esl topics scribd

8/3/2019 ESL Topics Scribd

1/21

JANUARY 2009

discussing issues; reading comprehension

free goods and services; marketing; behavioural economy;

PAY, CHARGE, COST

PRINT & TEACH LESSON AUGUST

THE ALLURE OF FREEadvanced

upper-interm

intermediate

pre-interme

focus on talkingActivity 1. Discuss these issues in pairs or small groups.

www.english-4u.com page 1

1. Do you get products or services free of charge? Make a lis

of goods and services you didnt have to or you dont haveto pay for. Then compare your list with the one made by

your partner.

.................................................................................................

.................................................................................................

.................................................................................................

.................................................................................................

2. Theres no such thing as a free lunch* is a popular saying

which means that it is impossible to get something fornothing. Do you agree with the saying? Should we get

suspicious when we are offered free thing? Do you believe

there is always a catch in each free offer? Can you think ofsuch tricks in free deals you listed earlier?

* The saying originated in the 19th century when American saloonkeepers attracted drinkers with free food. Patrons were offered a freelunch but they paid higher prices for drinks. The expression was laterpopularized by a famous economist Robert Friedman.


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JANUARY 2009

FREE OF CHARGE


discussion activity

Dan Ariely and his colleagues set up a stand in front of a public building to sell two kinds of chocolates:

Lindt truffles (premium high-end treats from Switzerland) and Hershey Kisses (ordinary chocolates). They

wanted to test how price impacts consumer behaviour. The passer-by could only choose one of the two

brands. The initial prices of both chocolates were lowered twice. What percentage of people chose each

brand of chocolate in each of these pricing situations?

Chocolate experiment

Activity 2. Behavioral economist Dan Ariely tries to explain how humans react to the words free and zero in on

of the chapters of his book Predictably Irrational. Read about the experiment presented in the book and try toguess the percentage of customers who bought either of the chocolates.

First price: 27 cents 2 cents

percentage of people choosing the brand: ............................. .............................

Second price: 15 cents 1 cent


Third price: 14 cents FREE


75% 25%


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JANUARY 2009

FREE OF CHARGE


Activity 3. Here are the results of the experiment presented on page 2. What kind of conclusions about consumer

behaviour can you draw on the basis of these results? Why did Hersheys chocolates became customers favourite

choice in the third pricing situation, even though the two chocolates were still priced 14 cents apart? Write yourconclusions and then compare them with those of other students:

Activity 4. Now, read Dan Arielys interpretation of the results of the experiment. Are his conclusions similar to your

First price: 27 cents 2 cents

percentage of people

choosing the brand:75% 25%

Second price: 15 cents 1 cent



Third price: 14 cents FREE



...................................................................................

...................................................................................

...................................................................................

...................................................................................

...................................................................................

...................................................................................

...................................................................................

...................................................................................

Your conclusions:

Most transactions have an upside anda downside, but when something is

FREE! we forget the downside. FREE!

gives us such an emotional charge that

we perceive what is being offered as

immensely more valuable than it really

is. Why?

I think its because humans are intrinsically afraid of loss

The real allure of FREE! is tied to this fear. Theres no

visible possibility of loss when we choose a FREE! item

(its free). But suppose we choose the item thats not

free. Uh-oh, now theres a risk of having made a poor

decision - the possibility of loss. And so, given the

choice, we go for what is free. *

Predictably Irrational - Dan Ariely


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JANUARY 2009

FREE OF CHARGE


Activity 5. Discuss these questions in pairs or small groups.

focus on talking

1. Does a FREE item give you an emotional charge Ariely is talking about? Do you perceive such

items as immensely more valuable than they really are?

2. Can free offers be risky? Can the way we react to FREE offers lead us to make bad decisions?

Activity 6. The list below contains verbs and verb phrases which mean either PAY, CHARGE or COST. Put them in

the right category.

focus on vocabulary: pay, charge, cost

Activity 7. Fill the gaps with the words that best complete each sentence.

1. That new suit must have have ....................................... you back a bit.

2. This car is ....................................... at $42,000 but I can give you a 5% discount.

3. Having ....................................... out $50 for the tickets, I wasnt going to miss the show.

4. I refused to ....................................... the bill services I didnt order.

5. One of us has to ....................................... up $20 for a parking fee.


5/21

1

1

focu on vocabulary

1 Add more bad habits to the list below.

biting ones nails

cutting people off in the middle of their stories

burping

eating late at night

sleeping with ones clothes on

getting drunk

spitting on the street

throwing rubbish on the street

smoking in public places

picking ones nose

farting

........................................................................................

........................................................................................

........................................................................................

........................................................................................

........................................................................................

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........................................................................................

Bad Habits

print & teach lesson

www.english-4u.com

pre-intermediate

intermediate

upper-intermediate

advanced

anguage Function: discussing issues - reading comprehension

ocabulary / Topic: bad habits - marriage - men and women


6/21

2

2

Bad Habits

www.english-4u.com

focu on talking

2 Discuss these questions in pairs or small groups.

1. Which of the habits from the list in Activity 1 bother you the most?

2. How can you develop a bad habit? Are we born with our bad habits or do we acquire

them from the environment surrounding us?

3. How can you get rid of bad habits? Have you been successful in giving up a bad habit?

Which habits do you think would be most difficult to get rid of? Why?

4. Imagine you are about to marry a person with a habit you really hate. Do you think you

will be likely to pick up your spouses bad habit?

focu on vocabulary

3Read the article on page 3 to find out whether these statements are (T), false (For the article doesnt say anything about the matter (DS).

1. Married people have more bad habits than singletons. T F DS

2. Married people are likely to pick up their partners bad habits. T F DS

3. Serious smokers or junk food addicts are more likely to marry people with the same bad habits. T F DS

4. The study led by Corinne Reczek confirms the findings of previous studies which generally

associated stable relationships with good health.T F DS

5. Men, rather than women, are more likely to have bad influence on their partners. T F DS

6. According to Professor Reczek, married couples eat more fatty foods. T F DS

7. The research was carried out on couples who had been together either eight or 52 years. T F DS

8. Gay and lesbian partners promote the unhealthy habits of each other in a similar way to

heterosexual couples.T F DS


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3

Bad Habits

www.english-4u.com

How Our Not-So-Better Halves

Leave Us With Their Bad Habits

You may have married them for their sparklingconversation, good looks and sharp sense of humour.

But pay close attention to your spouses less attractivequalities because theyre the ones that are going to ruboff on you.

According to a study, once youve tied the knot yourelikely to pick up your partners bad habits.

Exchange vows with a heavy smoker or a junk foodaddict, therefore, and youre at risk of developing thesame vice.

Or if youre an exercise fanatic who promises to love,

honour and obey a couch potato, theyll probablyconvince you to stay on the sofa.

While previous studies have generally associated stablerelationships with good health, researchers in the U.S.found that couples who walk down the aisle are likely toadopt one anothers vices instead of helping each other tochange.

And its men who are almost always identified as the badinfluence on their other halves.

Professor Corinne Reczek, who led the study at theUniversity of Cincinnati, said: The finding one partner is a

direct bad influence suggests individuals converge inhealth habits across the course of their relationship,because one individuals unhealthy habits directlypromotes the others unhealthy habits.

For example, she added, both partners would eat the fattyfoods that the less health-conscious of the pair hadpurchased.

The researchers carried out in-depth interviews with 122men and women who were married or involved inlongterm relationships.

The couples had been together for between eight and 52years and were questioned about their smoking, drinking,food consumption, sleep patterns, exercise and otherhealth habits.

Professor Reczek, who will present the findings at a healthmeeting in Las Vegas next week, said: Particular attentionwas paid to how partners shaped each of these habits.

The researchers reported that they noticed a discourseof personal responsibility among the participants

meaning that they if observed their partner indulging in anunhealthy habit, they did not attempt to stop them,suggesting that they were complicit in sustaining theirpartners vices.

Professor Reczek said: While previous research focusesnearly exclusively on how intimate relationships particularly marriage are health-promoting, these findingextend this research to argue that intimate partners arecognisant of the ways in which they promote theunhealthy habits of one another.

The findings also apply to gay and Lesbian couples, but ithese cases it was more difficult to identify the badinfluence because the vices of both partners weresimultaneously promoted.

Professor Reczek said: For these individuals, one partnemay not engage in what t hey consider an unhealthy habiton their own, but when their desire for such a habit ismatched by their partners, they partake in unhealthyhabits.

source: Daily Mail


8/21

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4

Bad Habits

focu on talking

5 Discuss these questions in pairs or small groups.

1. Do your own observations confirm the findings of the research? Do you agree thatwe adopt our partners bad habits? Have you picked up any of your partners habits?

2. If you were to change your partners bad habit, how would you go about it?

focu on vocabulary

4 Explain the following expressions from the article.

1 sparkling conversation...........................................................................................................

2 sharp sense of humour...........................................................................................................

3 to rub off on someone...........................................................................................................

4 to tie the knot...........................................................................................................

5 to exchange vows...........................................................................................................

6 an exercise fanatic...........................................................................................................

7 a vice...........................................................................................................

8 a couch potato...........................................................................................................

9 to walk down the aisle...........................................................................................................

10 someones other half...........................................................................................................

11 to converge...........................................................................................................

12 to indulge in something...........................................................................................................

13 complicit...........................................................................................................

14 to sustain something...........................................................................................................

15 to be cognisant of something...........................................................................................................

www.english-4u.com


9/21

JANUARY 2009

Language Function: discussing issues; reading comprehension

Vocabulary/Topic: credit cards; shopping; physical description - obesity; linking words:

cause & result

PRINT & TEACH LESSON OCTOBER

CREDIT CARD DIETadvanced

upper-interm

intermediate

pre-interme

focus on talkingActivity 1. Look at the following statements. Which of them describe

advantages of using credit cards? Which statements point to

disadvantages of plastic money?

ww.english-4u.com page 1

1. Credit cards cost much more than other forms of credit ifyou dont pay on time.

2. Credit cards allow users to buy things when they do nothave spare cash available.

3. Credit cards encourage users to spend beyond theirmeans.

4. When traveling in foreign countries, you may often get betterates of exchange if you use your credit card for purchaseor getting cash from a cash machine.

5. A credit card provides a convenient method for purchasesmade on the Internet and over the telephone.

6. Using a credit card is safer and more convenient thancarrying cash.

7. Credit card users may easily become victims of fraudsters8. Credit card users may receive additional benefits, e.g.

reward points which can be redeemed for goods orservices.

9. Credit cards make it easy to build up more debt than youcan handle.

10. Credit card users have up to 60 days interest-free credit ifyou pay bills on time.


10/21

JANUARY 2009

CREDIT CARD DIET


People who struggle to lose weight should start

paying for their grocery shopping in cash, a new

study suggests.

The diet tip stemmed from a study that found

shoppers who used a credit or debit cards to pay

had more junk food in their cart than cash

shoppers.

According to the report's authors, the pain of

paying in cash can curb impulsive urges to buy

treats. "Credit card payments, in contrast, are

relatively painless and weaken impulse control," the

researchers said.

The study by academics at America's Cornell and

New York State universities looked at the behaviour

of 1,000 individuals shopping at the same store

over a period of six months. Around half of the

shopping trips involved cash payments, while the

other half, which were larger average spends, were

paid for by card.

When paying for their groceries by card, shopper

spent significantly more on impulsive item

classified as "vice products" than when they pai

by cash. The proportion of so-called "virtuproducts," or the essentials they set out fo

remained the same.

The study also found people were less likely to bu

impulsive, unhealthy food products at weekends

possibly due to the fact they had taken the time t

write a shopping list.

"The epidemic increase in obesity suggests tha

regulating impulsive purchases and consumption o

unhealthy food products is a steep challenge fomany consumers," wrote the study's authors.

Researchers Manoj Thomas, Kalpesh Kaush

Desai and Satheeshkumar Seenivasan als

suggested there may be a connection betwee

rising obesity and a growing use of debit and cred

cards in western societies.

published by Sky News - October 20

Dieters may fare

better paying cashfor groceries

focus on talkingActivity 2. Read the text about another disadvantage of using credit cards. What is it?


11/21

JANUARY 2009

CREDIT CARD DIET


Activity 3. Read the article on page 2 again and decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).

Activity 4. Discuss these questions in pairs or small groups.

focus on talking

1. Using credit or debit cards increases the likelihood of buying unhealthy food.

2. Using credit cards can lead to a painful obsessive-compulsive disorder.

3. Participants in the study shopped in various stores using both cash and credit cards.

4. Vice products are the essentials which the shoppers intend to buy when they set out for thestore.

5. People are more likely to buy unhealthy food on weekdays.

6. According to the authors of the study regulating impulsive purchases is relatively simple.

1. How often do you use your credit or debit

card when paying for groceries?

2. Do you tend to buy more vice products

when you use a credit or debit card?

Activity 5. Look at the sentence below. What does

stem mean?

focus on vocabulary:linking words: cause & result

The diet tip stemmed from a

study that found shoppers who

used a credit or debit cards topay had more junk food in their

cart than cash shoppers.


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JANUARY 2009

CREDIT CARD DIET


Activity 6. Here are some other expressions used to express CAUSE & RESULT. Use them to write sentences that

will have the same meaning as the sentence below:

focus on vocabulary

Obesity stemsfrom bad eating habits.

1. to attribute sth to sth 2. to be a consequence of sth 3. sth can be put down to sth

4. sth leads to sth 5. to be responsible for sth 6. to result in sth

linking expressions: cause & result

1. .....................................................................................................................................................................

2. .....................................................................................................................................................................

3. .....................................................................................................................................................................

4. .....................................................................................................................................................................

5. .....................................................................................................................................................................

6. .....................................................................................................................................................................

linking expressions: physical description - obesity

Activity 7. There are a few adjectives in English which describe obesity. Match them to their definitions.

1. chubby a) pleasantly fat (used to describe a whole body)

2. flabbyb) fat but in a pleasant, healthy way (often used for children; used todescribe a whole body or parts of the body)

3. overweight c) above a weigh considered normal or desirable

4. plumpd) short and a little fat (often with a large stomach; used to describe awhole body)

5. tubbye) having loose fat where there should be muscle (used to describe awhole body or parts of the body)


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JANUARY 2009

CREDIT CARD DIET


Activity 8. Complete the sentence beginnings with appropriate endings.

focus on vocabulary

1. Atip is ...

A. ... a small but useful piece of practicaladvice.

B. ... a firm decision to do or not to dosomething.

2. If you curb something, you ...

A. ... prevent something from getting out ofcontrol.

B. ... help to develop something.

3. An urge is ...

A. ... a situation requiring immediate action orattention.

B. ... a strong desire or impulse.

4. Atreat is ...

A. ... a thing done to relieve or cure an illness or

correct a problem

B. ... a thing that gives great pleasure.

5. Avice is ...

A. ... a fault or bad habit. B. ... the state of not being able to controloneself.

6. Avirtue is ...

A. ... a product that is more expensive than

other competitive products.

B. .. an attractive or useful quality.

7. When we call something a steep challenge, e want to say that it is ...

A. ... very difficult to do. B. ... very easy to do.


14/21

JANUARY 2009

Language Function: discussing issues; reading comprehension

Vocabulary/Topic: emotions & feelings; ways of laughing and smiling; nouns

derived from adjectives; sounds expressing emotions

PRINT & TEACH LESSON NOVEMBER

BORN TO LAUGHadvanced

upper-interm

intermediate

pre-interme

focus on talkingActivity 1. What emotions do these peoples faces show? Name each emotional state. Compare your answers in pai

or small groups.

ww.english-4u.com page 1

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8


15/21

JANUARY 2009

BORN TO LAUGH


According to their research, chuckling at a good

joke or when someone tickles us, is instinctive.

But crying when were sad, like other emotional

vocalisations, is something we learn to do.

Dutch researchers asked 16 volunteers, half of

whom were deaf, to make the sounds behind a

range of emotions without using words.

The interpretations of sadness, terror, relief, anger,

hilarity and other emotions were then played back

to 25 volunteers with normal hearing, who were

asked to name the emotion.

Only laughter and sighs of relief were easily

identifiable on the tapes of the deaf volunteers,

New Scientist reports.

All the other sounds, including cries of terror and

sobs of sadness, were much easier to guess when

made by volunteers without hearing problems.

As the deaf volunteers have never heard other

laugh, it suggests this is something we are born

knowing how to do.

But learning how to convey other emotions, such

as sadness, comes with experience, an Acoustica

Society of America conference will hear next week

Researcher Disa Sauter said laughter and smiling

may have evolved to diffuse confrontation. Even

other primates laugh, if you tickled a gorilla o

orangutan.

Professor Sophie Scott, from Londons Institute o

Neuroscience, said: The finding makes sense

Laughter has been described as being more like a

different way of breathing than a way of speaking.

But Professor David Ostry, of the University o

Montreal, said deaf people may simply learn to

laugh by watching others do it.

by FIONA MACRAE, published by Daily Mail - November 2010

Cheer up,we were all born to laugh

focus on talkingActivity 2. Read the article presenting new findings on how people express different emotions. Which of the followin

statements is the best summary of the text?

It is difficult to express certain emotions without using words.

Laughing is instinctive but we pick up through experience how to conveyother emotions.

Deaf people find it more difficult to express emotions.

YOU might not believe it on a gloomy Novembermorning, but scientists say we are born to laugh.


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JANUARY 2009

BORN TO LAUGH


Activity 3. Discuss these questions in small groups or pairs.

Activity 5. Write nouns (names of emotions and feelings) derived from these adjectives.

focus on talking

1. Are you convinced that we are born with an instinctive skill of laughing but we have to learn how to

express most other emotions?

2. If crying, like other emotional vocalisations, is something we learn to do, why do babies cry at

birth?

Activity 4. List all the names of emotions that appear in the article on page 2.

focus on vocabulary:emotions & feelings

................................................ ................................................ ...............................................

................................................ ................................................

1. frightened .................................... 14. embarrassed ....................................

2. sad .................................... 15. worried ....................................

3. disgusted .................................... 16. satisfied ....................................

4. angry .................................... 17. proud ....................................

5. optimistic .................................... 18. shy ....................................

6. happy .................................... 19. jealous ....................................

7. pleasant .................................... 20. excited ....................................

8. annoyed .................................... 21. cheerful ....................................

9. terrified .................................... 22. eager ....................................

10. nervous .................................... 23. furious ....................................

11. anxious .................................... 24. desperate ....................................

12. envious .................................... 25. ashamed ....................................

13. bored .................................... 26. humiliated ....................................


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JANUARY 2009

BORN TO LAUGH


Activity 6. Match the words and expressions to their definitions.

focus on vocabulary:ways of laughing & smiling

cry groan howl moan

screech sigh sniffle sob

1. to beam A) to laugh quietly, unkindly at something embarrassing

2. to burst out laughing B) to laugh very loudly

3. to giggle C) to smile in an unpleasant way, to show that you are pleased by somebodys bad luck

4. to grin D) to smile with happiness showing in all your face

5. to shriek with laughter E) to smile widely (normally because you are very pleased)

6. to snigger F) to laugh in a childish way because you are embarrassed, nervous or amused

7. to smirk G) to laugh quietly and disrespectfully, especially at something rude

8. to titter H) to suddenly begin laughing loudly

Activity 7. Complete these phrases with words listed below.

focus on vocabulary:sounds expressing emotions

1. a .................................... of relief 5. a .................................... of laughter

2. a .................................... of sadness 6. a .................................... of pain

3. a .................................... of terror 7. a .................................... of disdain / scorn

4. a .................................... of pleasure / pain 8. a .................................... of pain / terror

Activity 8. Find these words and expressions in the article

1. ................................. to laugh quietly or to oneself

2. ................................. to touch or stroke somebody lightly, esp. in a sensitive place, often making themlaugh

3. ................................. a person who offers to do something without being forced

4. ................................. unable to hear at all or to hear well

5. ................................. to make an angry disagreement less serious


18/21

JANUARY 2009

Strange as it may sound to some, men spend more time doing the dishes.

discussing is sues; reading comprehension

people we know: friends, acquaintances ... ; loneliness; modern living;

friendship; social websites

PRINT & TEACH LESSON JUNE

IN NEED OF FRIENDSadvanced

upper-interm

intermediate

pre-interme

focus on talkingActivity 1. Discuss these questions in pairs.


Are you happy with the number of friends you have?Would you like to have more? Why (not)? Do youthink you have more close friends now than you usedto have in the past?

What is important in a friendship? What are the most

important qualities you look for in a friend? Explainyour choice.

common interest forgiveness fun generosity good looks honesty loyalty

money respect sense of humor reliability religion trust understanding

focus on readingActivity 2. You are going to read an article presenting the

findings of a survey about British peoples attitude to

friendship. Before you read, with a partner try to predict

the answers to these questions?

How many true friends does a typical British person have?

How many Britons blame their busy lifestyle for not seeing

their true friends more often?

What is the percentage of British people who use social

networking sites to keep in touch with their friends?


19/21

JANUARY 2009


IN NEED OF FRIENDS


A Typical Briton has only THREE true friends... and another 19 mates

focus on readingActivity 3. Read the article to find out whether your predictions in Activity 2 were correct.

While most people claim to have 22 mates, they feel they can relyonly on three of them, according to a survey conducted by Nivea.

It may come as a surprise that for three quarters of people, one of their

true friends is a family member. Interestingly, 29 per cent of thosepolled claim their mother is one of their three real friends, while 23 percent often confide and share secrets with their sister.

The study also found that we have lost touch with an average of 24friends over the years after simply drifting apart.

Shefali Mattani, spokeswoman for Nivea, said: 'Most of those polledseemed to have one solid best friend who they have grown up with,one family member and another friend they have either met atuniversity or work.

'Unsurprisingly, a vast majority of friendshipsweaken as life gets in the way - we move from

job to job and away from our grass roots and it

gets harder and harder to maintain goodrelationships.

'It is only the really strong friendships whichcontinue despite life's interruptions, and ofcourse family members are often the mostreliable and trustworthy people to turn to.'

The research shows that the majority of peoplemeet their true friends at school (61 per cent),while work (48 per cent) and university (27 percent) are also popular places to find people whoshare common interests.

Unfortunately, 29 per cent of those polled said

their busy lifestyle was the main reason forfailing to keep in touch with old friends, andseven in 10 admitted that they are seeing theirtrue friends less and less because they are toobusy. Long working hours and hectic lifestylesmeans Brits feel tired and a real effort needs tobe taken to keep in touch with each other.

Although 67 per cent still regularly see theirgood friends face to face, mobile phones,emails and social networking sites - likeFacebook and Twitter - are becoming the mostpopular ways to communicate with friends on adaily basis. Two thirds rely on contact by mobile

phone, 37 per cent correspond by email andover a third of people are quite happy confidingin their friends over social networking sites.

Nine in ten people claim their true friends arethe ones responsible for shaping who they areas a person while 84 per cent say therelationships with their family and friends arethe most important things in their life.


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JANUARY 2009


IN NEED OF FRIENDS


1. According to the findings of the research, most British people have 22 casual friends and threeclose friends.

2. Almost one in three people questioned consider their mothers to be one of their three realfriends.

3. According to Shefali Mattani, most friendships become stronger in the course of time.

4. Most friendships originate when people are young.

5. Most people surveyed blamed lack of time for not keeping in touch with their old friends.

6. The number of people who see their good friends face to face is almost the same as the numberof people who use mobile phones to communicate with their friends.

focus on comprehension

Activity 4. Read the article again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.

focus on talkingActivity 5. Discuss the following questions in

pairs or small groups.

Do you use social sites to keep in touchwith your friends? If yes, which socialnetworking sites do you consider the bestWhy?

Is the Internet a great place to make newfriends? Why (not)?

Do you feel that by using social networkingsites, people see their friends face to faceless often and are unable to make closerrelationships?

Are you worried that while socialnetworking sites can increase a personscircle of friends, they can also increaseexposure to people with less than friendlyintentions?


21/21

JANUARY 2009

Strange as it may sound to some men spend more time doing the dishes

IN NEED OF FRIENDS

www english-4u com page 4

focus on vocabulary: friends, acquaintances

Activity 6. Match each word to an appropriate definition.

1. ACQUAINTANCE A) a friend (old-fashioned)

2. ASSOCIATEB) a friend who works for someone in authority, especially one who is willing to give

and receive dishonest help

3. CHUMC) someone you live with in a house but are not related to and do not have a romantic

or sexual relationship with

4. COLLEAGUE D) a friend who is at the same school as you at the same time

5. COMRADE E) a person that you have met but do not know well

6. CONFIDANT F) a person who is the friend of two people who may or may not know each other

7. CRONY G) someone who is closely connected to another person, often as a business partner

8. FAIR-WEATHER FRIEND H) a person you trust and share your feelings and secrets with

9. HOUSEMATE I) someone you have friendly arguments with

10. MATEJ) a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities

as other people in a group

11. MUTUAL FRIEND K) someone whom you do not know

12. NEIGHBOURL) a friend, especially one with whom you have been involved in difficult or dangerous,

usually military, activities

13. PEERM) someone who is a good friend when it is easy for them to be one and who stops

when you are having problems

14. PEN PAL N) a friend (UK informal)

15. SCHOOLMATE O) someone you exchange letters with as a hobby but whom you usually havent met

16. SPARRING PARTNER P) a person who works with you

17. STRANGER R) someone who lives very near to you

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