espm 134 intro - rausser college of natural resources · espm 134 intro.ppt author: tom bruns...
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ESPM 134 Spring 2009 Insects, Fire, & Disease in Wildland Ecosystems
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Jonathan Adams, Environmental SciencesDivision, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, OakRidge, TN 37831, USA
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Jonathan Adams, Environmental SciencesDivision, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, OakRidge, TN 37831, USA
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Jonathan Adams, Environmental Sciences, Oak Ridge Natl. Lab
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increasing shade tolerance
true firsincense cedarshemlock
most pines Douglas-firsugar pinemost oaks
giant sequoia
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Problems with a climax view
• Long-lived pioneers can prevent climax from occurring (e.g. redwood)
• Disturbance is inevitable • The view of communities as real entities is
erroneous
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“the Modern view”
• Communities are human constructs • Equilibrium is seldom, if ever, reached • Plant diversity results from a patchy
distribution of disturbance in time and space (its chaotic)
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Problems with modern view • Although the importance of disturbance is realized the agents involved
in it are often misunderstood, ignored, and underestimated. • Insects and pathogens are seldom mentioned, even though "gaps" in
the forest are frequently caused by them. • The importance of density dependent selection is appreciated but the
roles of disease and to a lesser extent insects are grossly understudied. • Trees do not die of old age - they are actively killed either by abiotic or
biotic agents or a combination of both. Predisposition is important. • Although fire has been recognized as a significant disturbance agent it
is often taught as an all or nothing phenomena - the differential effects of various fire regimes and their specific interactions with plants, plant diseases, and insects are not commonly taught.
• The role of human actions are usually ignored or viewed as unnatural intrusions into a natural system, but today these are some of the dominant influences
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Descriptors of Disturbance Regimes�from Edmond et al 2000
• Type (e.g., fire, insect, disease, etc.) • Frequency (mean number of event/time) • Predictability (variance in frequency) • Severity (Effect on ecosystem, mortality of dominants) • Magnitude (intensity of event, best with physical disturbances) • Extent (area covered) • Timing (season) • Synergy (interaction between disturbances)
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Effects of Compound Disturbances - Paine et al. 1998 Ecosystems 1:535-545
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With a single R gene in the plant, the loss of the avr gene in the fungus will
overcome resistance
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In a three gene system, loss of any two avr genes still results in resistance
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Models for interactions between products of R genes and Avr genes.
From Ellis 2000. Trends in Plant Science 5:373-379
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Gene for Gene (vertical) resistance Single factor model
pathogen genotypes
Host genotypes
RR Rr rr AA - - + Aa - - + aa + + +
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pathogengenotypes
Hostgenotypes
R1- R2- R1- r2r2 r1r1 R2- r1r1 r2r2A1- A2- - - - +A1- a2a2 - - + +a1a1 A2- - + - +a1a1 a2a2 + + + +
Gene for gene model 2 factors
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Model of Nucleotide Binding Sequence NBS Leucine Rich Repeat genes.
Ellis 2000. Trends in Plant Science 5:373-379
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What are the community-level effects of disease (and insects) on plant
communities? • Selection of species best suited for a site
(maintenance of geographic range) • Maintenance of diversity (selects against
monocultures) • Selects for genetic diversity within species • Driving forest in succession
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Sulfur dioxide source and foliar damage
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Photochemical smog
O2 + NO3 O3 + NO
O3 + NO + hydrocarbons PAN ( peroxyacetyl nitrate)
l ight
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Ozone damage on Ponderosa pine
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Dodder - Cuscuta sp. a parasitic plant
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Dodder - a close-up
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Mistletoes
Dwarf Mistletoe on pine Leafy Mistletoe on oak
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Images from Diseases of Trees and Shrubs Sinclair et al. 1989
Bacterial scorch of red oak
Bacterial scorch-like symptoms of California buckeye
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Images from Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Sinclair et al. 1989
Elm Yellows - caused by a “MLO”
Bacteria in vessel
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Images from Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Sinclair et al. 1989
Blackline disease of walnut, cause by Cherry leafroll virus