

New York City, New York

World Cities Cont…

Sydney, AustraliaTokyo, Japan

World Cities Cont…

Singapore, Indonesia

Milan, Italy

Spaces of Consumption

Areas of the city whose main purpose is to encourage people to consume goods and services; driven primarily by the global media industry.

Team Listings for Review Game(Urban Sprawlers) Nya Mike Marissa Kelsey Gabe*

(New Urbanizers) Scott Sierra* Greg Rimma Alex

Josh

*=team leader