espanola grammar book
TRANSCRIPT
Table of Contents 3. Nacionalidades 12. Verbs Like Gustar
4. Stem-Changing Verbs 13.Affirmative Ngative Words
5. Para 14. Pero v. Sino
6. Adjectives 15. DOP/IOP/SE
7. Object Pronoun Placement 16. Reflexive Verbs
8. Direct Object Pronouns 17. Tú Commands
9.Indirect Object Pronouns 18. Los adverbios-mente
10.Ser vs. Estar 19. Deber= other modal verbs
11. – ísimo 20. Past progressive verbs
21. Preterite=Past Tense
Nacionalidades
Mexicano= Mexican
Guatemalteco=Guatemalan
Hondureño=Honduran
Salvadoreño= El Salvodoran
Nicaragüense= Nicaraguan
Costarricense= Costa Rican
Panameño= Panamanian
Cubano= Cuban
Dominicano= Dominican
Puertoriqueño= Puerto Rican
Estadounidense= American
Italiano= Italian
Norteamericano= North American
Venezolano= Venezuelan
Colombiano= Colombian
Ecuatoriano= Ecadorean
Peruano= Peruvian
Paraguayo=Paraguayan
Boliviano= Bolivian
Chileno=Chilean
Argentino= Argentinian
Uruguayo= Uruguayan
Español= Spanish
Guineano= Guinean
Canadiense= Canadian
Francés= French
Ingles= English
Stem Changing Verbs
Puedo Podemos
Puedes Podéis
Puede Pueden
Poder o to ue
Almuerzo Almorzamos
Almuerzas Almorzáis
Almuerza Almuerzan
Almorzar o to ue
Repito Repetimos
Repites Repetís
Repite Repiten
Repetir e to i
Pienso Pensamos
Piensas Pensáis
Piensa Piensan
Pensar e to ie
Juego Jugamos
Juegas Jugáis
Juega Juegan
Jugar u to ue
Para Para is used in Spanish to express for or in
order to
In Spanish, para is used very frequently in many certain instances
Example: Yo voy al supermercado para mi mama.
Adjectives in spanish follow a gender
They always have to agree with the correct gender of the noun
Furthermore, they also have to agree whether the noun is plural or singular
Example: Los libros es muy muy largos. La chica es bonita.
To make plural:
End in vowel, add “s”
End in consonant, add “es”
End in z, add “ces”
Object Pronoun Placement The placement of an object pronoun is the same for both indirect
and direct objects.
If the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb, it is placed beforethe verb.
Example: Rose le compra las ropas.
However, if there is an infinitive followed by a conjugated verb, then the object pronoun can come before the conjugated verb, orit can be attached to the end of the infinitive.
Example: Rosa quiere comprarle una olla a su padre.
The pronoun can also be attached to an affirmative tu command, and it can be attached to a progressive tense verb
Remember to add an accent when adding a syllable.
Direct Object Pronouns
Me Nos
Te Os
Lo/La Los/Las
Direct Object Pronouns
• Remember Direct Objects answer who or what is receiving the action.• Use a direct object pronoun to emphasize who or what is receiving the
verb. Make sure that the pronoun correlates with the antecedent.• Example: Yo compro la. Yo compro la comida.
Indirect Object Pronuons Indirect object pronouns follow the same rules as direct object
pronouns, but the pronouns are slightly different.
However, indirect objects can be combined with direct objectsin sentences.
Example: Yo quisiera compraselo para mi mama.
Notice how the indirect object changes to say when combinedwith the pronoun lo.
Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les
Ser v. EstarSer Estar
Ser is used to show: nationality, profession, characteristics of people nad things, generalizations, possesion, what something ismade of, time/date, and where/when of anevent
It identifies people and things
It uses de for possesion
De+El=Del
Soy Somos
Eres Sois
Es Son
• Estar is used to show: location, health, physical states and conditions, emotional status, weather expressions, and progressive tenses
• Esatr+ adj. is used to describe how people fell
Estoy Estamos
Estas Estáis
Esta Están
- ísimo is used to express extremes with most adjectives
To make the adjective you drop the final vowel and add the ending –ísimo
Adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun
When the last consonant of the adjective is c change the ending to quwhen using – ísimo. Ex: rico/ riquísimo
When the ending is g change it to gu. Ex: largo/ larguísimo
When the ending is z change it to c. Ex: feliz/ felicísimo
Verbs like Gustar Verbs like gustar only change ending in (a/an) Ex: Gusta/Gustan
To change the noun, you put the proper indirect object pronounbefore the verb me, te, le, nos, os, les
These verbs can be used with infinitives as well
Some verbs like gustar: aburrir=to bore, encontrar=to love, faltar=to lack, fascinar=to fascinate, importar=to be important, interesar=to interest, molestar=to bother, quedar=to fit
Ex: A mi me fascina irme a cenar.
Affirmative and Negative WordsAffirmative Negative
Affirmative words must match the gender of the noun they replace or modify.
Algo= something
Alguien= someone
Algún/Alguno(a)= some
Siempre= always
También= also
Example: ?Algo de tomar? (Something to drink?)
A double negative is required in spanish whena no precedes the verb.
However, if anegative word sucha as nunca precedes the verb, a double negative is notrequired.
Nada= nothing
Nadie= no one
Ningún/Ninguno= none/not any
Nunca= never
Tampoco= neither/either
Example: Por ahora, nada mas. (For now, nothing more.)
Pero vs. SinoPero Sino
Pero is usually used to compare to contrasting ideas
Pero adds on to the first statement
Ex: Estudiar no es divertido, pero es necesario.
Sino is usually used in negative sentences or to negate a topic
In English sino would mean “but rather” or “on the contrary”
When used before a conjugated verb, you have to put “sino que”
Ex: No voy al cine sino que ceno con mis padres.
DOP/IOP/SEDOP IOP
Direct objects receive the action and can sometimes be paired with the indirect object in Spanish
In Spanish, most direct objects are in the pronoun form.
Indirect objects also come in the pronoun form most of the time, but they almost always have an antecedent placed at the end of the sentence.
The indirect objects pronouns are sometimes paired with the DOP
Ex: Voy a comprarselo el regalopara mi papa.
Reflexive Verbs Reflexive verbs describe actions that are done to oneself.
Reflexive verbs almost always include a reflexive pronoun to indicate the subject
Ex: Secarse= to dry oneself changes to me seco, te secas, se seca, nos secamos, or se secan
When using this pronoun, you have to take the reflexive verb and drop the se off the end
Then you properly conjugate it depending on the subject
Finally, you add the correct pronoun in front to properly indicate the subject of the sentence.
Example: Me lavo en el baño en la cama.
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se
Reflexive Pronouns
Tú CommandsAffirmative tú commands Negative tú commands Affirmative tú commands are verbs that direct
specific instructions to people
To form a tú command, put your verb in the tú form of conjugation. Then drop the “s” and then you have your command.
Ex: Comer goes to !Come!
Irregular tú commands follow a different set of rules. Where the whole verb changes form.
Decir-di
Hacer-haz
Ir-ve
Poner-pon
Salir-sal
Ser-se
Tener-ten
Venir-ven
Negative tú commands are used when youdon’t want someone to do something
In Spanish, to form this command, you changethe verb into yo form, then you drop the “o” and add the opposite vowel ending, and thenyou add an “s”. Finally, add a “no” in front
Example: Hablar goes to Hablo then to Hable then to No hables
Irregular negative commands also change form
Tener- No tengas
Venir- No vengas
Dar/Decir- No digas/No des
Ir- No voyas
Ser- No seas
Hacer- No hagas
Estar- No estés
Salir- No salgas
Los Adverbios- Mente To change adjectives into adverbs, you have to use the mente
process
If the adjective ends in a consonant or an e simply add a –menteto the end. If the adjective ends in an o, change the o to an a and then add the mente.
Ex: Frecuente goes to Frecuentemente
Ex: Lento(a) goes to Lentamente
When you have two or more adverbs only put a mente on the last adjective, but still change the others to a feminine form if it ends in o
Deber and other Modal Verbs A modal verb is used as a helping verb to the action verb.
The modal verb is conjugated, and the 2nd or action verb is left in the infinitive form
Ex: Yo voy a comprar a comida para mi.
List of modal verbs:
Desear= to need, Poder= to be able to, Querer= to want, Ir= to go, Solar= accustom to, Tener= to have, Deber= should/ought to, Saber= to know
Present Progressive To make a present progressive you put a conjugated estar before the action verb.
Then you add an –ando to the end of an –ar verb, an –iendo to the end of –ir verb, and a –yendo to the end of an –ir/er verb
Example: Esper goes to Estoy esperando
When you have a pronoun place it before the conjugated estar or you attach to theend of the present participle.
Irregular present progressives change form
Leer-Leyendo
Oír-Oyendo
Traer-Trayendo
Pedir-Pidiendo
Servir-Sirviendo
Decir- Diciendo
Dormir-Duermiendo
Venir-Viniendo
Preterite These verbs are past tense
These verbs change ending simply based on whether their ir, er, or ar ending verbs
-éHablé
-amosHablamos
-asteHablaste
-óHabló
-aronHablaron
-ar Verbs
-íComí Escribí
-imosComimosEscribimos
-isteComisteEscribiste
-ióComió Escribió
-ieronComieronEscribieon
-er/ir Verbs