1

Essay Options:

1. “If I have seen farther than others, it is because I have

stood on the shoulders of giants.” How did Newton

synthesize scientific thought? {Chp 18 / Sci. Revol.}

2. Who was the more effective “politique,” Catherine de

Medici or Henry of Navarre? Support your argument

with specific facts. {Chp 15 Relig. Wars & Chp 16 Absol.

Mon.}

3. Compare and contrast the religious policies and tactics

of Philip II (of Spain) and Louis XIV (of France), the two

dominant absolutist kings. {Chp 16 Absol. Mon.}

2

The Enlightenment

1600s – 1700s

3

KEY BELIEFS OF

THE

ENLIGHTENMENT

4

NATURAL

RIGHTS

5

POLITICAL

EQUALITY

6

Most Common European Political

Experience:

Absolute Monarchy

Divine Right Rule

King has final say in all matters

Top gov’t & military jobs reserved for

aristocracy and clergy

People have little or no voice in gov’t

Peasants and middle class taxed heavily

7

SOCIAL EQUALITY

8

Laissez-faire

Economics

9

Physiocratic Economic Theory:

Free agricultural trade (no tariffs or gov’t

restriction)

Believe once gov’t restrictions are

removed, progress would occur

naturally (incorrect theory)

True value of a country is in its land, not

raw materials

10

Education

11

Pacifist / Anti-war Philosophy

12

The Enlightenment was

centered in France since

she had the most

repressive absolute

monarchy in Europe!

(Louis, Louis - - oh, oh - -

he gotta go! Yeh,yeh,yeh,

yeh!)

13

Thomas Hobbes / English

1588-1679

Leviathan 1651

14

John Locke / England

1632-1704

Published in

1690

15

Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron

de Montesquieu / French

1689-1755

Published 1748

16

Francois Marie Arouet / “Voltaire” /

France / 1694-1778 / most famous of

all philosophes!!

Published in 1759

17

Voltaire =

Speaking of the Roman

Catholic Church

“É crasez l‘ infame!”

{Crush the infamous thing!}

18

Voltaire =

“I do not agree with a

word you say, but I

will defend to the

death your right to

say it!”

19

Jean Jacques Rousseau / Swiss

1712-1778

Published in 1762

20

Rousseau created

the idea of the

“noble savage.”

21

Rousseau said spontaneity or

impulse (noble savage) was

better than reasoned thought.

“Man is born free, yet

everywhere he is in chains.”

According to his book, Origin of

Inequality Among Men 1753,

civilization creates evil. Life in a

state of nature would be better.

22

Social Contract 1762 = people must

surrender their individual will into

one combined “general will.” This

means what is in the best interests

of the majority of the people. So,

this represents a contract among

the people themselves {a social

contract}. Government must

function according to the “general

will” or what is in the best interests

of the nation as a whole.

23

Petit hameau (little hamlet) de la Reine - - Queen Marie Antoinette’s miniature

peasant village on the grounds of Versailles. The queen pretended to be a

milkmaid!

24

Émile (1762) was a novel

on education. Émile was a

child for whom Rousseau

designed a “natural”

education. Rousseau

thought young children

should “learn by doing”

and not from books.

25

Denis Diderot / French

1713-1783

Published from1751-1772 in 17 volumes --

updated with all the new scientific and

philosophical knowledge

26

Edmund Burke / England

1729-1797

27

Mary Wollstonecraft / English

1759-1797

28

William Godwin

29

After Mary gave birth to her second child, also

named Mary, the doctor did not remove ALL the

placenta from her uterus and it became

gangrenous. She died 10 days after giving birth.

30

There has recently been some controversy about eating the

placenta after childbirth. In China, Italy, and Vietnam it is pretty

customary for people to eat part of the raw placenta directly after

birth. It contains vitamins & hormones that were used to feed the

baby.

31

Gangrene is an infection due to poor

blood flow or bacterial infection that

causes human tissue to die. It spreads

very quickly. (Left) Internal gangrene in

the intestines.

32

Rousseau – “The education of women should be always

relative to men. To be useful to us, to make us love

them, to render our lives easy and agreeable; these are

the duties of women at all times, and what they should

be taught in infancy.”

Wollstonecraft – “Woman was not created merely to be

the solace of man . . . on this sexual error has all the

false system been erected, which robs our whole sex of

its dignity . . . whilst man remains . . . the slave of his

appetites . . . our sex is degraded by a necessity.”

Rousseau – “Girls must be subject all their lives to the

most constant and severe restraint, . . . that they may the

more readily learn to submit to the will of others . . . but

is it not just that this sex should partake of the

sufferings which arise from those evils it hath caused

us?”

33

Wollstonecraft – “How can a woman believe that she was

made to submit to man – a being like herself, her equal?”

Rousseau – “Boys love sports, noise, and activity: to

whip the top, to beat the drum, to drag about their little

carts; girls on the other hand are fond of things of show

and ornament – trinkets, mirrors, dolls.”

Wollstonecraft – “Little girls are forced to sit still and

play with trinkets. Who can say whether they are fond of

them or not?”

34

Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft

35

36

William Hogarth / English

1697-1764

Self portrait (1757)Self portrait with Pug (1745)

37

Gin Lane (1751) Beer Street (1751)

38

Hogarth

1751

39

Hogarth

1751

40

“Credulity, Superstition,

and Fanaticism” (1762)

{A comment on

religious

fundamentalism.}

41Marriage à la Mode # 1 {“The Marriage Settlement”}

42Marriage à la Mode # 2 {“The Tête à Tête”}

43

Plate 6 – “The Lady’s Death” Hogarth (Marriage à la Mode)

44

Enlightened MonarchsPeter the Great / Russia / 1682-1725 (reign)

45

Peter the Great

monument in

Moscow

46

Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church

47

48

Land on the coast

of the Baltic Sea,

conquered by Peter

the Great in the

“Great Northern

War (1700-1721)”

with Sweden.

Russian gained:

Estonia, Livonia,

and some of

Finland.

49

Peter the Great

cutting the

beards of the

Boyars!!

50

Enlightened MonarchsFrederick the Great / Prussia / 1740-1786 (reign)

51

Voltaire lived in the

Sanssouci Palace (Potsdam)

with Frederick the Great of

Prussia for two years.

52

Sanssouci – Frederick

the Great’s summer

palace in Potsdam.

53

Catherine the Great / Russia

1762-1796

54

55Catherine Palace in Pushkin, Russia (near St. Petersburg)

56

57

58

Joseph II of Austria

1780-1790

59

Austrian Empress Maria Theresa of

Austria (1740-1780 reign)

60

61Austrian Hapsburg Territory, 1718