esperanza west africa expedition 2014
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Esperanza West Africa Expedition 2014
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Esperanza West Africa Expedition 2014 Summary of findings from 26 October – 21 November 2014 in the
Exclusive Economic Zones of Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and Guinea
May 2015
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Abbreviations
AIS Automatic Identification System
DWF Distant Water Fishing
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
MCS Monitoring, Control and Surveillance
MMSI Maritime Mobile Service Identity
IUU Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated
RHIB Rigid Hull Inflatable Boat
Front cover image:
The Greenpeace ship Esperanza was in West African waters.
© Jiri Rezac / Greenpeace
Back cover image
Artisanal Fishing Pirogues in West African waters.
© Jiri Rezac / Greenpeace
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Summary
The depletion of Africa’s marine resources is part of a global fisheries crisis. West African waters are among
the most productive waters in the world and if properly managed, African fisheries could provide food and
livelihoods for millions of people. Yet, the lack of efficient fisheries management systems and the weak
governance by West African governments have allowed Distant Water Fishing (DWF) companies to plunder
marine resources at a low cost and with quasi impunity.
For nearly 20 years, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing has been recognized by the international
community as a major factor in the depletion of marine resources. Greenpeace has been documenting IUU
fishing activities in West Africa since 2001. Despite several instruments adopted to combat that scourge, IUU
fishing is, unfortunately, still rampant.
From 26 October to 21 November 2014, the Greenpeace ship MY Esperanza sailed through the EEZs of Senegal,
Guinea-Bissau and Guinea to highlight ongoing overfishing and document illegal and destructive fishing
operations in West Africa. The Esperanza operated with the support of a helicopter, recorded potential IUU
fishing operations, including through radar detection. The Esperanza collected evidence of fishing operations
which were in contravention of the relevant coastal States’ legislations in force at the time of observation,
such as fishing in areas where industrial fishing is prohibited. Many types of common infractions, such as
unauthorized mesh size or gear, wrong target species or excessive levels of by-catch could not be documented
as this can only be achieved through an inspection on board fishing vessels.
During 26 days of documentation at sea, 134 different vessels were sighted in the EEZs of Guinea-Bissau,
Guinea and Southern Senegal. The position of the vessels in the EEZs, their flags and types are shown in Table
2.1 in Chapter 2. During the time spent at sea, Greenpeace Africa and Greenpeace East Asia observed in total
53 potential illegal fishing activities, carried out by 32 vessels flagged to China, Korea, Comoros, Morocco and
Senegal flagged vessels in the EEZs of Guinea-Bissau and Guinea. Potential infractions observed included:
fishing in areas where industrial fishing is prohibited;
fishing without a license or license expired1;
transshipping at sea.
All cases observed are classified by flag States and types in table 2.2 in Chapter 2. In addition to these,
according to our observations there are numerous cases of wrong information transmitted by the AIS systems
of these vessels, including misreporting of the vessel's name, MMSI number and/or position.
Greenpeace Africa and Greenpeace East Asia urge all flag States, States of beneficial ownership of the fishing
vessels involved in the potential illegal fishing activities documented during this trip, as well as West African
coastal States:
- To immediately investigate these potential IUU fishing activities
- To put effective measures in place, to prevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing in West African waters, and
ensure the environmentally sustainable and socially equitable exploitation of marine resources. 2
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Content
Abbreviations........................................................................................................................................................... 1
Summary .................................................................................................................................................................. 2
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1. Routes and methods ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.2. Relevant Fisheries legislation in Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and Guinea .................................................. 6
2. Summary of findings ............................................................................................................................................ 8
3. Potential IUU Cases ........................................................................................................................................... 13
3.1. Chinese-flagged vessels .......................................................................................................................... 13
3.1.1. Vessels owned by Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fisheries Co. Ltd. ................................................... 13
3.1.2. Vessels owned by Dalian Lian Run Overseas Fisheries Co. ltd. ................................................... 15
3.2. Korean-flagged vessels ........................................................................................................................... 18
3.3. Transshipment between the Flipper 3 and the Saly Reefer ................................................................... 19
3.4. Senegalese-flagged vessels in Guinea-Bissau and Guinea ..................................................................... 21
3.5. Automatic Identification System (AIS) Misreporting .............................................................................. 22
4. Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 23
Annex 1. Summary of observations ....................................................................................................................... 24
Annex 2. Marine charts, maps and legal texts referenced in this report: ............................................................. 27
References ............................................................................................................................................................. 28
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1. Introduction
West African waters in the central eastern Atlantic Ocean have traditionally been home to thriving fisheries
within the rich Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem, which extends from northwest Africa to Guinea-
Bissau.3 The region is heavily dependent on fisheries in terms of people’s livelihood, employment as well as
food security. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations estimates that fish has been an
important commodity in local economies of many West African coastal countries for centuries.4
But decades of intense exploitation resulted in over 50% of fisheries resources in West African waters being
overfished.5 Between 1950-2009, more than 250 species or groups of species were reported in fish landings
taken by coastal States and 47 distant water fishing nations, and the total reported nominal catches increased
almost twelve fold in that period, from about 300,000 tonnes in 1950 to 3,600,000 tonnes in 2009.6 Local
coastal communities have suffered from the invasion by large numbers of industrial fishing vessels from Asia,
Russia and the EU. In the absence of adequate regulatory frameworks and science-based management plans
to ensure sustainable and equitable fishing activities, destructive and excess fishing capacity is out of control.
In addition to the challenge of overfishing and the lack of a conservation-oriented and precautionary
management framework, African fisheries are plagued by illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing
activities. Available research estimates that total catches in West Africa could be actually 40% higher than
reported catches7. The total loss from IUU fishing in Sub-Saharan Africa EEZs has been estimated to be around
937 million USD8. Such estimates tend to be based on scarce, incomplete data or extrapolations, because
much of IUU fishing still remains undetected. Its real extent and impacts are unknown and most probably
largely underestimated.
Local artisanal fishermen have been complaining about shrinking catches and rising costs and workload. They
are forced to travel further to catch fish and often have to compete for space with industrial trawlers in
dangerous waters, increasing the risk of accidents at sea. Regardless, West African countries continue to sell
fishing rights, often justified by economic interests. However, due to excessive fishing capacity in their waters,
lack of sustainable management and efficient control, the consequences are IUU and overfishing.
Aiming to highlight the ongoing overfishing crisis due to illegal and destructive fishing in West Africa, the
Greenpeace ship Esperanza documented fishing operations in the EEZs of Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and Guinea,
from 26 October to 21 November 2014. As a result, 53 potential infractions, including vessels fishing without a
valid fishing license, vessels fishing in a prohibited area and unauthorized at-sea transshipments were
documented. Greenpeace also witnessed the destructive nature of these fisheries, particularly as a result of
trawling in extremely shallow waters – even less than 10 m deep – and very high by-catch rates.
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1.1. Routes and methods
The Esperanza set sail from Funchal, Madeira on 19 October 2014. From 26 October to 20 November, the
Esperanza sailed through the EEZs of Guinea-Bissau and Guinea. On 21 November, the Esperanza sailed across
the South of the Senegalese EEZ, off Casamance, and documented the fishing activities there on its way back
to Funchal, where it arrived on 27 November 2014.
The documentation was done using the helicopter and the Esperanza’s rigid hull inflatable boats (RHIBs), with
the help of the radar to detect fishing operations in prohibited areas. It was obvious from our observations
that the vessels were more likely to enter prohibited fishing areas at night. However, sometimes there was not
enough time or appropriate weather to deploy a RHIB to document the vessel in time, so the ship’s radar was
used to support the identification of that type of illegal fishing operations. After every helicopter flight, the
sighted vessels and flight tracks were plotted on a GIS system so as to compile an overview of the documented
fishing activities.
Map 1.1. Itinerary of the Esperanza during the documentation period 9
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Map 1.2. Helicopter flights conducted during the documentation period10
1.2. Relevant Fisheries legislation in Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and Guinea
The legislation applicable at the time of observation of the activities described in this report differs in the three
countries concerned. In particular:
Industrial fishing11:
- In Guinea-Bissau: prohibited inside the territorial sea (12 nautical miles from the base line)12
- In Guinea: prohibited inside 12 NM from the base line and within the 20 meter isobath13
- In Senegal: certain categories of industrial vessels are authorized to fish up to 6 miles from the
coast14
Transshipment at sea:
- In Guinea-Bissau allowed under certain conditions15
- In Guinea prohibited as a general rule since at least 2004 until 201316. In July 2013, a Presidential
Decree established a clear prohibition of transshipment at sea17 which was replaced, in January 2014,
by another Decree18. The latter, referred to in the 2014 management plan19, prohibits transshipment
at sea but implies that it can be authorized under certain conditions.
- In Senegal, prohibited except in case of force majeure20
Licenses
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- In all three countries, all vessels engaged in fishing operations are required to have a valid fishing
license.
This is further complicated by the fact that some Governments seem to consider that bilateral governmental
access agreements, take precedence over national legislation, sometimes establishing weaker provisions as in
the case of those concerning by-catch allowances, transhipment conditions and vessel position monitoring,
among others.
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2. Summary of findings
During 26 days of documentation at sea, 134 different vessels were sighted in the EEZs of Guinea-Bissau,
Guinea and Southern Senegal. These vessels were flagged to 7 different countries: China, Comoros, Guinea,
Korea, Morocco, Panama and Senegal. These include different types of vessels: 122 fishing vessels, 7 reefers
(refrigerated transport vessels), 2 supply vessels, 2 patrol boats and 1 oil tanker. The vessels’ positions, flags
and types are shown in Table 2.1, and a summary table for each vessel is provided in Annex 1.
Table 2.1. Vessels sighted during 2014 the Esperanza Expedition
a) By flag State
EEZ Flag
Senegal Guinea-Bissau Guinea Total
China 51 28 79
Senegal 13 (11 Chinese owned)
1 14 28
Comoros 6 6
Guinea 3 1 4
Korea 3 1 4
Morocco 2 2
Panama 1 (Chinese owned)
1
unknown 9 10 (9 possibly flagged to Guinea, 1 possibly flagged to China)
Sum of above 13 68 53 134
b) By vessel type
Type EEZ Senegal Guinea-Bissau Guinea Total
fishing vessels 13 43 66 122 (121 trawlers)
reefers 0 7 0 7
supply vessel 0 1 1 2
Patrol boat 0 1 1 2
oil tanker 0 1 0 1
Sum of above 13 53 68 134
In total 53 potential infractions committed by 32 vessels have been identified, including:
1) two Chinese-flagged vessels fishing inside the 12 NM zone (Bo Yuan 9 and Lian Run 26);
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2) twelve Chinese-flagged vessels fishing inside the 20 m isobath zone (Bo Yuan 1, Bo Yuan 2, Bo Yuan 5, Bo
Yuan 6, Bo Yuan 7, Bo Yuan 8, Bo Yuan 9, Liao Pu Yu 15095, Lian Run 26, Lian Run 33, Lian Run 37 and Lian Run
38);
3) one Korean-flagged vessel fishing but the license has expired 21(Hae Jeong 3);
4) three Korean-flagged vessels fishing inside the 20 m isobath zone (Medra, Seo Jin 1 and Tae Woong 608);
5) one Comoros-flagged vessel fishing but the license had expired(Flipper 3);
6) one at-sea transshipment between the Flipper 3 and the Saly Reefer, but the Flipper 3’s license had expired
7) 2 Senegalese-flagged vessels fishing but not on the official list of authorized vessels; nine Senegalese-, one
Guinea- and one Moroccan-flagged vessels were on the official list of authorized vessels but the license has
expired.
8) one vessel fishing inside the 20m isobath zone, nationality unknown.
In Guinea, a total of 24 potential infractions were documented. 16 of these were committed by Chinese-
flagged vessels, 6 by Korean-flagged vessels, 1 by a Senegalese-flagged vessel and 1 unknown.
In Guinea-Bissau, a total of 29 potential infractions were documented. Out of which 17 were committed by
Senegalese-flagged vessels, 4 by Korean-flagged vessels, 4 by Guinean-flagged vessels, 2 by Comoros-flagged
vessels, and 2 by Moroccan-flagged vessels.
These cases are described in more detail in Section 3.1-3.4.
Table 2.2. Potential infractions sighted during the Esperanza Expedition 2014 (Time: UTC-1)
Types of Infraction Vessel Name Date and time observed Flag EEZ
Fishing inside 12 NM zone (prohibited zone for industrial fishing vessels)
Bo Yuan 9 19 Nov 2014, 5:30 China Guinea
Lian Run 26 7 Nov 2014, 2:56 China Guinea
Fishing inside the 20m isobath (prohibited zone for industrial fishing vessels)
Bo Yuan 1 28 Oct 2014, 7:54 China Guinea
Bo Yuan 2 28 Oct 2014, 7:56 China Guinea
Bo Yuan 5 16 Nov 2014, 15:22 China Guinea
Bo Yuan 6 28 Oct 2014, 8:03 18 Nov 2014, 8:23 19 Nov 2014, 7:47
China Guinea
Bo Yuan 7 28 Oct 2014, 7:55 China Guinea
Bo Yuan 8 28 Oct 2014, 7:45 China Guinea
Bo Yuan 9 28 Oct 2014, 8:10 China Guinea
Liao Pu Yu 15095 28 Oct 2014, 7:46 China Guinea
Lian Run 26 19 Nov 2014, 23:10 China Guinea
Lian Run 33 19 Nov 2014, 23:10 China Guinea
Lian Run 37 18 Nov 2014, 14:41 China Guinea
Lian Run 38 19 Nov 2014, 23:10 China Guinea
Medra 1 Nov 2014, 8:41 13 Nov 2014, 14:02 18 Nov 2014, 14:25
Korea Guinea
Seo Jin 1 13 Nov 2014, 13:49 18 Nov 2014, 14:20
Korea Guinea
Tae Woong 608 18 Nov 2014, 2:29 Korea Guinea
Benty 1 28 Oct 2014, 7:38 Unknown Guinea
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Types of Infraction Vessel Name Date and time observed Flag EEZ
Fishing but not on the official list of authorized vessels
Borom 30 Oct 2014, 8:21 Senegal Guinea-Bissau
Kambal III 28 Oct 2014, 18:00 Senegal Guinea
On the official list of authorized vessels but the license had expired
Flipper 3 12 Nov 2014, 7:29 Comoros Guinea-Bissau
Poilao
29 Oct 2014, 7:56 31 Oct 2014, 10:56 11 Nov 2014, 19:49 13 Nov 2014, 7:28
Guinea Guinea-Bissau
Hae Jeong 3
26 Oct 2014, 9:16 29 Oct 2014, 21:28 30 Oct 2014, 17:51 12 Nov 2014, 7:45
Korea Guinea-Bissau
Fishemar 2 26 Oct 2014, 10:01 30 Oct 2014, 8:35
Morocco Guinea-Bissau
Anta Starr 30 Oct 2014, 8:28 Senegal Guinea-Bissau
Betty 26 Oct 2014, 9:14 12 Nov 2014, 11:56
Senegal Guinea-Bissau
Ile de Carabane 26 Oct 2014, 9:10 Senegal Guinea-Bissau
Marcantonio Bragadin
29 Oct 2014, 7:51 31 Oct 2014, 10:49
Senegal Guinea-Bissau
Ria de Dakar 30 Oct 2014, 8:27 Senegal Guinea-Bissau
Santana 30 Oct 2014, 7:26 12 Nov 2014, 11:46
Senegal Guinea-Bissau
Saturnia
29 Oct 2014, 8:02 31 Oct 2014, 10:49 11 Nov 2014, 20:01 13 Nov 2014, 7:31
Senegal Guinea-Bissau
Segundo San Rafael 28 Oct 2014, 20:05 4 Nov 2014, 16:11
Senegal Guinea-Bissau
Sona 13 Nov 2014, 7:46 Senegal Guinea-Bissau
Transshipment between a reefer and a fishing vessel without a valid license
Flipper 3 and the Saly Reefer
30 Oct 2014, 17:10 Comoros Guinea-Bissau
Only a few fishing vessels in the area had an Automatic Identification System (AIS) device activated. Several
cases were observed where the vessel's name, MMSI number and/or position were wrongly reported. AIS
information can be easily manipulated and there are no mechanisms that ensure that this information is
reliable or consequences following manipulation of the AIS information (see section 3.5).
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Map 2.1. Fishing vessels sighted during the documentation period.2223
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Besides the transshipment between Saly Reefer and Flipper 3, three other at-sea transshipments were
documented, all in the waters of Guinea-Bissau:
– between Hai Feng 895 and CNFC 9305, on 13 November;
– between Hai Feng 896 and CNFC 9308, on 13 November;
– between Hai Feng 895 and CNFC 9510, on 14 November;
Based on available information, it is not possible to determine whether these operations were duly authorized
and conducted according to legal requirements. But, although Guinea-Bissau law provides for the
authorization of transshipment at sea under certain conditions, given the lack of monitoring and control
capacity, some transshipment operations are bound to escape supervision.
Map 2.2. At sea transshipment and supply activities in Guinea-Bissau and Guinea24
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3. Potential IUU Cases
3.1. Chinese-flagged vessels
3.1.1. Vessels owned by Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fisheries Co. Ltd.
Summary: The Bo Yuan 9, belonging to Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fisheries Co. Ltd.(Dalian Bo Yuan), was found
fishing inside the 12 NM zone. The vessels Bo Yuan 1, Bo Yuan 2, Bo Yuan 5, Bo Yuan 6, Bo Yuan 7, Bo Yuan 8,
Bo Yuan 9 and Liao Pu Yu 15095 were found fishing inside the 20 m isobath.
On 19 November while sailing along the 12 NM territorial waters limit, a vessel was detected at 03:50h on the
radar of the Esperanza. The vessel was inside the 12 NM zone and at trawling speed. At around 05:45h a RHIB
was put in the water and at 06:12h the RHIB met the vessel which was identified as Bo Yuan 9. At 07:50h
helicopter footage was obtained from the same vessel, steaming but still showing a big amount of fish being
sorted on deck. The whole sequence from 03:50h to 07:50h was recorded through radar screenshots at least
every five minutes. At no time was the target lost on the radar screen.
Image 3.1.1.1. Target 51 corresponds to Bo Yuan 9, inside the 12 NM zone (dotted line), making 3.9 knot.
The Bo Yuan 1, Bo Yuan 2, Bo Yuan 6, Bo Yuan 7, Bo Yuan 8, Bo Yuan 9 and Liao Pu Yu 15095 were found
fishing on 28 October 2014 inside the 20 m isobath by the helicopter. The Bo Yuan 5 was also found by the
helicopter inside the 20m isobath on 28 October 2014, and the Bo Yuan 6 on 18 November and 19 November
2014.
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Image 3.1.1.2. On 28 Oct. 2014, Bo Yuan 9 was found illegally fishing inside the 20m isobath zone. The vessel was also
found fishing inside 12 NM zone on 19th Nov 2014 © Jiri Rezac / Greenpeace
Map 3.1.1.1. Dalian Bo Yuan vessels sighted during the documentation period. 25
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3.1.2. Vessels owned by Dalian Lian Run Overseas Fisheries Co. ltd.
Summary: The Lian Run 26, belonging to Dalian Lian Run Overseas Fisheries Co. ltd.(Dalian Lian Run), was
found fishing inside the 12 NM zone. The Lian Run 26, 33, 37 and 38 were found fishing inside the 20m isobath.
On 7 November while sailing along the 12 NM territorial waters limit, a vessel was detected at 02:45h in the
radar of the Esperanza. The vessel was inside the 12 NM zone and moving at trawling speed. At around 03:30h
a RHIB was put in the water and at 04:00h the RHIB met the vessel which was identified as Lian Run 26. The
whole sequence from 02:45h to 04:00h was recorded through radar screenshots every minute. At no time was
the target lost on the radar screen.
Image 3.1.2.1 Target 68 corresponds to Lian Run 26, inside the 12 NM zone (dotted line), making 2.0 knot. 26
The Lian Run 37 was found fishing on 18 November 2014 inside the 20 m isobath by the helicopter.
On 19 November 2014 while sailing along the 12 NM territorial waters limit, four vessels were detected at
22:00h on the radar of the Esperanza. The vessels were likely to be inside the 20 m isobath and moving at
trawling speed. The weather did not allow launching a RHIB immediately. At around 00:10h a RHIB was put in
the water and identified the Lian Run 26, Lian Run 33 and Lian Run 38. A fourth target was missed. The whole
sequence was recorded through radar screenshots every minute and at no time was the target lost on the
radar screen. The positions of the vessels were plotted later on a chart. The Lian Run 33 , 36 and 38 were
found inside the 20 m isobath.
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Image 3.1.2.2 Target 2 corresponds to Lian Run 33, target 5 corresponds to Lian Run 26 and target 94 corresponds to
Lian Run 38.
Image 3.1.2.3. Radar screenshot (image 3.1.2.1) overlay with the 20m isobath. Target 2 corresponds to Lian Run 33,
target 5 corresponds to Lian Run 26 and target 94 corresponds to Lian Run 38. All three vessels were moving at trawling
speed inside the 20m isobath.
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Image 3.1.2.4. On 7 Nov. 2014, Lian Run 26 was found fishing inside the 12 NM zone. The vessel was also found fishing
inside 20m isobath on 19th Nov. 2014 © Gavin Newman/ Greenpeace
Map 3.1.2.1 Dalian Lian Run vessels sighted during the documentation period. 27
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3.2. Korean-flagged vessels
Summary: The Korean vessel Hae Jeong 3 was found fishing in Guinea-Bissau, although it was included in the
lists of licensed vessels available to us at the time, the license had expired. The Korean vessels Medra, Seo Jin 1
and Tae Woong 608 were found fishing inside the 20 m isobath in Guinea.
The Korean vessel Hae Jeong 3 was found fishing in the waters of Guinea-Bissau on 26, 29 and 30 October and
again on 12 November.
The Korean vessels Medra and Seo Jin 1 were found fishing in the waters of Guinea on 13 and 18 November,
and Medra was also found on 1 November. The vessels seem to always operate in the same area, trawling in
very shallow waters, sometimes around 10 m deep. We obtained visual documentation of the ships’
destructive trawling operation and the trail of mud that they leave behind.
The Korean vessel Tae Woong 608 was observed by one of our RHIBs while fishing in the waters of Guinea on
18 November at 02:30h.
Image 3.2.1. On 13 Nov 2014, Seo Jin 1 was found fishing in the 20m isobath zone in the EEZ of Guinea. The ship was
operating in very shallow waters using destructive trawling and left behind clear trail of mud. © Jiri Rezac/Greenpeace
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Map 3.2.1. Korean-flagged vessels sighted during the documentation period. 28
3.3. Transshipment between the Flipper 3 and the Saly Reefer
The Flipper 3, flagged to Comoros, was sighted transshipping with the reefer Saly Reefer in the waters of
Guinea-Bissau on 30 October. It was sighted again fishing in the waters of Guinea-Bissau on 12 November.
According to the list of licensed vessels available to us at that time, its license had expired.
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Image 3.3.1. Transshipment at sea between the Flipper 3 and the Saly Reefer on 30 Oct 2014 in the EEZ of Guinea-
Bissau © Jiri Rezac/Greenpeace
Map 3.3.1. Comoros-flagged vessels sighted during the documentation period. 29
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3.4. Senegalese-flagged vessels in Guinea-Bissau and Guinea
The Senegalese-flagged vessel Borom was sighted fishing in the waters of Guinea-Bissau, but not on the official
list of authorized vessels available to us at the time of sighting. Nine Senegalese-flagged vessels, Anta Starr,
Betty, Ile de Carabane, Marcantonio Bragadin, Ria de Dakar, Santana, Saturnia, Segundo San Rafael and Sona,
were sighted fishing in the waters of Guinea-Bissau. According to the list of licensed vessels available to us at
the time, their licenses had expired at the time of sighting.
However, it was reported that the owners and/or operators of these vessels intended to obtain licenses to fish
in Guinea-Bissau. An updated list of licensed vessels would be required to confirm this information.
Another Senegalese-flagged vessel Kambal III was sighted fishing in the waters of Guinea, but not on the
official list of authorized vessels.
Map 3.4.1. Senegalese-flagged vessels observed during documentation period. 30
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3.5. Automatic Identification System (AIS) Misreporting
AIS has become a widely used source of data on vessel identity, positions, movements worldwide, visible to
other vessels and land based systems. As AIS was designed for safety purposes, it is therefore a publicly
available data stream and could become a useful tool for public supervision of fishing vessels. However, there
are currently no multilateral mandatory requirements for the use of AIS by fishing vessels31, and the
information reported by the ship’s AIS system can be easily manipulated without consequences1.
Among all the 134 vessels sighted during the trip, only 21 vessels could be observed on the AIS system, the
other 114 vessels could either have their AIS devices switched off or not have an AIS device installed at all. Of
the 21 that had their AIS turned on, at least 10 of these vessels had their name, Maritime Mobile Service
Identity (MMSI) number and/or position wrongly reported. All the misreported cases were Chinese-flagged
vessels.
By comparing the information received on the Esperanza and the helicopter AIS systems, as well as direct and
simultaneous observations from the helicopter and the RHIB, we found the vessels below reported
information that was not coherent with the other sources of information:
These include:
Vessel name Company Greenpeace observation
Bo Yuan 11 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas
Fishery Corp.
1) The location shown on AIS and that observed from our
helicopter did not match. The AIS reported the longitude in East
but it was actually the West, showing the vesselon the land in
the AIS system.
2) The ship was reporting its name as Min Dong Yu
61745 on AIS.
3) It was reporting its MMSI number as 412447093 on
AIS but the MMSI number 412209032 was painted on the ship's
bridge.
Fu Yuan Yu 360,
Fu Yuan Yu 361,
Fu Yuan Yu 362,
Fu Yuan Yu 363,
Fu Yuan Yu 366
Fujian Pingtan Hengli
Fishery co.,ltd.
The ship was reporting false positions around 100º West
longitude (Mexico), showing the vessels in Mexican waters in
the AIS system.
Fu Yuan Yu 381 Fujian Pingtan Hengli
Fishery co.,ltd.
reporting MMSI number 412440272 on AIS while MMSI
number 4124402381 was painted on the ship
Fu Yuan Yu 380 Fujian Pingtan Hengli
Fishery co.,ltd.
reporting MMSI number 412440271 on AIS while MMSI
number 4124402380 was painted on the ship
Bo Yuan 9 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas
Fishery Corp.
reporting a name “0” on AIS
Liao Pu Yu 15096 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas
Fishery Corp.
reporting name Onwa487 on AIS
1 Unless it is mandatory and if manipulation is considered as an infraction under the legislation of the flag State
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4. Conclusions and Recommendations
The result of our documentation work at sea clearly shows that West African waters are still threatened by
destructive and illegal fishing practices. Both West African countries, and the distant water fishing countries
home to these fishing fleets should immediately put effective measures in place to prevent, deter and
eliminate IUU fishing in West African waters, and ensure the environmentally sustainable and socially
equitable exploitation of marine resources.
Recommendations to all flag States and States of beneficial ownership of fishing vessels mentioned in this
report:
Urgently carry out a thorough investigation of the potential illegal fishing practices documented in this
report.
Impose strict, dissuasive, non-discriminatory and non-negotiable sanctions and penalties.
Strengthen the MCS and sanction system to ensure that these companies and fleets abide by the rules.
Immediately improve relevant legislation, closing all existing loopholes that companies have used to
engage in IUU fishing.
Recommendations to all concerned coastal States:
Urgently investigate IUU fishing practices in their waters as well as potential malpractice in terms of
oversight and governance allowing unscrupulous DWF operators to flout the rules with quasi impunity
Ensure full transparency of fisheries related data. The list of all fishing vessels authorized to fish in their
waters, or operating under their flag in international waters or the waters of third countries, as well as the
conditions of their fishing licenses and authorizations, infringements, arrests, fines and other sanctions
imposed and other follow-up, must be made public.
Ensure strict enforcement of fisheries management rules.
Improve monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement mechanisms, including reliable and effective
VMS and participatory surveillance programs.
Adopt effective national and regional plans of action to combat IUU fishing as provided by the FAO
International Plan of Action (IPOA) to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate IUU fishing.
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Annex 1. Summary of observations
Potential cases of illegal fishing are highlighted in red.
No. Name Flag Call Sign Type Area Comments
1 Bo Yuan 1 China Trawler Guinea INSIDE the 20m
ISOBATH
2 Bo Yuan 10 China Trawler Guinea
3 Bo Yuan 11 China Trawler Guinea
4 Bo Yuan 2 China Trawler Guinea INSIDE the 20m
ISOBATH
5 Bo Yuan 3 China Trawler Guinea
6 Bo Yuan 5 China Trawler Guinea INSIDE the 20m
ISOBATH.
7 Bo Yuan 6 China Trawler Guinea INSIDE the 20m
ISOBATH.
8 Bo Yuan 7 China Trawler Guinea INSIDE the 20m
ISOBATH.
9 Bo Yuan 8 China Trawler Guinea INSIDE the 20m
ISOBATH.
10 Bo Yuan 9 China Trawler Guinea INSIDE the 12 nm
zone.
11 CNFC 21 China BTTE Trawler Guinea
12 CNFC 22 China Trawler Guinea
13 CNFC 23 China BITG Trawler Guinea
14 CNFC 24 China BITH Trawler Guinea
15 CNFC 9305 China BALR Trawler Guinea-Bissau Transshipping with Hai Feng
895
16 CNFC 9307 China BALT Trawler Guinea-Bissau
17 CNFC 9308 China BAKK Trawler Guinea-Bissau Transshipping with Hai Feng
896
18 CNFC 9310 China BBGX Trawler Guinea Transshipping with Hai Feng
895
19 CNFC 9311 China BBCY Trawler Guinea
20 CNFC 9312 China BBGZ Trawler Guinea
21 CNFC 9314 China BBHA Trawler Guinea
22 CNFC 9502 China BKUF Trawler Guinea-Bissau
23 CNFC 9509 China BYKQ7 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
24 CNFC 9510 China BYKQ8 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
25 CNFC 9511 China BYKQ9 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
26 CNFC 9512 China BYLQ2 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
27 CNFC 9702 China BAHR Trawler Guinea-Bissau
28 Fu Yuan Yu 360 China Trawler Guinea
29 Fu Yuan Yu 361 China Trawler Guinea
30 Fu Yuan Yu 362 China Trawler Guinea
31 Fu Yuan Yu 363 China Trawler Guinea
32 Fu Yuan Yu 366 China Trawler Guinea
33 Fu Yuan Yu 371 China Trawler Guinea
34 Fu Yuan Yu 372 China Trawler Guinea
35 Fu Yuan Yu 379 China Trawler Guinea
36 Fu Yuan Yu 380 China Trawler Guinea
37 Fu Yuan Yu 381 China Trawler Guinea
38 Hai Feng 823 China Reefer Guinea-Bissau
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39 Hai Feng 896 China BZZQ5 Reefer Guinea-Bissau Transshipping
with CNFC 9308
40 Hai Gong You
302 China BCGG Tanker Guinea-Bissau
41 He Bei 801 China BDNB2 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
42 He Bei 802 China BDNB3 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
43 Jiu Yuan 811 China BKSY2 Trawler Guinea
44 Jiu Yuan 812 China BKST2 Trawler Guinea
45 Lian Run 17 China - Trawler Guinea
46 Lian Run 18 China V3LB-3 Trawler Guinea
47 Lian Run 19 China Trawler Guinea
48 Lian Run 26 China B2SQ3 Trawler Guinea INSIDE the 12 nm
zone.
49 Lian Run 28 China B2SQ5 Trawler Guinea
50 Lian Run 33 China BECD2 Trawler Guinea INSIDE the 20m
ISOBATH.
51 Lian Run 34 China BECD3 Trawler Guinea
52 Lian Run 35 China BECD4 Trawler Guinea
53 Lian Run 36 China BECD5 Trawler Guinea
54 Lian Run 37 China BECD6 Trawler Guinea INSIDE the 20m
ISOBATH.
55 Lian Run 38 China BECD7 Trawler Guinea INSIDE the 20m
ISOBATH.
56 Lian Run 39 China Trawler Guinea
57 Lian Run 40 China Trawler Guinea
58 Liao Pu Yu
15095 China Trawler Guinea
INSIDE the 20m ISOBATH.
59 Liao Pu Yu
15096 China Trawler Guinea
60 Yuan Yu 10 China BYXB8 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
61 Yuan Yu 15 China BYZB3 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
62 Yuan Yu 17 China BYYB9 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
63 Yue Yuan Yu 1 China BXAG2 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
64 Yue Yuan Yu 2 China BXAG3 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
65 Yue Yuan Yu 7 China BXAF6 Trawler Guinea
66 Yue Yuan Yu 8 China BXAF7 Trawler Guinea
67 Zhi Jiang 03 China BKJV538 Trawler Guinea
68 Zhi Jiang 04 China BKJK Trawler Guinea
69 Zhi Jiang 05 China BKZA Trawler Guinea
70 Zhi Jiang 06 China BKZB Trawler Guinea
71 Zhong Shui
9201 China BXAH6 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
72 Zhong Shui
9202 China BXAH7 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
73 Zhong Shui
9412 China BXAH2 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
74 Zhong Shui
9416 China BBRE Trawler Guinea-Bissau
75 Zhong Shui
9417 China BBRF Trawler Guinea-Bissau
76 Zhong Shui
9418 China BBRG Trawler Guinea-Bissau
77 Zhou Yu 629 China BKDR Supply Guinea-Bissau
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78 Zhou Yu Leng 7 China BKWE Reefer Guinea-Bissau
79 Zhou Yu Leng 8 China BKWD Reefer Guinea-Bissau
80 Flipper 3 Comoros D6FD4 Trawler Guinea-Bissau Transshipping
with Saly Reefer. License expired.
81 Flipper 4 Comoros D6DX2 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
82 Flipper 5 Comoros D6EQ9 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
83 Flipper 7 Comoros D6GF2 Trawler Guinea-Bissau
84 Saly Reefer Comoros D6EU2 Reefer Guinea-Bissau Transshipping with Flipper 3.
85 Silver Ice Comoros D6DA5 Reefer Guinea-Bissau
86 Koubia Guinea Trawler Guinea
87 Moussaya Guinea Patrol Boat Guinea
88 Poilao Guinea J5MG7 Trawler Guinea-Bissau License expired
89 Wassou Guinea 3XWS Trawler Guinea
90 Hae Jeong 3 Korea HLBA Trawler Guinea-Bissau License expired
91 Medra Korea DTBE3 Trawler Guinea INSIDE the 20m
ISOBATH.
92 Seo Jin 1 Korea 6KCC Trawler Guinea INSIDE the 20m
ISOBATH.
93 Tae Woong 608 Korea 6NGE Trawler Guinea INSIDE the 20m
ISOBATH.
94 Fishemar 2 Morocco CNA4034 Trawler Guinea-Bissau License expired
95 Fishemar 8 Morocco CNCL Trawler Guinea-Bissau
96 Hai Feng 895 Panama 3ECC7 Reefer Guinea-Bissau Transshipping
with CNFC 9305 and CNFC 9510
97 Anta Starr Senegal 6WHC Trawler Guinea-Bissau License expired
98 Betty Senegal 6VTT Trawler Guinea-Bissau License expired
99 Borom Senegal 6WIY Trawler Guinea-Bissau No License.
100 Connie Senegal 6VNH Trawler Senegal
101 Ferlo Senegal Patrol Boat Guinea-Bissau
102 Helene Senegal 6VUV Trawler Senegal
103 Ile aux Fees Senegal 6VPZ Trawler Guinea-Bissau
104 Ile aux Oiseaux Senegal 6VSZ Trawler Guinea-Bissau
105 Ile de Carabane Senegal 6VRC Trawler Guinea-Bissau License expired
106 Ile de Santiago Senegal 6VSS Trawler Guinea-Bissau
107 Kambal III Senegal 6WGC Trawler Guinea No License.
108 Marcantonio
Bragadin Senegal 6WEO Trawler Guinea-Bissau License expired
109 Ria de Dakar Senegal 6WIB Trawler Guinea-Bissau License expired
110 Santana Senegal 6VUM Trawler Guinea-Bissau License expired
111 Saturnia Senegal 6WAJ Trawler Guinea-Bissau License expired
112 Segundo San
Rafael Senegal 6WJA Trawler Guinea-Bissau License expired
113 Soleil 10 Senegal 6WDK Trawler Senegal
114 Soleil 11 Senegal 6WDL Trawler Senegal
115 Soleil 12 Senegal 6WDM Trawler Senegal
116 Soleil 51 Senegal 6WJG Trawler Senegal
117 Soleil 61 Senegal 6WJH Trawler Senegal
118 Soleil 65 Senegal 6WJV Trawler Senegal
119 Soleil 66 Senegal 6WJW Trawler Senegal
120 Soleil 67 Senegal 6WJX Trawler Senegal
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121 Soleil 68 Senegal 6WJY Trawler Senegal
122 Soleil 8 Senegal 6WDI Trawler Senegal
123 Soleil 9 Senegal 6WOJ Trawler Senegal
124 Sona Senegal 6WHY Trawler Guinea-Bissau License expired
125 Zhou Yu 634 unknown
(possibly flagged by China)
Supply Guinea
126 Appia unknown
(possibly flagged to Guinea)
Trawler Guinea
127 Benty 1 unknown
(possibly flagged to Guinea)
CK3- Trawler Guinea INSIDE the 20m
ISOBATH.
128 Hai Hong unknown
(possibly flagged to Guinea)
Trawler Guinea
129 Hai Xing unknown
(possibly flagged to Guinea)
Trawler Guinea
130 Monique unknown
(possibly flagged to Guinea)
Trawler Guinea
131 Moriah unknown
(possibly flagged to Guinea)
Trawler Guinea
132 Morono unknown
(possibly flagged to Guinea)
Trawler Guinea
133 Vina unknown
(possibly flagged to Guinea)
fishing vessel Guinea
134 Xing Fu unknown
(possibly flagged to Guinea)
Trawler Guinea
Annex 2. Marine charts, maps and legal texts referenced in this report:
1. The 12 NM zone where industrial fishing is prohibited in Guinea-Bissau was drawn based on Guinea-
Bissau’s Lei n.° 3/85 de 17 de Maio and Lei n° 2/85 de 17 de Maio.
2. The 12 NM zone where industrial fishing is prohibited in Guinea was drawn based on Guinean Presidential
Decree 092/PRG/SGG and the 2014 Fisheries management plan (Arrêté № A/2014/019/MPA/CAB/SGG).
3. The 20m isobaths inside Guinea’s EEZ was drawn based on the chart De Cabo Roxo à Monrovia (No. 7185 -
INT 1085), published by SHOM (Service hydrographique et océanographique de la marine), France, 1992
and the 2014 Fisheries Management Plan of Guinea (Arrêté № A/2014/019/MPA/CAB/SGG).
4. The EEZs of Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea and Sierra Leone were drawn based on charts/lists of
coordinates available from Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of Legal Affairs, United
Nations. (http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/africa.htm )
5. Maps of the relevant countries are available from GADM database of Global Administrative Areas
(http://www.gadm.org/version2).
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References
1 All potential infractions for fishing without a valid license referred to in this report are based on official lists of
authorized vessels available at the time of observations. 2 For more details, please refer to the full report Africa’s Fisheries’ Paradise At A Crossroads Investigating Chinese
Companies’ Illegal Fishing Practices In West Africa Full Report available at https://www.greenpeace.org.cn/africa-fisheries-paradise-at-a-crossroads-report-full/ 3
Review of the state of world marine fishery resources, FAO, 2011, P14. The Western and Eastern Central Atlantic had the highest proportion of overfished stocks, about 54 percent in 2009 4 http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14886/en. For example, FAO estimated that the proportion of dietary protein that
comes from fish is extremely high among these WA countries: 47 percent in Senegal, 62 percent in Gambia and 63 percent in Sierra Leone and Ghana 5 Review of the state of world marine fishery resources, FAO, 2011, P14. The Western and Eastern Central Atlantic had the
highest proportion of overfished stocks, about 54 percent in 2009 6 Review of the state of world marine fishery resources, FAO, 2011, P67.
7 http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004570; http://transparentsea.co/images/5/58/Illegal-
fishing-mrag-report.pdf 8 http://transparentsea.co/images/5/58/Illegal-fishing-mrag-report.pdf, pg 100
9 The 20m isobaths is derived from the chart De Cabo Roxo à Monrovia (No. 7185 - INT 1085), published by SHOM (©
SHOM – 2014 – - reproduction prohibited) The proposed derived products developed on the basis of the marine charts of the SHOM do not replace the official products of a hydrographic service. These derived products have not been verified by the SHOM. 10
Ibid., 9 11
“Industrial fishing” or “industrial fishing vessel” defined in the respective legislation of: Senegal: Décret № 98-498 Chapter II, Section 1, Art. 11 http://www.spcsrp.org/medias/csrp/Leg/SN/Leg_SN_1998_DCR-00498.pdf Guinea: Arrêté № 007/9/MARA/CAB Art 2 http://www.spcsrp.org/medias/csrp/Leg/GUI/nouveau/Leg_GUI_1994_ARR-00007.pdf Guinea-Bissau: Decreto-Lei Art 4 (u) http://www.spcsrp.org/medias/csrp/Leg/GBIS/nouveau/LEG_GB_2011_DCR-LEI-00010.pdf 12
Decreto Lei n.º 10/2011 of 7 June 2011 Art 24 13
Arrêté № A/2014/019 MPA/CAB/SGG Para I (scope) 14
Décret N° 98-498 Art 44 15
Decreto Lei n.º 10/2011 of 7 June 2011 Art 35 16
Arrêté N°A/2013/10611/MPA/CAB/SGG Para. XIV 17
Décret D/2013/128/PRG/SGG of 29 July 2013 Art 1 §1 18
Décret D/008/PRG/SGG of 6th January 2014 Art 2.1 19
Arrêté № A/2014/019 MPA/CAB/SGG Para XIV 20
Loi n°98-32 of 14 April 1998 Art 32 21
All potential infractions for fishing without a valid license referred to in this report are based on official lists of authorized vessels available at the time of observations. 22
Ibid.,9 23 In the legend: “No license” means the vessel was not on the official lists of licensed vessels available at the time of
observation; “License expired” means the vessel was on the official lists of licensed vessels available at the time of observation but the license had expired; “No infraction” means no infraction detectable without boarding the fishing vessels. 24
Ibid.,9 25
Ibid.,9 26
Ibid.,9 27
Ibid.,9 28
Ibid.,9 29
Ibid.,9 30
Ibid.,9 31
The application of the AIS requirements in Regulation 19 of SOLAS Chapter V to fishing vessels is entirely at the behest of the flag State. There is currently no legally binding international agreement imposing the use of AIS for fishing vessels.
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Greenpeace is an independent global campaigning organisation that acts to change attitudes and behaviour, to protect and conserve the environment and to promote peace.
Published in May 2015 by
Greenpeace East Asia Room 303A, Tower B, Jiachengyoushu Office
Building, No. A 25, Dongsishitiao, Dongcheng
District, Beijing China
http://www.greenpeace.org.cn/
Greenpeace Africa 2 Avenue Hassan II, 6ème Etage
Dakar, Senegal
http://www.greenpeace.org/africa