CMBYkTI1

eesscckkþþ II eeppþþ IImm

II nn tt rr oo dd uu cc tt ii oo nn 1 KImIviTüa ³ karsikSaBI bERmbRmYl

KImI KWCakarsikSaGMBIrUbFatu nigkarrgnUvbERmbRmYlrbs;va. KImIeKEtgEtehAfa mCÄmNÐlviTüasaRsþBIeRBaHcMeNHdwgmUldæanelIKImI KWmansarsMxan;sMrab;nisSitCIvviTüa rUbviTüa PUKBÖsaRsþ eGkULÚsIu nigmuxviCa¢epSg²eTOtCaeRcIn. EmnehIy vaCamCÄmNÐl sMrab;KnøgCIvitrbs;eyIg. RbsinebIK μanKImICIviténkarrs;enAkan;EtxøIkñúgGVIEdleyIgKYrEt bgðajkñúglkçxNÐdMbUgedayK μan rfynþ GKÁIsnI kMuBüÚT½r sIuDI nigGIV² gayRsYlepSg²eTot. fVIt,itEtKImIKWCaviTüasaRsþburaN EtvaCamUldæanTMenIb)anlatRtdagtaMgBIstvtSTI 19 enAeBlEdlGñkR)aCJa nigbec©kviTüamansmtßPaBnaMmuxGñkviTüasaRsþedIm,IbMEbk sarFatueTACaPaKpSMtUcCag nigCaplvi)akedIm,IBnül;BIlkçN³rUb niglkçN³KImIrbs;eK. karGPivDÆy:ag qab;rh½sénkarekIneLIgénbec©kviTüad¾eCOnelOnkñúgstvtSTI19TaMgmUl)an pþl;[eyIgnUvmeFüa)ayd¾viessvisalsMrab;sikSaBIGVI EdleyIgminGacemIleXIjedayEPñk TeT. kareRbIR)as;kMuBüÚT½r nig mIRkUsáúbeGLicRtugCa]TahrN¾ GñkKImIGacviPaKTMrg;xñat RKwHén GatUm nigm:UelKuleTAelI GVIEdlsikSaGMBIKImIedayEp¥keTAelITMrg;énsarFatufμ IEdlman lkçN³BIess dUcCa ]sf nigkareRbIR)as;plitplRbkbedaykarEfrkSabrisßan. 2 viFIviTüasaRsþ ( The Scientific Method)

RKb;viTüasaRsþ rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgsgÁmsaRsþpgEdr beRmI[EpñkepSg²KñaehAfa" viFIviTüa saRsþ" EdlCaRbBn½§mYyxiteTArkkarRsavRCav. Ca]TahrN¾ citþviTUrKat;cg;dwgGMBIfa etIsMelgCH\T§iBleTAelIlT§PaB rbs;mnusSedIm,IeronKImI ehIyKImIviTUr)ancab;GarmμN¾kñúg karvas;EvgkMedAEdl)anbeBa©j kalNa]s½μn GIuRdUEsneqHkñúgxül;EdlCakarlM)akmYydUcKña eTAniglMnaMeénkaresIubGegátrbs;eK. CMhanTI1RtUvkMNt;[)anc,as;las;BIbBaðaenH. CMhan bnÞab;bgðajtamry³BiesaFn¾eFVIkarGegát[)anc,as;las; nig kt;RtaB’tman b¤ Tinñn½y GMBIRbBn½§ EdlCaEpñkmYyCasaklEdlsßiteRkamkarGegát. (kñúg]TahrnN¾ xagelI RbBn½§KW CaRkummnusS citþviTUrnwgsikSaGMBIl,ay GIuRdUEsnkñúgxül;) .

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Tinñn½yEdlTTYl)anBIkarRsavRCavGacmanlkçN³BIr KWCalkçN³KuNPaB én karGegátGMBIRbBn½§ nigCalkçN³brimaN EdlCacMnYn)anmkedaykarvas;xus²KñaénRbBn½§. CaTUeTAKImIviTUreRbInimitþsBaaØCasþg;da nigsmIkarkñúgkarkt;RtanUvkarvas;nigkarGegát rbs;eK. enHCaTMrg;énkarbgðajminEmnRKan;EtCaPaBgayRsYlelIlMnaMénkarrkSakMNt;Rta b:uEnþ k¾pþl; [eyIgpgEdrnUvmUldæanEdlniymsMrab;karR)aRs½yTak;TgKñaCamYyKImIviTUrepSgeTot.

karGegát karbgðaj karbkRsay

rUbTI1 kMritTaMgbIénkarsikSaKImI nig TMnak;TMngrbs;eK. Tak;TgeTAnigkarGegátRBwtþikarN¾kñúg BiPBmIRkUsáúbGatUmnig m:UelKulCabnSMénBiPBmIRkUsáúb. karbgðajxøI²EbbviTüasaRsþsMrab;BiB’Nna BiesaFn¾CatMNag nig smIkarKImI. KImIviTUreRbIcMeNHdwgrbs;eKelIGatUm nig m:UelKuledIm,IBnül; Gegát)atuPUt.

a b. rUbTI2 karEjksrésEdkBIl,ayes μ Isac;. dUcKñabec©keTs)aneRbIeTAelImaRtdæanFM edIm,IEjkEdk nigEdkEfbBI vtßúminEmnm:aejTic dUcCa GaluymIjÚm Ekv nig )øasÞIk.

enAeBlBiesaFn¾)ancb;sBVRKb;nig Tinñn½y)ankt;Rta CMhanbnÞab;kñúgviFIviTüasaRsþ KWkarbkRsayxøwmsar Edl)anmkBIkarRbwgERbgrbs;GñkviTüasaRsþ edIm,IBnül;BI)atuPUt Edl)an Gegát.Ep¥keTAelITinñn½y EdleyIgRbmUl)anGñkRsavRCavrUbmnþKWCa sm μtikm μ Cakarsakl,g edIm,IeFVIkarBnül;sMrab;dak;ecjnUvkarGegát. BiesaFn¾eRcIneTotbegáIteLIg edIm,IeFVIetsþeTAelI suBlPaBrbs;smμtikm μkñúgrebobCaeRcInRbsinebI GaceFVIeTA)an ehIylMnaMenHcab;epþImmþgeTot. rUb 1 segçbBIdMNak;kalsMxan;²rbs;lMnaMénkarRsavRCav.

bnÞab;BIbrimaNTinñn½yd¾eRcIn)anRbmUl enHKWeKEtgEtcg;)anedIm,IsegçbBIB’tmankñúg viFIlMGitEdlCac,ab;. kñúgviTüasaRsþc,ab;KWCakareFVIkMNt;ehtusegçb b¤ karR)ab;d¾Cak;lak; énTMnak;TMngrvag)atuPUtEdlEtgEtdUcKñaeTAnwgeRkamlkçxNçdUcKña. ]TahrN¾ c,ab;TIBIr Sir Isaac Newton's énclnaEdlGñkGaccgcaMBI viTüal½yelImuxviC¢aviTüasaRsþeBalfakMlaMges μ I

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CMBYkTI1

eTAnwgm:as;KuNnigel,On (F = ma). etIc,ab;enHmann½yy:agdUemþc ? KWbegáInm:as b¤ el,On énvtßúenaHkMlaMgrbs;nwgekIneLIgsmamaRtnigva ehIyebIm:as b¤el,On)anbnßyenaHkMlaMgk¾ fycuHEdr.

sm μtikm μEdlEdlenAEtrkSasMrab;kareFVIetsþBiesaFn¾CaeRcIn énsuBlPaBrbs;eKGac Tak;TgeTAkñúgRTwsþI. RTwsþIiKWCakarbBa©ÚlKñaéneKalkarN¾EdlBnül;BIeRKagénkarBit b¤ c,ab; TaMgenHEdlEp¥keTAelIva. RTwsþIk¾CaetsþEdl)aneFVIedayminmankarERbRbYl. RbsinebIRTwsþI enHminRtwmRtUvtamBiesaFn¾bnÞab;mkRtUv)aneKecalva b¤ EkERbeFVIdUecñHvakøayCaminERbRbYl CamYyBiesaFn¾Gegát. GMNHGMNag b¤ KμanGMNHGMNaneTAelIRTwsþIGaccMNayeBleRcIn qñaMrhUtdl;stvtSkñúgEpñkxøH edaysarEtRtUvkarbec©kviTüaminGaceCosput. RTwsþIGatUmEdl nwgsikSakñúg CMBUkTI2KWCacMnucsMxan;. vacMnayeBleRcInCag 2000qñaMedIm,IeFVIkic©karenHeday Ep¥kelIeKalkarN¾CamUldæanénKImIEdl)andak;esñIeLIgeday Democritus EdlCaTsSn³ viTUr buraN CnCatiRkic. viTüasaRsþkMrmankarrIkcMerInRbsinebICayUryarmkehIy )anbegáIteLIgkñúgPaBRbTak; RkLaKñatam KMrUBICMhanmYyeTACMhanmYyeTot. CYnkalc,ab;manmunRTwsþI b¤ RTWsþImanmunc,ab;. GñkviTüsaRsþBIrrUbGaccab;epþImkargarelIKMeragmYyCamYysuRkitPaBdUcKñaeTAnigvtßúbMNg b:uEnþ nwgbBa©b;karcUlrYmPaBxusKñay:agxøaMgkøaxitCit. GñkviTüasaRsþKW bnÞab;BIRKb;karrs;enArbs; mnusS nigKMrUrbs;eKénkarKitnigkargar nwg)anCH\Ti§BledayBgSavta karBMbak;bMb:n nig buKÁliklkçN³rbs;BYkeK . karGPivDÆénviTüasaRsþmanlkçN³eTogTat; nig CYnkalminsmehtusmpl. karrkeXIjd¾Gs©arü KWCanic©kalCalT§plénkarsnSMpþl;[ nig bTBiesaFn¾rbs;kmμkrCaeRcIn eTaHbICaTMnukcitþsMrab;karbegáInel,OnRTwsþI b¤ c,ab;KWEtgEtpþl;[cMeBaHbuKÁlEtmYyKt;. Emn ehIymanFatuEtmYyKt;EdlmansMNag)anTak;TgkñúgrbkKMehIjviTüasaRsþ b:uEnþeK)aneBal fa "Chance favors the prepared mind” 1 vacUlrYm y:agRbugRbytñ½ nig bNþúHbNþal buKÁlenaH[)anl¥sMrab;TTYlsÁal;sar³sMxan;énrbkKMehIj EdlGacekIteLIg nigedIm,IcUlrYm eBareBjedayGtßRbeyaCn¾rbs;va. karenHEtgEtekItmaneLIg kareronCasaFarN³EtmYy Kt;rbs;viTüasaRsþd¾Gs©arübMEbkTaMgRsug. RKb;erOgr:ayEdlTTYl)aneCaKC½yy:agNa

1 manny½fa GñkmancMeNHdwgGacsÁal;BIsarRbeyaCn¾EnlT§plcEmøkedlKat;)anCYbedayécdnü.

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k¾edaymankrNIrab;ry EdlGñkviTüasaRsþ)ancMNayeBlyUrGEgVgsMrab;kargarelIKMerag EdlTIbMputnaMeTArkesckþIsøab;enATIbMput ehIyEdlsñaédviC¢man)anmkbnÞab;BImankarxusqøg vijehIy enACabeNþIr²EdleKmincg;dwgnUvGVIEdlfμ I. minTan;manGVIpøas;bþÚrnUvTIbBa©b;énkarpþl; [nUvGVI²edIm,IbnþnUvkarlUtlas;éncMeNHdwgTaMgmUlGMBI lkçN³rUbCasaklenHCakarcUlcitþ RsavRCavEdlrkSaGñkviTüasaRsþCaeRcIn kñúgTIBiesaFn¾. 3 cMNat;fñak;énrUbFatu (Classification of Matter)

eyIg[niymn½yKImIenAeBlcab;epþImkñúgCMBUkenHfaCakarsikSaBIrUbFatunigkarrgnUvbERmbRmYlrbs;va. rUbFatu KWGVI²TaMgGs;EdltaMgTIkñúglMh nigmanm:as. rUbFaturab;bBa©Úl TaMgGVI² EdleyIgeXIjnigb:H)an (dUcCa Twk dI nig rukçCati) k¾dUcCaGVI²EdleyIgminGacemIl eXIj (dUcCaxül;) . dUecñHvtßúGVI²kñúgsalkTak;TgeTAnig " karP¢ab;eTAeTAnigsarFatuKImI ". KImIviTUsMKal;cMeNamRbePTbnÞab;mYycMnYnénrUbFatuedaysMGagelIPaKpSMniglkçN³. cMNat;fñak; énrUbFatumansarFatul,ayFatu nigsmasFatumanTaMgGatUm nigm:UelKulpgEdr EdlnigBIPakSaenACMBUk bnÞab;. sarFatu nig l,ay ( Substances and Mixtures)

sarFatuKWCasNæanmYyénrUbFatuEdlmanTItaMgkMNt;nigmanlkçN³xus²Kña. ]TahrN¾ dUcCa Twk Gam:Ujak; sárs (s‘uyRkUs) mas nig GuksIuEsn . sarFatuxusKñaBIPaKpSMrbs;va nigGacRtUv)ankMNt;eday Gakar³xageRkA dUcCa køin rsCati nig lkçN³epSg²eTot. l,ay CakarcUlpSMénsarFatuBIr b¤eRcInEdlsarFatuenaH EtrkSaPaBdUcKñac,as;las; rbs;eK. ]TahrN¾ lkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKñamYycMnYndUcCa xül; ePsC¢³ TwkedaHeKa nig sIum:gd¾. PaKpSMénl,ayminmansßirPaBeT. dUecñHPaKsMNakénxül;EdlRbmUl)ankñúgTIRkug xus²KñaKYrEtmanlkçN³xus²KñakñúgPaK pSM BIeRBaHva)anmkBIRbPBbMBulxus²Kña>>>.l. l,ayGacCa l,ayes μ Isac; nig l,aymines μ Isac;. enAeBlsármYysøabRBaeBj rlaykñúgTwkeyIgTTYl)anl,ayes μ Isac; EdlkñúgenaHsmasPaBénl,ayKWdUcKñaTaMgRsug. ebIxSac;)anlayCamYyGacmn¾Edk enaHRKab;xSac;nigkMeTcEdkRtUv)anEjkdac;ecjBIKña rUbTI2. dUecñHl,ayRbePTenHehAfa l,aymines μ Isac; eRBaHsmasPaBmindUcKñaTaMgRsug. l,ayepSgeTotfa etICal,ayes μ Isac; b¤ minesμ Isac;GacRtUv)anbegáIteLIg ehIy bnÞab;mkRtUv)an EjkedayviFIrUbeTAkñúgPaKpSMsuT§edayminmankarpøas;bþÚrlkçN³edIménPaK

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CMBYkTI1

pSM. dUecñHsárGacRtUv)anrkeXIjBIsUluysüúgTwkedaykarkMedAsUluysüúgnigkarrMhYtva [eTaCaPaBs¶Üt. kMNkcMhay nwgpþl;[eyIgRtLb;mkvijnUvPaKpSMénTwk. edIm,IEjk l,ayxSac;-EdkeyIgeRbIemEdk edIm,ITayyksrésEdkecjBIxSac;BIeRBaHxSac;min RtUv)anrbTajedayemEdk (rUb 2b). bnÞab;BIkarEjk PaKpSMénl,aynwgmansmasPaB nig lkçN³dUcKñadUcedleK)ancab;epþIm. Fatu nig smasFatu (Elements and Compounds)

sarFatuGacCaFatu b¤smasFatuTaMgLay. FatuCasarFatuEdlminGacEjkeTACa sarFatugayCagedayviFIKImI. rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enHFatu 112 RtUv)ansÁal;CaviC¢man. manFatucMnYn 83 rkeXIjBIFm μCatielIEpndI. cMENkFatuEdlenAsl;RtUv)anbegáIteLIg edayGñkviTüasaRsþtamlMnaMnuyekøEG‘r EdlCavtßúbMNg énkarsikSaenACMBUkbnÞab;.

edIm,ImanPaBgayRsYl GñkKImIeRbInimitþsBaaØénGkSr mYy BIr b¤ bIedIm,IdMNag[Fatu. GkSrTI1énnimitþsBaaØCanic©kalCaGkSrFM b:uEnþminRKb;krNITaMgGs;eT. ]TahrN¾ Co Canimitþ sBaaØrbs;FatukU)al; cMENkÉ CO CarUbmnþm:UelKulrbs;kabUnm:UNUGuksIut. tarag 1 bgðajBI eQ μaHnignimitþsBaaØénFatumYycMnYnEdleRcInCYbRbTH. nimitþsBaaØénFatumYycMnYn)anmkBI eQ μaHLataMgrbs;eK ]TahrN¾ Au mkBI aurum (mas) Fe mkBI ferrum (Edk) nig Na mkBI natrium (sUdüÚm) enAeBlEdlFatuPaKeRcIn)anmkBIeQμaHPasaGg;eKøs. ]bsm<n½§ 1

pþl;[nUveQ μaHedImnigtaragénGñkrkeXIjénFatuCaeRcIn. FatuCaeRcInGacmanGMeBICamYyFatumYyb¤eRcInepSgeToteTACasmasFatu. ]TahrN¾ ]sμ ½nGIuRdUEsneqHkñúgGuksIuEsn[plCaTwkEdlmanlkçN³xusBIvtßúFatuedIm Edlcab;epþIm. Twk)anbegáIteLIgBI BIr Epñk GIuRdUEsn nig mYyEpñkGuksIuEsn. smasFatuenHminman karERbRbYleT minKitdl;faTwk)anmkBIk,alr:Ub‘ÍenkñúgshrdæGaemrikbwgenAkñúg Outer

Mongolia b¤ kMBUlTwkkkenApáayRBHGgÁar¾ (Mars). dUecñHTWkKWCasmasFatu EdlbMEbkén GatUménFatuKImIBIr b¤ eRcIn)ancUlrYmKñakñúgsmamaRtkMNt;. mindUcl,ay smasFatuGac RtUv)anEjkedaymeFüa)ayKImIEtmYyKt;eTACaPaKpSMsuT§rbs;eK.

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tarag 1 FatumYycMnYnEdlniym nig nimitþsBaaØrbs;va eQμaH nimitþsBaaØ eQ μaH nimitþsBaaØ eQ μaH nimitþsBaaØ GaluymIjÚm Al PøúyGrY F GuksIuEsn O Gaesnic As mas Au pUsV½r P )ar:üÚm Ba GIuRdUEsn H )aøTIn Pt b‘Ísμuút Bi GIuy:Ut I b:UtasüÚm K

RbUm Br Edk Fe sIulIsüÚm Si

kal;süÚm Ca sMN Pb R)ak; Ag

kabUn C m:aejsüÚm Mg sUdüÚm Na

kør Cl m:g;kaENs Mn s<an;F½r S

RkUm Cr )ar:t Hg sMN)ahaMg Sn

kU)al; Co nIEkl Ni tg;Esþn W

Tg;Edg Cu GasUt N sgá½sI Zn

rUb3³ cMNat;fñak;énrUbFatu ( Classification of Matter)

rUbFatu

l,ay

l,aymines μ Isac;l,ayes μ Isac;

sarFatusuT§

smasFatu Fatu

karEjkedayviFIrUb

karEjkedayviFIKII

4 PaBTaMgbIénrUbFatu ( The Three States of Matter)

RKb;sarFatu Gacy:agehacNas;tameKalkarN¾ GacmankñúgPaBTaMgbI³ rwg rav nig ]sμ½n. dUcbgðaj kñúgrUb6 ]sμ ½nxusBIGgÁFaturwg nig rav kñúgcMgayrvagm:UelKulmYyeTA m:UelKulmYyeTot. kñúgGgÁFaturwgm:UelKulcgsm<½n§y:agCitKñabMputkñúglMdab;lMedayCamYy clnaedayesrItictYc. m:UelKulGgÁFaturavcgsm<½n§CitKña b:uEnþminsUvrwgmaMtamTItaMgnwgGac

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pøas;TIBImYyeTAmYyeTot. krNI]sμ½nm:UelKul)anEjkdac;BIKñaedaycMgaymYyEdlFMebIeRbob eFobnigTMhMénm:UelKulrbs;va.

sNæanTaMgbIénrUbFatuGacpøas;bþÚr)an edayK μankarERbRbYlsmasPaBén sarFatu. GaRs½yelIkarkMedAGgÁFaturwg (]TahrN¾ Twkkk) nwgrlayeTACasNæan GgÁFatu rav (Twk). (sItuNðPaBEdlEdlPaBqøgekIteLIgehAfa cMnucrMBuH). ebIbnþkarkMedAenaHGgÁFatu ravnwgbMElgeTACa]sμ ½n. (karbMElgcUlrYm enAcMnucrMBuHénGgÁFaturav) .

mü:ageTot kareFVI[RtCak;én]sμ ½nnigbgávaeTACakMnkeTACaGgÁFaturav. kalNa GgÁFaturavTuk[RtCak;vanwgkkeTACasNæanGgÁFaturwg (rUb 4) .

rUbTI4³ GgÁFaturwg rav nig ]s μ ½n emIltammIRkUsáúb

5 lkçN³rUb nig lkçN³KImIénrUbFatu (Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter)

rUbFatuGacsMKal;)anedaylkçN³nigPaKpSMrbs;eK. B’N cMnucrlay nig cMnucrMBuH KWCalkçN³rUb. lkçN³rUb Gacvas;nigGegát)anedayK μankarERbRbYlsmasPaB b¤PaBdUcKña énsarFatu. ]TahrN¾ eyIgGacvas;cMnucrMBuHénTwkkkedaykarkMedAdMuTwkkkrYckt;Rta sItuNðPaBenAeBlEdlTwkkkkøayeTACaTwk. TwkxusBITwkkkRtWmEtGakar³xageRkA minEmn smasPaBdUecñHenHCabERmbRmYlrUb. eyIgGaceFVI[Twk[kkedIm,Irk[eXIjnUvPaBedImén Twkkk. dUecñHcMnucrlayénsarFatuKWCalkçN³rUb. Rbhak;RbEhlKñaEdrkalNaeyIg niyayGMBI]sμ ½neGlüÚmKWRsalCagxül; enHKWsMedAeTAelIlkçN³rUb.

müa:geTotkarR)ab;fa "cMehHGIuRdUEsnkñúgGuksIuEsn[plCaTwk" Bnül;BI lkçN³KImI énGIuRdUEsnBIeRBaHkúñgkrNIcMehHenHtamkarGegátCaTUeTAénlkçN³enH eyIgRtUvEtnaMmknUv bNþÚrKImI. bnÞab;BIkarERbRbYlsarFatuKImIedImCa]s½ μnGIuRdUEsnnwg)at;bg; nwgsarFatuEdlenA sl;KWCasaFatuKImIxusKñaKWTwk. eyIgminGacrkeXIjGIuRdUEsnBIkñúgTwktamviFIbNþÚrrUbdUcCa cMnucrMBuH b¤ kMNk.

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ral;eBlEdleyIges¶ars‘uteyIgnaMmknUvbNþÚrKImI. enAeBlEdlvtßúenHRtUv kMedA RbmaN 100oC CatielOgéns‘ut nig s‘utsrgnUvbERmbRmYlEdlxusKñaminRtwmEtGakar³ rUbxageRkAb:ueNþaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMglkçN³KImI)anbegáIteLIgpgEdr. enAeBl)anbriePaKs‘ut KW vaERbRbYlCafμ I edaysarFatuenHenAkñúgsarBagÁkayrbs;eyIgehAfa "Gg;sIum" enHCa skmμPaB rMlayGaharKWCa]TahrN¾epSgeToténbNþÚrKImI. etImanGVIekIteLIgkMLúg eBl eBlrMlayGaharvaGaRs½yelIlkçN³KImITaMg Gg;sIum nig Gahar. RKb;lkçN³EdlGacvas;)anénrUbFatuFøak;eTAkñúgRbePTbEnßmmYy b¤ BIr³lkçN³ GaMgtg;sIuv nig lkçN³Giuctg;sIuv . tMélvas;)anKWCalkçN³Giuctg;sIuv GaRs½yeTAelIfa etImanm:asrUbFatub:un μan. ]TahrN¾ ma:s EdlCabrimaNrUbFatu KWCalkçN³Giuctg;sIuv. rUbFatueRcInmann½yfamanm:aseRcIn. tMélénlkçN³Giuctg;sIuvdUcKñaGacRtUv)anbEnßm KñaeTAvijeTAmk. ]TahrN¾ kak;eFVIBITg;EdgBIr nigbBa©Úlm:asKñaEdlCaplbUkm:as rbs;kak;nImYy² ehIyRbEvgénkak;TaMg BIrKWCaRbEvgénkarbUkRbEvgénkak;nImYy². maD kMNt;)andUcCaRbEvgKUbenHCalkçN³Giuctg;sIuvepSgeTot. tMélénbrimaNGiuctg;sIuv GaRs½yelIbrimaNénrUbFatu . tMélvas;)anénlkçN³GaMgtg;sIuvminGaRs½yelIfa etImanrUbFatub:un μan)anbgðaj. dg;sIuet kMNt;fa Cam:asénvtßúEck[maDrbs;vaenHKWCalkçN³GaMgtg;sIuv. ebIeyIgbBa©ÚlKña edIm,IbegáItbrimaNmYyénrUbFatuenAkñúgEkvEb‘rEsrFMCagsItuNðPaBénbrimaNeRcInCagén Twk nigmanlkçN³dUcKñanigEkvEb‘rEsrBIrEdl)anEjkecjBIKña. mindUc m:as RbEvg nig maD sItuNðPaB k¾CalkçN³GaMgtg;sIuv min)anbEnßm.

cMehHGIuRdUEsnkñúgxül;[plCaTwk 6 rgVas;rgVal; (Measurement)

rgVas;rgVal;GñkKImIniymeRbIkñúgkarKNnaedIm,ITTYl)anTMnak;TMngbrimaNxus²Kña. ]bkrN¾xusKñaGac[eyIgvas;lkçN³énsarFatudUcteTA³ Em:RtbnÞat;vas;RbEvg b¤ Rkit b‘uyEr:t BIEb:t sIuLaMgRkit nig Ekv vas;maD sMrab;vas;maD (rUb5) CBa¢Igføwgm:as ETm:UEm:Rtvas;sItuNðPaB. ]bkrN¾TaMgenHpþl;[rgVas; énlkçN³m:aRkUsáúb (Macroscopic

1-8

CMBYkTI1

properties) EdlRtUv)ankMNt;edaypÞal;. lkçN³mIRkUsáúbenAelImaRtdæanGatUm b¤ m:UelKul RtUvEt)ankMNt;edayviFIminpÞal; EdleyIgnwgeXIjkñúgCMBUkbnÞab;. brimaNvas;)anEtgEtRtUv)ansresrCacMnYnCamYyxñatsmrmü. edIm,Iniyayfa cMgayrvag New York eTA San Francisco edayrfynþmancMgaypøÚv 5166 KWKμanGtßn½y. eyIgRtUvbBaa¢k;[c,as;cMgayKW5166 KILÚEm:Rt. dUcKñaeRbIkñúgKImI xñatKWmansar³sMxan;Nas; edIm,Ivas;[)anRtwmRtUv.

rUbTI5 b‘uyEr:t BIEb:t sIuLaMgRkit Ekvvas;maD

tarag 2 RbBn½§xñatGnþrCatiCamUldæan ( SI Base Units)

brimaNCamUldæan (Base quantity)

eQμaHxñat (Name Unit)

nimitþsBaa Ø (Symbol)

RbEvg Em:Rt m

m:as KILÚRkam Kg

ry³eBl vinaTI s

crnþGKÁIsnI GMEB A

sItuNðPaB Eklvin K

brimaNénsarFatu m:Ul mol

RbBn½§xñat SI

CaeRcInqñaMmkehIyGñkviTüasaRsþ)ankt;RtargVas;rgVal;CaxñatrgVas;rgVal; EdlTak;Tg eTAnigcMnYnTsPaK KWCasV½yKuNén 10. kñúgqñaM 1960 mhasnñi)atsþIBITm¶n; nigrgVas;GaCJaFr

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esckþIepþIm

GnþrCatielIÉkta (Units))andak;esñIeLIg[pøas;bþÚrRbBn½§rgVas;rgVal;ehAfa RbBn§½GnþrCati SI

énÉktasresrkat; SI mkBIPasa)araMg Système Internationale d'Units. tarag 2 bgðajBI RbBn½§xñatGnþrCatiCamUldæanTaMg 7 enH. cMENkxñatepSgeTot)anmkBIxñatCamUldæanTaMgenH. dUcCaxñatRbEvg Ékta SI KWsMKal;kñúgrebobTsPaK edayes‘rIbuBVbTdUcbgðajkñúgtarag 3 . eyIgnwgeRbIxñatrgVas; nig xñat SI kñúgÉksarenH.

tarag 3 buBVbT)aneRbICamYyRbBn½§xñatGnþrCati (SI)

buBVbT nimitþsBaaØ Gtßn½y ]TahrN¾ etRta T 1.000.000.000.000 b¤ 1012 1etRtaEm:Rt (Tm) = 1 x 1012m RhÁIRhÁa G 1.000.000.000 b¤ 109 1RhÁIRhÁaEm:Rt(Gm) = 1 x 109m emRhÁa M 1.000.000 b¤ 106 1emRhÁaEm:Rt (Mm) = 1 x 106m KILÚ k 1.000 b¤ 103 1KILÚEm:Rt (km) = 1 x 103m edsIu d

101 b¤ 10-1 1edsIuEm:Rt (dm) = 0,1m

sg;TI c 100

1 b¤ 10-2 1 sg;TIEm:Rt (cm) = 0,01m

mIløI m 1000

1 b¤ 10-3 1mIløIEm:Rt (mm) = 0,001m

mIRkU μ 000,000,1

1 b¤ 10-6 1 mIRkUEm:Rt(μ m) = 1x10-6m

NaNU n 000,000,000,1

1 b¤ 10-9 1 NaNUEm:Rt (nm) =1x10-9m

BIkU p 000,000,000,000,1

1 b¤ 10-12 1BIkUEm:Rt(pm) =1x10-12m

rgVas;rgVal;EdleyIgeRbIjwkjab;kñúgkarsikSaKImIrYmman ry³eBl m:as maD dg;sIuet nig sItuNðPaB.

m:as nig Tm¶n; (Mass and Weigth)

Bakü " m:as " nig "Tm¶n; " KW)aneRbIjwkjab;kñúgPaBEdlGacpøas;bþÚr)an eTaHbICa karniyayedaym:dæct;k¾edayKWmancMnYnxus²Kña. dUecñH m:asKWCargVas;énbrimaNrUbFatukñúgvtßú Tm¶n; Cabec©keTskñúgkarniyay KWCakMlaMgEdlTMnajEpndITajeTAelIvtßú. Epøe):amEdl Føak;BIelIedImKWCaTMnajcuHeRkamedayTMnajEpndI. m:asénEpøe)a:mKWminERbRbYl ehIymin GaRs½yeTAelITItaMgb:uEnþvamanTm¶n;rbs;va. ]TahrN¾ enAelIépÞénRBHcn½ÞEpøe)a:mKYrEtman

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CMBYkTI1

Tm¶n;RtwmEt 61 énm:asrbs;vaenAelIEpndIBIeRBaHTMnajRBHcn½ÞKWmanEt

61 énEpndI. TMnaj

RBHcn½tUcCaglT§PaByanGavkasehaHedayesrIRbesIrCagelIépÞrbs;va fVIebIPaBsMBIg sMeBag nig ]bkrN¾vak¾eday. KImIviTUrcab;Garm μN¾CabzmeTAelIm:as EdlGackMNt;)an CaeRscCamYynigCBa¢Ig rebobvas;m:asmanPaBcMELk KW ehAfakarføwg. mUldæanxñat SI énm:asKWKILÚRkam (kg) b:uEnþkñúgKImIRkamKWtUcCagehIymanlkçN³ gayCag ³ 1kg = 1000g = 1 x g 310

Gg;RsþÚNUsenAelIépÞRBHcn½Þ maD (Volume)

xñat SI énRbEvgKWEm:Rt (m) nigxñat SI sMrab; maDKWEm:RtKUb(m3). CaTUeTAKImIviTUreFVIkarCamYynig maDtUcCagKWsg;TIEm:RtKUb (cm3) nigedsIuEm:RtKUb (dm3) . 1cm3 = (1 x 10-2m)3 = 1 x 10-6m3

1dm3 = (1 x 10-1m)3 = 1 x 10-3m3

xñatmaDEdleKniymeRbIepSgeTotKWlIRt (L). lIRtKWCamaDtaMgTIedaymYyedsIuEm:Rt KUb. maDmYy lIRtesμ Inig 1000 mIløIlIRt (mL) b¤ 1000cm3 . 1L = 1000mL = 1000cm3

= 1dm3

nig 1mL = 1cm3 rU

b6 eRbobeFobTMnak;TMngénmaDBIr1mL nig 1000mL

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esckþIepþIm

dg;sIuet (Density)

smIkarsMrab;dg;sIuetKW ³ dg;sIuet = m:as /maD b¤ d = vm

d, m nig v tag[ dg;sIuet m:as nigmaD erogKña. edaydg;sIuetKWCalkçN³GaMgtg;sIuv nigminGaRs½yelIbrimaNénvtþmanrbs;m:asénrUbFatuEdlpþl;[ EdlsmamaRteTAnigm:as ehIynigmaDEdlCalkçN³efr. kalNa V ekInenaH m k¾ekInEdr. xñat SI éndg;sIuetKW)anmkBIKILÚRkamkñúgmYyEm:RtKUb (kg/m3). xñatenHKWmantMél FMNas;sMrab;karGnuvtþkñúgKImI. dUecñH RkamkñúgmYysg;TIEm:RtKUb (g/cm3) KWsmmUlnigva RkamkñúgmYymIløIlIRt(g/mL) KWeK nimyeRbIsMrab;dg;sIuetGgÁFaturwg nig rav. edaydg;sIuet én]s μ ½nTabNas; eyIgbgðajvakñúgxñatCaRkamkñúgmYylIRt(g/L) . 1g/cm3 = 1g /mL = 1000kg/m3

1g /L =0,001g / mL

]TahrN¾xageRkambgðajBIkarKNnadg;sIuet. ]TahrN¾1³masCaelah³mantMélEdlGskm μKImI.eRbICacMbgkñúgGlgáa viC¢aeBTü

eF μjnigeRbIkñúgeRKOgeGLicRtUnic. dMumass¥itCamYynigm:as 301g nigmanmaD 15,6cm3 . KNnadg;sIueténm:as ?

cMelIy³ dg;sIueténelah³masKW³ d =

vm = 36,15

301cmg = 19,3g/cm3

lMhat;Gnuvtþn¾ ³ dMuelah³)aøTInmandg;sIuet 21,6 g/cm3 manmaD 4,49cm3. KNna m:aséndMu elah³)aøTInenH ?

]TahrN¾2³ eGtaNulKWCaGgÁFaturavKμanB’N EdleKniymsÁal;faCaGal;kul FBaØCati mandg;sIuet 0,798g/mL. KNnam:asénGal;kulenH EdlRtUvnigmaD 17,4mL ?

cMelIy³ m:asénGal;kulKWrkeXIjtamry³smIkar d =

vm

m = d x v = 0,798 x g/mL x 17,4mL = 13,8g

lMhat;Gnuvtþn¾³ dg;sIueténGasIuts‘ulpYricEdleRbIkñúgGaKuyKW 1,14g/mL. KNna m:asénmaD 242mL énGgÁFaturavenH ?

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CMBYkTI1

maRtdæansItuNðPaB (Temperature Scales)

maRtdæansItuNðPaBEdlniymeRbImanbI. xñatrbs;eKman oF (GgSahVarinéh) oC

(GgSaes) nig K (Eklvin). maRtdæanhVarinéhKWCamaRtdæan EdleKniymeRbIkñúgshrdæ GaemrikxageRkATIBiesaFn¾kMNt;cMnuckMNknigrMBuHénTwkKW 32oF nig 212oF erogKña. GgSa esEck[karerobrvagcMnuckMNk (0oC) nigcMnucrMBuH (100oC) énTwkeTACa 100oC. dUcbgðaj kñúgtarag 2 EklvinKWCaxñat SI CamUldæanénsItuNðPaB enHCa maRtdæansItuNðPaB dac;xat. edaytMéldac;xatKWsUnüenAelImaRtdæanEklvinsMKal;eday 0K KWCasItuNðPaB TabbMput EdlGacTTYl)antamRTwsþI. mü:agvijeTot 0oF nig 0oC KWEp¥keTAelIlkçN³énkareRCIsyk rbs; sarFatudUcCaTwk. emIlrUbTI7

rUb7 eRbobeFobmaRtdæansItuNðPaBTaMgbI. maRtdæanGgSaes haVrinéh nig Eklvin. sMKallfakarEck 100 b¤ 100 GgSarvagcMNuckMNk nig cMnucrMBuHénTwkelImaRtdæanGgSaes nig karEck180 b¤ 180GgSa rvag sItuNðPaBdUcKñaBIrkMNt;elImaRtdæanhaVrinéh.

TMhMGgSaelImaRtdæanhVarinéhKW 180100 b¤

95 énGgSaes .

edIm,IbMElgGgSahaVrinéheTAGgSaes eyIg)an³ ? oC = (oF − 32oC) x

FC

o

o

95

smIkarTUeTA)aneRbIedIm,IbMElgBIGgSaeseTAGgSahaVrin ³ ? oF =

CF

o

o

59 x (oC) + 32oF

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esckþIepþIm

TaMgmaRtdæanGgSaesnigEklvinsuT§Etmanxñates μ IKña KWmYyGgSaessmmUleTA nigmYy GgSaEklvin. bTBiesaFn¾tamry³karsikSabgðajfa tMéldac;xatsUnüelImaRtdæan Eklvin smmUleTAnig –273,15oC elImaRtdæanGgSaes. dUecñH eyIgeRbIsmIkardUcteTA edIm,IbMElgBI GgSaeseTAGgSaEklvin³

? K = (oC + 273,15oC) CK

o11

eyIgnigeFVIkarEsVgrk RbsinebIkrNIcaM)ac;edIm,IeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrBIGgSaeseTAGgSa haVrinéh b¤ GgSaeseTAGgSaEknvin. ]TahrN¾ 3³ (a) elah³FatuepSg²sMrab;pSaKWCasMelah³Edl)anbegIáteLIgBIsMN)a:haMg nig sMN)an eRbIR)as;kñúgesoKVIGKÁIsnI. elah³FatuepSg²sMrab;pSamancMnucrMlay 224oC . etIcMnucrMlayrbs;vaKitCa GgSahaVrinéhesμ Ib:un μan? (b) eGlüÚmmancMnucrMBuHTabbMputkñúg cMeNamFatuTaMgGs;KW –452oF. cUrbMElgsItuNðPaBenHKitCaGgSaes. (c) )artCaelah³Et mYyKt;EdlsßitkñúgPaBCaGgÁFaturavenAsItuNðPaBbnÞb;rlayenA –38,9oC. bMElgcMnuc rlayenHeTACaEklvin . cMelIy³

(a) bMElgcMnucrlayBIGgSaeseTACaGgSahaVrinéh

CF

o

o

59 x (224oC) + 32oF = 435oF

(b) bMElg sItuNðPaBenHKitCaGgSaes (452oF –32oF) x

FC

o

o

95 = - 269oC

(c) cMnucrlayén)artKitCaEknvinKW ³ (-38,9oC + 273,15oC) x

CK

o11 = 234,3K

lMhat;Gnuvtþn¾³ cUrbMElg (a) 327,5oC (cMnucrlayénsMN) eTAGgSahaVrinéh (b) 172,9oF(cMnucrMBuHrbs;eGtaNul) eTACaGgSaes

(c) 77K (cMnucrMBuHrbs;GasUtrav) eTACaGgSaes

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CMBYkTI1

elah³sMrab;pSaeRbIy:ageRcInkñúgsMNg;esoKVIGKÁIsnI kareRbobeFobmaRtdæansItuNðPaBTaMgbI³ maRtdæanGgSaes haVrinéh nigmaRtdæan dac;xatEklvin. cMNaMfa mankarEcknig 100 b¤ 100GgSarvagcMnuckMNk nigcMnucrMBuHénTwk enAelImaRtdæanGgSaes nig karEck 180 b¤ 180 GgSarvagsItuNðPaBBIrdUcKñakMNt; elImaRtdæanhaVrinéh. 7 kareRbIR)as;elx ( Handling Numbers) mankarsÞabsÞg;GMBIxñat)aneRbIkñúgKImI \LÚvenHeyIgRtLb;emIlBIbec©keTs sMrab; kareRbIR)as;elxEdlTak;TgeTAnigkarvas;³ karkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ nig tMélelx Cak;lak; (significant figures) . karkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ ( Scientific Notation)

KImIviTUrEtgEteRbIelxEdlmantMélFMGenk b¤ tUcGenk. ]TahrN¾ 1g FatuGIuRdUEsn mantél Cites μ IeTAnig ³ 602.200.000.000.000.000.000.000

cMeBaHGatUmGIuRdUEsnGatUmGIuRdUEsnnImYy²manm:asEt ³ 0,0000000000000000000000166g

cMnYnTaMgnHKWCacMnYnEdlBi)aknigeRbIR)as; EdlgaynigRcLMenAeBleRbIvakñúg karKNnaelxnBVnþ. bgðajBIkarKNna³ 0,0000000056 x 0,00000000048 = 0,000000000000000002688

vamanPaBgayRsYlsMrab;eyIgkñúgkarRcLMsUnümYyb¤ bEnßmsUnümYybnÞab;BIek,os. Canic©kalkalNaeyIgeFVIkarCamYynigelxd¾FM b¤elxd¾tUceyIgeRbIRbBn½§mYyehAfa karkMNt; EbbviTüasaRsþ. kareFVsRbEhsénTMhMrbs;eK cMnYnTaMgGs;Gac bgðajCa TMrg; ³ N x 10n

Edl NCacMnYnrvag 1 nig 10 nig n CasV½yKuN EdlCacMnYnKt;viC¢man b¤ GviC¢man (cMnYnsarub). cMnYnepSgeTotbgðajtamrebobenH KWeKniyayfaedIm,IsresrvakñúgkarkMNt EbbviTüasaRsþ.

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esckþIepþIm

]bmafa eyIg[cMnYnBit nigsYredIm,IbgðajtamrebobénkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ. EpñkelIlMhat;enHR)ab;eyIgedIm,IrkcMnYn n. eyIgrab;cMnYnkEnøgEdlxageRkayek,osRtUv)an rMkiledIm,Ipþl;[cMnYn N(cMnYnenHenAcenøaHBI 1 nig 10). ebIek,osRtUv)anrMkileTAxageqVg bnÞab;mk n CacMnYnKt;viC¢man. ebIek,osRtUv)anrMkileTAxagsþaMenaH n CacMnYnKt; GviC¢man. ]TahrN¾xageRkambgðajBIkareRbIR)as;karkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ ³

(a) bgðaj 568,762 tamrebobénkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ³ 568,762 = 5,68762 x 102

(b) bgðaj 0,00000772 tamrebobénkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ³ 0,00000772 = 7,72 x 10-6

rkSaTukkñúgcitþkñúgkrNIBIrdUcCa³ TI1 n = 0

eRbIsMrab;cMnYnEdlmin)anbgðajtamEbbviTüasaRsþ. ]TahrN¾ 74,6 x 100( n=0)smmUleTAnig 74,6. TI2 kñúgkarGnuvtCaTUeTARtUv)anlb;ecal sV½yKuNkalNa n=1. dUecñH tamrebobénkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþsMrab; 74,6 KW 7,46 x 10

minEmn 7,46 x 101 . karbUk nig kardk ( Addition and Subtraction)

edIm,IbUk b¤ dk edayeRbIrebobénkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ TImYyeyIgsresrbrimaN nImYy² N1 nig N2 CamYynigsV½yKuN n . bnÞab;mk bUk N1 nig N2 sV½yKuNenAsl;dUcKña . bgðajtamry³]TahrN¾ xageRkam³ (7,4 x 103) + (2,1 x 103) = 9,5 x 103

(4,31 x 103) + (3,9 x 103) = (4,31 x 103) + (0,39x 104) = 4,70 x 104

(2,22 x 10-2) – (4,10 x 10-3) = (2,22 x 10-2) – (0,41 x 10-2) = 1,81 x 10-2

karKuN nig karEck ( Multiplication and Division)

edIm,IKuNcMnYntamrebobénkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ eyIgKuN N1 nig N2 kñúgrebob dUcKña b:uEnþ bUksV½yKuNCamYyKña. edIm,IEck tamrebobénkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ eyIgEck N1 nig N2 dUcTmøab;nigpl dksV½yKuuN. xageRkamenHCa] TahrN¾bgðajBI kareRbIR)as; Edl)anbegáIteLIg³ (8,0 x 104) x (5,0 x 102) = (8,0 x 5,0) ( 10 ) = 40 x 1024+ 6

= 4,0 x 107

(4,0 x 10-5) x ( 7,0 x 103) = (4,0 x 7,0)(10 ) 35+−

= 28 x 10-2

= 2,8 x 10-1

1-16

CMBYkTI1

5

7

100,3109,6

−xx =

0,39,6 x 10 = 2,3 x 10)5(7 −− 12

9

4

100,5105,8

xx =

0,55,8 x 10 = 1,7 x 1094− -5

rUb8 CBa©IgviPaKfasmYy tMélelxCak;lak; ( Significant Figures)

krNIelIkElgkalNaRKb;cMnYn)anTak;TgnigsV½yKuN (]TahrN¾ kñúgkarrab; cMnYnnisSitkñúgfñak;) krNIenHminGacmanedIm,I)antMélCak;lak;énbrimaNeRkamkarGegát. cMeBaHkrNIenH vamansar³sMxan;Nas; edIm,IbgðajkartMrwmkMritel¥ogenAkñúgkarvas;eday karbgðajy:agc,as;BIcMnYn tMélelxCak;lak; EdlCaxÞg;mann½ykñúgkarvas;)an b¤ brimaN)anKNna. ]TahrN¾ eyIgKYrEtvas;maDénbrimaN)an[rbs;GgÁFaturavedayeRbI sIuLaMgRkitCamYymaRtdæan)an[minCak;lak; 1mL kñúgkarvas;. ebImaDrkeXIjKW 6mL

bnÞab;mkmaDBit R)akdteRmobBI 5mL eTA 7mL. eyIgtagmaDénGgÁFaturaveday (6±1)mL . kñúgkrNIenH mantMélelxCak;lak;EtmYyKt; (xÞg;TI 6) EdlCacMnYnminCak;lak;GacbEnßm b¤ dk 1mL. sMrab;tMélCak;lak;FMCageyIg nigeRbIsIuLaMgRkitEdlmankarEcktUcCag dUecñH KWmaDEdleyIgvas;KW\LÚvenHminCak;lak;RtwmEt 0,1mL. ebImaDénGgÁFaturav)anrkeXIj GacCa 6,0mL dUecñHeyIgGacbgðajbrimaNenHeday (6,0±0,1) ehIytMélCak;lak;KWsßitenA cenøaHrvag 5,9mL nig 6,1mL. eyIgGaceFVI[RbesIreLIgeTAelI]bkrN¾rgVas; nig TTYyl)antMélCak;lak;Cag b:uEnþkñúgRKb;krNIxÞg;xageRkayKWCaTUeTAminCak;lak;brimaN énPaBminCak;lak;enH GaRs½yeTAelI]bkrN¾rgVas;edayEpñkEdleyIgeRbI.

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rUb 8 bgðajBICBa©IgTMenIb. CBa©IgEbbenHKWGaceRbIR)as;kñúgTIBiesaFn¾KImITUeTA CaeRcIneKeRbIsMrab;m:asvas;énvtßúrhUtdl;xageRkayek,osbYnxÞg;. dUecñHRbePTm:asEdl vas;)annwgmantMélelxCak;lak;bYn (]TahrN¾ 0,8642g) b¤ eRcInCag (]TahrN¾ 3,9745g ) . rkSakartamdancMnYnelxCak;lak;kñúgkarvas;dUcCakarKNnaEdlTak;TgeTAnigTinñn½y nwgCH \T§iBleTAelIPaBCak;lak;énkarvas;. eKalkarN¾skmμPaBedaypÞal;sMrab;kareRbIR)as;tMélelxCak;lak; (Guidelines for Using Significant Figures)

Canic©kal eyIgeFVIkarEbbviTüasaRsþy:agRbugRbytñ½edIm,IsresrcMnYn smrmüén tMélelxCak;lak;. CaTUeTAvamanlkçN³gayRsYlbgÁÜredIm,IkMNt;fa etImantMélelxCak; b:unμanCacMnYn)anRbtibtþitam c,ab; ³

ral;xÞg;minEmnCaelxsUnüKWsMxan;. dUecñH 845cm mantMélelxCak;lak;bIxÞg; cMENk 1,234kg mantMélelxCak;lak;bYnxÞg; >>> .l.

xÞg;sUnürvagxÞg;minsUnüKWsMxan;Nas;. dUecñH 696m mantMélelxCak; lak;bIxÞg; 40.501kg mantMélelxCak;lak;R)aMxÞg; >>>>.l.

elxsUnüenAxageqVgénxÞg;minsUnüTImYyKWminsMxan;. eKalbMNgrbs;eKKWedIm,I bgðajBIkarCMnYscMNucek,os. ]TahrN¾ 0,08L mantMélelxCak;lak;mYy 0,0000348g mantMélelxCak;lak;bI nig >>>.l.

ebIcMnYnFMCagmYy bnÞab;mkRKb;elxsUnü)ansresreTAxagsþaMcMNuc ek,osrab;Ca tMélelxCak;lak;. dUecñH 2,0g mantMélelxCak;lak;BIr 40,062mL mantMél elxCak;lak;R)aMnig 3,040dm mantMélelxCak; lak;bYn. ebIcMnYnticCagmYy bnÞab;mkmanEtelxsUnüenAcugbBa©b; éncMnYnnigelxsUnü EdlsßitenArvagxÞg;min sUnüKWsMxan;. dUecñHmann½yfa 0,090kg mantMélelxCak;lak;BIr 0,3005L

mantMélelxCak;lak;bYn 0,00420min mantMélelxCak;lak;bI>>>>.l.

sMrab;cMnYnEdlminmanek,osxageRkayelxsUnü (KWfaelxsUnüenAbnÞab;elxxÞg; minsUnübMput) Gac b¤ minGacsMxan;. dUecñH 400cm GacmantMélelxCak;lak; EtmYy (xÞg;TI4) tMélelxCak;lak;BIr (40) b¤ tMélelxCak;lak;bI(400). eyIg minGacsÁal;NamYyRtwmRtUveday KμanB’tman. edakareRbIR)as;karkMNt;Ebb viTüasaRsþGaRs½yehtuenH eyIgeCosvagPaBminc,as;las;enH. kñúgkrNIeday

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CMBYkTI1

ELkenHeyIgGacbgðajcMnYn 400 eTACa 4x102 sMrab;tMélelxCak;lak;mYy 4,0 x

102 sMrab;tMélelxCak;lak; BIr b¤ 4,00 x 102 sMrab;tMélelxCak;lak;bI .

xageRkamenHCa]TahrN¾bgðajBIkarkMNt;tMélelxCak;lak;³ ]TahrN¾ 4 ³ kMNt;cMnYntMélelxCak;lak;sMrab;karvas;dUcteTA³ (a) 478cm (b) 6,01g (c) 0.825m (d) 0,043kg (e) 1,310x 1022 (f) 7000mL

cMelIy³ (a) mantMélelxCak;lak;bI (b) mantMélelxCak;lak;bI (c) mantMélelxCak;lak;bI (d) mantMélelxCak;lak;BIr (e) mantMélelxCak;lak;bYn (f) enHCakrNIminc,as;las;. cMnYntMélelxCak;lak;GacmanbYn (7,000x

104) , manbI (7,00x 104) ,manBIr (7,0x 104) b¤ mYy (7x104) . lMhat;Gnuvtþn¾³ kMNt;cMnYnéntMélelxCak;lak;kñúgkarvas;dUcteTA³

(a) 24mL ; (b) 3001g ; (c) 0,0320m3 ; (d) 6,4 x 104 m:Ul ; 560kg

dak;ecjnUvc,ab;yfaRbePTTI2 faetIRtUveRbIR)as;karKNnatMélelxCak;lak;y:ag dUemþc?

kñúgkarbUkb¤ dk cMnYnéntMélelxCak;lak;enAxagsþaMek,oskñúgplbUkcugeRkay b¤ xusKñaRtUv)ankMNt;edaycMnYntUcbMputéntMélelxCak;lak;eTAxagsþaMek,oskñúg ral;cMnYnedIm. karbgðajtamry³]TahrN¾ ³

89,332 tMélelxCak;lak;mYybnÞab;BIek,os +1,1 90,432 bgÁt;Rtwm 90,4 2,097

- 0,12 tMélelxCak;lak;mYybnÞab;BIek,os

1,977 bgÁt;Rtwm 1,98

lMnaMénkarbgÁt;mandUcteTA³ edIm,IbgÁt;cMnYnenAcMnucCak;lak;NamYyeyIgeFVI[gay edaylb;ecalxÞg;EdlCab;tamebIxÞg;TI1rbs;vaticCag 5. dUecñH 8,724 bgÁt;eTACa 8,72

ebIeyIgcg;)anEtBIrxÞg;bnÞab;Biek,os. ebIxÞg;TImYyeTAtamek,osénkarbgÁt; KWes μ IeTAnwg

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tMélFMCag 5 eyIgbUkmYyeTAelIxÞg;BImun. dUecñH 8,727 bgÁt;eTACa 8,73 nig 0,425

bgÁt;eTACa 0,43. cMeBaHkarKuN nig karEckcMnYnéntMélelxCak;lak;kñúgplitplcugeRkay b¤ pl EckKWRtUv)ankMNt;edaycMnYnedImEdlmanelxtUcbMputéntMélelx Cak;lak;xag eRkamenHbgðajBIc,ab;enH ³

2,8 x 4,5039 = 12,61092 bgÁt;eTACa 13

04,112

85,6 = 0.0611388789 bgÁt;eTACa 0,0611

rkSaTukkñúgcitþnUvcMnYnBitR)akd)anmkBIniymn½yénvtßúGacRtUv)anbBaa©k;edIm,ITTYl)ancMnYnmin kMNt; éntMélelxCak;lak;. RbsinebIvtßúmanm:as 0,2786g

bnÞab;mkm:asénvtßúTaMgR)aMbIKW ³ 0,2786g x 8 = 2,229g

eyIgminbgÁt;plitplenHeTACatMélelxCak;lak;eT eRBaHelx 8 KW 8,00000... tam niymn½y. Rbhak;RbEhlKñaEdr edIm,ITajrktMélmFüménRbEvgBIrEdl)anvas;KW 6,64cm

nig 6,68cm eyIgGacsresr³

268,664,6 cmcm + = 6,66cm

edaysarelx 2 KW 2,00000... tamniymn½y . xageRkamenHCa]TahrN¾bgðajBI tMélelxCak;lak;)aneRbIkñúgKNitsaRsþ . ]TahrN¾ 5 ³ cUrKNnatMélelxdUcteTA³

(a) 11.254,1g + 0,1983g (b) 66,59L - 3,113L (c) 8,16 m x 5,1355 (d) 0,0154kg ÷ 88,3mL (e) 2,64 x 103 cm + 3,27 x 102 cm

cMelIy³ (a) 11.254,1g + 0,1983g

11.254,2983g bgÁt;eTACa 11.253,3g (b) 66,59L

-3,113L

63,477L bgÁt;eTACa 63,48L

(c) 8,16 m x 5,1355 = 41,90568m bgÁt;eTACa 41,9m

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CMBYkTI1

(d) mL

kg3,88

0154,0 = 0,000174405436kg/mL bgÁt;eTACa

0,000174kg/mL b¤ 1,74x10-4kg/mL

(e) CadMbUgeyIgbþÚr 3,27 x 102cm eTA 0,327 x 103

rYcbnÞab;mkeFVIkarbUk (2,64cm+0,327cm) 103 . Gnuvtþn¾tamlMnaM(a)

eyIgTTYl)ancMelIy 2,97 x 103cm .

lMhat;Gnuvtþn¾³ edayeRbIKNitviTüa cUreqøIytMélelxCak;lak;smrmüdUcteTA³ (a) 26,5862L + 0,17L (b) 9,1g + 4,682g (c) 7,1 x 104dm x 2,2654x102 (d) (7,55 x 104m) – (8,62 x 103m)

lMnaMbgÁt;xagelIGnuvtþn¾eTAelICMhanmYyénkarKNna. kñúgbNþajKNna KWkarKNna Tak;TgeRcInCagmYyCMhaneyIgeRbIlMnaMpøas;bþÚr. karbgðajBIkarKNnatamCMhanTaMgBIrKW ³ CMhanTI1 ³ A x B x C

CMhanTI2 ³ C x D = E

]bmafa A = 3,66 B = 8,45 nig D = 2,11. PaBGaRs½yelI faetIeyIgbgÁt; C

eTACatMélelx Cak;lak;bYn eyIgTTYl)ancMnYnxusKñasMrab; E ³ viFITI1 viFITI2 3,66 x 8,45 = 30,9 3,66 x 8,45 = 30,93 30,9 x 2,11 = 65,2 30,93 x 2,11 = 65,3

dUecñH ebIeyIgeFVIkarKNnadUcCa 3,66 x 8,85 x 2,11 tamm:asIunKitelxedayK μan bgÁt;lT§plGnþrkaleyIgTTYl)an 65,3 dUccMelIyE. CaTUeTAeyIgnigbgðajcMnYnRtwmRtUv éntMélelxCak;lak;kñúgCMhannImYy²énkarKNna. dUecñH kñúgg]TahrN¾xøHmanEtcMelIycug eRkay KW)anbgÁt;eTACacMnYnRtwmRtUvéntMélelxCak;lak;. cMelIyénRKb;GnþrkalKNna nigTTYl)antMélmYyCabEnßm. PaBR)akd nig PaBCak;lak; ( Accuracy and Precision)

kñúgkarBiPakSaBIrgVas;rgVal;nigtMélelxCak;lak;KW)aneRbI edIm,IeFVI[xusKñarvagPaB R)akd nigPaBCak;lak;. PaBR)akd R)ab;eyIgfaetIrgVas;rgVal;CiteTAnwgtMélBiténbrimaN Edl)anvas;dUemþc. cMeBaHGñkviTüasaRsþ manPaBxusKñarvag PaBR)akd nig PaBCak;lak;.

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PaBCak;lak; R)ab;eyIgfaetImanrgVas;rgVal;BIrb¤eRcInénbrimaNRBmeRBogdUcKñamanTMnak;TMng CamYyKña (rUb 9) . PaBxusKñarvag PaBR)akd nigPaBCak;lakKWl¥itl¥n; b:uEnþsMxan;. ]bmafa Ca]TahrN¾ mansisSbInak;)ansYredIm,IkMNt;m:aséndMusrésTg;Edg. lT§plBIrCabnþbnÞab; énkarføwgedaysisSnImYy²KW³

sisS A sisSB sisSC 1,968g 1,972g 2,00g 1,978g 1,968g 2,002g

tMélmFüm 1,971g 1,970g 2,001g

m:asBiténsrésTg;EdgKW 2,000g. dUecñHlT§plrbs;nisSit B KWmanPaBCak;lak;

Cag lT§plrbs;sisS A nig sisS B (1,972g nig 1,968g gakecjtictYcBI 1,970g Cag 1,964g nig 1,978g BI 1,971g) b:uEnþ minEmnTaMgBIrEdlCalT§ply:agRtwmRtUv. lT§pl rbs;sisS C minRtwmEtCak;lak;CageK b:uEnþEfmTaMgRtwmRtUveTotpg edayehtufa tMél mFümKWCitbMputeTAnigtMélBit. rgVas;rgVal;PaBR)akdx<s;KWEtgEt manPaBCak;lak;x<s;Edr. mü:ageTot rgVas;rgVal;Cak;lak;x<s;mincaM)ac;FanalT§plPaBR)akd. ]TahrN¾ karRkit Em:RtbnÞatmminRtwmRtUv b¤ mankarRcLMlMnwg naM[GMNanCak;lak;KWmanPaBlMeGog.

rUb9 r)ayénRBYjenAelIpÞaMgRBYjbgðajBIPaBxusKñarvagPaBR)akdnigPaBCak;lak;. (a) PaBR)akdl nig PaBCak;lak;l¥ (b) PaBR)akdminl¥ nig PaBCak;lak;l¥ (c) PaBR)akdminl¥ nig PaBCak;lak;minl¥

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CMBYkTI1

segçb nig smIkarKnøwH ( Summary and Key Equations)

* d =vm smIkarsMrab;dg;sIuet

* ? oC = (oF – 32oF) x FC

o

o

95 karbMElgBI oF eTA oC

* ? oF = CF

o

o

59 x (oC) + 32 oF karbMElgBI oC eTA oF

* ?K = (oC + 273,15oC) CK

o11 karbMElgBI oC eTA K

segçbBIkarBit nig bBaØtiþ ( Summary of Facts and Concepts)

1. karsikSaBIKImITak;TgeTAnigbICMhan³ karGegát karbgðaj nig karbkERb. karGegátTak;Tg eTAnigkarvas;enAkñúgBiPBmIRksáúb. karbgðajTak;TgeTAnigkareRbIR)as;nimitþsBaaØCasMKal; ehIynigsmIkarsMrab;TMnak;TMng. karbkERbKWsMGageTAelIGatUm nig m:UelKulEdlCakmμsiT§ rbs;BiPBmIRkUsáúb. 2. viFIviTüasaRsþKWCaRbBn§½eq<aHeTArkkarRsavRCavEdlcab;epþImCamYykarRbmUlB’tmantam ry³karGegátnig karvas;. kñúglMnaM smμtikmμ c,ab; nig RTwsþIEdl)anbegáIteLIg nig)aneFVIetsþ. 3.GñkKImIsikSaGMBIrUbFatu nig bERmbRmYlrbs;va. sarFatuEdlbegáItrUbFatumanmanlkçN³ rUbdUcKña EdlGaceFVIkarGegátEdlK μanERbRbYlPaBdUcKñaniglkçN³KImIdUcKña enAeBleK)an bgðajeFVIkarERbRbYlPaBdUcKñaénsarFatul,ayfa etIesμ Isac; b¤ mines μ Isac;GacRtUv)anEjk eTACaPaKpSMsuT§eday viFIrUb. 4. sarFatugaykñúgKImIKWFatu. smasFatuekIteLIgedaykarcUlpSMtamEbbKImIénGatUmrbs; Fatuxus KñakñúgsmamaRtkMNt;. 5. RKb;sarFatu CaeKalkarN¾ GacmankñúgPaBTaMgbI³ rwg rav nig ]sμ ½n. GnþrbNþÚrrvagPaB TaMgenH GacCH\T§iBledaykarpøas;bþÚrsItuNðPaB. 6. xñat SI eRbIedIm,IbgðajbrimaNrUbkñúgRKb;viTüasaRsþ rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgKImIpgEdr. 7. elx )anbgðajtamkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþEdlmansNæan N x 10n Edl n enAcenøaHBI1

eTA 10 nig n CacMnYnKt;viC¢man b¤ GviC¢man. karkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþCYyeyIgkñúgkareRbIR)as; nUvbrimaNy:ag FM b¤ y:agtUc.

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BaküKnøwH ( Key Words)

maRtdæansItuNðPaB dac;xat Absolute temperature scale 1-13

PaBR)akd Accuracy 1-21

cMnucrMBuH Boiling point 1-7

lkçN³KImI Chemical properties 1-7

KImI Chemistry 1-1

smasFatu Compound 1-5

dg;sIuet Density 1-8

Fatu Element 1-5

lkçN³Giuctg;sIuv Extensive property 1-8

l,aymines μ Isac; Heterogeneous mixture 1-4

l,ayes μ Isac; Homogeneous mixture 1-4

sm μtikmμ Hypothesis 1-2

lkçN³GaMgtg;sIuv Intensive property 1-8

RbBn§½GnþrCati SI International System of Units (SI) 1-10

Eklvin Kelvin 1-13

c,ab; Law 1-2

lIRt (L) Liter 1-11

lkçN³m:aRkUsáúb Macroscopic properties 1-8

ma:s Mass 1-8

rUbFatu Matter 1-4

lkçN³mIRkUsáúb Microscopic properties 1-9

l,ay Mixture 1-4

lkçN³rUb Physical properties 1-7

PaBCak;lak; Precision 1-22

lkçN³KuNPaB Qualitative 1-2

lkçN³brimaN Quantitative 1-2

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CMBYkTI1

viFIviTüasaRsþ Scientific method 1-1

karkMNt; EbbviTüasaRsþ Scientific notation 1-15

tMélelxCak;lak; Significant figures 1-17

sarFatu Substance 1-4

RTwsþIi Theory 1-3

maD Volume 1-8

Tm¶n; Weight 1-10

sMnYr nig cMeNaT ( Questions and Problems)

viFIviTüsaRsþ(Scientific Method)

1. cUrBnül; etIviFIviTüasaRsþmann½yy:agdUemþc? 2. etIPaBxusKñarvagTinñn½yCaKuNPaB nig Tinñn½yCabrimaNmanlkçN³y:agdUemþc? cMeNaT(Problems)

3. cUrcat;fñak;karR)ab;EbbKuNPaB b¤ brimaN tamKMnitrbs;Gñk. (a) RBHGaTitümancMgayRbmaN 93 lanm:ayBIépÞEpndI (b) CagKMnUr Leonardoda Vinci KUsKMnUrs¥atCag Michelangelo (c) TwkkkENnticCagTwk . (d) b½rmanrsCatiRbesIrCag Margarite (RbePTb½rm:üagplitBIeRbgrukçCati xøaj;stV nig TwkedaHeKa) . 4.cMNat;fñak;sNæandUcteTACa smμtikm μ c,ab; ³ (a) karpþl;[ Beethoven's eTAelItRnþIKYrEtmanlkçN³RbesIrCagebIsinKat;)anerobkar (b) srTrdUv søwkeQIvilvl;eq<aHeTAdIedaysarEtkMlaMgTMnajrvagsøwknig EpndI. (c) RKb;rUbFatuKW)anbMEbkeTACaPaKl¥itd¾tUcehAfaGatUm. karcat;fñak; nig lkçN³énrUbFatu ( Classification and Properties of Matter)

sMnYrrMlwk 5. cUr[]TahrN¾sMrab;BakünImYy²dUcteTA³ (a) rUbFatu (b) sarFatu (c) l,ay 6.cUr[]TahrN¾ énl,ayesμ Isac; nig l,aymines μIsac;.

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7. kareRbI]TahrN¾ cUrBnül;BIPaBxusKñarvag lkçN³rUb nig lkçN³KImI. 8. etIlkçN³GaMgtg;sIuv nig lkçN³Giuctg;sIuvxusKñadUcemþc ? etIlkçN³dUcteTAenHNaxøHCa lkçN³ GaMgtg;sIuv nig lkçN³Giuctg;sIuv ³ (a) RbEvg (b) maD (c) sItuNðPaB (d) m:as 9. cUr[]TahrN¾énFatu nig smasFatu. etIFatu nig smasFatuxusKñay:agdUemþc ? 10. etImanFatub:un μanehIyEdleyIg)ansÁal; ? cMeNaT ( Problems)

11. cUrcat;fñak;sNæandUcteTACalkçN³rUb b¤ lkçN³KImI³ (a) ]sμ ½nGuksIuEsnpþl;cMehH (b) CICYybegáInplitplksikm μ (c) TwkBuHeRkam 100oC enAelIkMBUlPñM (d) sMNENnCagGaluymIjÚm (e) sármanrsCatiEp¥m 12> cUrcat;fñak;karBiB’NnadUcteTA etICabNþÚrrUb b¤ bNþÚrKImI ? (a) ]sμ ½neGlüÚmenAxagkñúg)aLúgmanTMenarRCabecjeRkAbnÞab;BIry³eBlBIreTAbIem:ag. (b) karcaMgBnøWPøwbEPøtyWt²TTYlPaBRsGab;ehIyTIbMputggwtsUnü (c) TwkRkUckkKWkekIteLIgvijedaykarbEnßmTwkeTAelIva (d) karlutlas;rbs;rukçCatiGaRs½yeTAelIfamBlRBHGaTitükñúglMnaMehAfarsμ IsMeyaK (e) GMbilmYysøabRBarlaykñúgcans‘ub 13> cUrehAeQμaH tMNag[nimitþsBaaØdUcteTA³ Li ; F ; P ; Cu ; As ; Zn ; Cl ; Pt ; Mg ; U ;

Al ; Si ; Ne (emIltaragxagkñúgRKbesovePA) . 14> cUrsresrnimitþsBaaØénFatudUcteTA ³ (a) b:UtasüÚm (b) sMN)ahaMg (c) RkUm (d) b½r (e) )ar:üÚm (f) PøúytUjÚm (g) s<an;F½r (h) Gaku (i) )ar:t (emIltaragxagkñúgRKbesovePA) . 15> cUrcat;fñak;saFatudUcteTACaFatu b¤ smasFatu ³ (a) GIuRdUEsn (b) Twk (c) mas (d) sár 16>cUrcat;fñak;dUcteTA etICaFatu smasFatu l,ayes μ Isac; b¤ l,aymines μ Isac;³ (a) TwksmuRT (b) ]sμ ½neGlüÚm (c) sUdüÚmkørY (GMbilsML) (d) TwksMrab;pwk (e) TwkedaHeKaRkLúk (f) xül; (g) )ay

1-26

CMBYkTI1

rgVas;rgVal; ( Measurement)

17> eQ μaHxñatmUldæan SI Edlmansar³sMxan;kñúgKImI. cUrR)ab;xñat SI

sMrab;bgðajkenSamdUcteTA³RbEvg (a) maD (b) m:as (c) eBlevla (d) famBl (e)

sItuNðPaB 18> cUrsresrCaelxtMNag[buBVbTdUcteTA³ (a)emRhÁa (b) KILÚ (c) edsIu (d) sgÞI (e) mIløI (f) mIRkU (g) NaNU (h) BIkU 19>etIxñatGVIEdlGñkKImIniymeRbIsMrab;dg;sIuetvtßúrav nig rwg ? cuHcMeBaH]sμ ½n ? cUrBnül;BIPaBxusKña? 20> Gfib,ayBImaRtdæansItuNðPaBTaMbIeRbIkñúgTIBiesaFn¾nigkñúgkarrs;enArbcaMéf¶. maRtdæanhaVrinéh maRtdæanGgSaes nig maRtdæanEklvin. cMeNaT (Problems)

21>RbUmCaGgÁFaturavB’NRkhm-etñat. KNnadg;sIuetrbs;va (KitCa g/mL) ebIvamanm:as 586g taMgTIkñúg 188mL . 22>)ar:tCaelah³EtmYyKt;EdlmanlkçN³ravenAsItuNðPaBbnÞb;. dg;sIuetrbs;vaKW 13,6g/mL. etI)ar:tnwgmanm:asb:un μanEdlnwgtaMgTIkñúgmaD 95,8mL ?

23> cUrbMElgsItuNðPaBeTACaGgSaes³ (a) 95oF CasItuNðPaBenArdUvekþAeBléf¶ (b) 12oF CasItuNðPaBenArdUvRtCak;eBléf¶ (c) 102oF enAeBlRKunekþA (d) kareRbIR)as;L (furnace) enA 1852oF 24> (a) Fm μtakMedAxøÜnmnusSGacFn;nigsItuNðPaB 105oF sMrab;ry³xYbxøIéneBlevlaedaymin eFVI[xUcCaGciéRnþeTAxYrk,alehIynigsrIr³sMxan;². etIsItuNðPaBenHKitCaGgSaesesμ Ib:un μan? (b)eGTIELnKøIkulCasmasFatusrIragÁravEdleRbIRbqaMgnigkarkkkñúgr:aDIy:aT½rrfynþ. vakk enA–11,5oC. KNnasItuNðPaBkMNkenHKitCaGgSahaVrinéh. (c) sItuNðPaBelIépÞRBHcn½ÞKW RbmaNCa 6300oC. etIsItuNðPaBenHKitCaGgSahaVrinéhesμIb:un μan? 25>cUrbMElgsItuNðPaBKitCaEklvin ³

(a) 113oC CacMnucrlayéns<an;F½r

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esckþIepþIm

(b) 37oC CasItuNðPaBFm μtakñúgxøÜnmnusS (c) 357oC CacMnucrMBuHrbs;)art

26> cUrbMElgsItuNðPaBKitCaGgSaes³ (a) 77K cMnucrMBuHrbs;GasUtrav (b) 4,2K CacMnucrMBuHrbs;eGlüÚmrav (c) 601K CacMnucrlayrbs;sMN kareRbIR)as;elx (Handling Number)

sMnYrrMlwk (Review Questions)

27> etIGVIeTACasar³sMxan;énkareRbIR)as;karkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþelIkarkMNt;ek,os ? 28> kMNt;tMélelxCak;lak;. BiPakSasar³sMxan;énkareRbIR)as;elxsmrmüéntMélelxCak;lak; kñúgkarvas; nig kñúgkarKNna.

cMeNaT (Problems)

29>bgðajcMnYnTaMgenHtamkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ³ (a) 0,000000027 (b) 356 (c) 47.764 (d) 0,096

30> bgðajcMnYndUcteTACakarkat;ek,os³ (a) 1,52 x 10-2 (b) 7,78 x 10-8

31> bgðajcMelIyeTAtamKNnatamkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ³ (a) 145,75 + (2,3 x 10-1) (b) 79.500 (2,5 x 10÷ 2) (c) (7,0 x 10-3 ) – (8,0 x 10-4) (d) (1,0 x 104) × (9,9 ) 610×

32> bgðajcMelIyeTAtamKNnatamkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ³ (a) 0,0096 + (8,5 x 10-3) (b) 653 (5,75 x 10÷ -8) (c) 850.000 – (9,0 x 105) (d) (3,6 x 10-4) x (3,6 x 106)

33>etIcMnYnéntMélelxCakénkarvas;;dUcteTAenHesμ Ib:un μan ? (a) 4867 m:ay (b) 56mL

(c) 60.104 etan (d) 2900 Rkam (e) 42,2g/cm3 (f) 0,0000003cm (g) 0,7 naTI (h) 4,6 x 109 etan

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CMBYkTI1

34.etImantMélelxCak;lak;b:un μanEdlmandUcteTAenH?

(a) 0,006L (e) 960 × 10-3g (b)0,0605dm (f) 6kg (c) 60,5mg (g) 60m (d) 605,5cm2

35>ykecjBIkareRbIR)as;dUcteTAdUcEdleK)aneFVIkñúgkarKNnaBIlT§plBiesaFn¾nigbgðajcMelIy nImYy²[RtwmRtUvtamxñatCamYycMnYnRtwmRtUvéntMélelxCak;lak;³

(a) 5,6292m + 0,6m + 4,33m (b) 3,70g – 2,9133g (c) 4,51cm × 3,6666cm

35> ykecjBIkareRbIR)as;dUcteTAdUcEdleK)aneFVIkñúgkarKNnaBIlT§plBiesaFn¾nigbgðajcM elIy nImYy²[RtwmRtUvtamxñatCamYycMnYnRtwmRtUvéntMélelxCak;lak;³

(a) 7,310km ÷ 5,70km (b) (3,26×10-3mg) – (7,88 ×10-5mg) (c) (4,02×106dm) + ( 7,74×107dm)

cMekIylMhat;Gnuvtþn¾ 1. 96,5g 2. 341g 3. (a) 621,4oF (b) 78,3oC (c) -196oC 4. (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2

(e) 3 rW 2 5. (a) 26,76L (b) 4,4g (c) 1,6 x 107 dm (d) 0,0756g/ml (e) 6,69 x 104 m

cMelIy 4. (a) sm μtikm μ (b) c,ab; (c) RTwsþI 12. (a) bNþÚrrUb (b) bNþÚrKImI (c) bNþÚrrUb (d) bNþÚrKImI (e) bNþÚrrUb 14. (a) K (b) Sn (c) Cr (d) B (e) Ba (f) Pu (g) S (h) Ar (i) Hg 16. (a)

l,ayesμ Isac; (b) Fatu (c) smasFatu (d) l,ayesμ Isac (e) l,ayesμ Isac (f) l,ay esμ Isac (g) l,aymines μIsac 22. 1,3 x 103g 24. (a) 41oC (b) 11,3oF (c) 1,1 x 104oF 26. (a) -196oC (b) -296oC (c) 328oC 30. (a) 0,0152 (b) 0,0000000778 32. (a) 1,8 x 10-2 (b) 1,14 x 1010 (c) -5 x 104 (d) 1,3 x 103 34. (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 4

(e) 2 rW 3

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