Section B

9ai) State the light phenomenon in the endoscope. - Total internal reflection

aii) State the function of the objective lens and the eyepiece. - Objective lens is used to produce a real, inverted and magnified image

aiii) State two advantages of using a fibre optic cable - It can carry large amount of data - I can transmit signals without information lost

b) Compare and contrast - Object distance in diagram 9.2 is smaller than that in diagram 9.3 - Image distance in diagram 9.2 is larger than that in diagram 9.3 - Image formed in diagram 9.2 is larger than that in diagram 9.3 Relationship between image distance and the size of image - The larger the object distance, the smaller image distance Relationship between image distance and size of image - The larger the image distance, the larger the size of image c) Suggest and explain how lenses R and T can be used to construct a compound microscope. - Fe > Fo

- Lens with larger focal length will be used as the eyepiece of the compound microscope, lens with smaller focal length will be used as the objective lens

Choice of lenses for objective lens and eyepiece - Bigger focal length: eyepiece

di) Distance of object from the objective lens - Between F and 2F of the objective lens (2f < u < f) Position of image formed by the objective lens - At the near point (about 25cm) from the observer’s eye

ii) Advantage of compound microscope - Can magnify object too 400 times bigger than the original object iii) Suggest modification when the surrounding is dark - Install a mirror below the compound microscope the reflect light into the microscope to produce brighter image

11ai) Meaning of specific heat capacity - The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1kg mass of an object by 1°C ii) Formation of sea breeze (land breeze) - During day time (night), heat energy from the sun is absorbed by the sea and the land (heat is lost from the sea and the land) - Sea has a higher specific heat capacity , therefore it’s temperature increases slower (cools off slower), making it cooler (warmer) than the land - Land has a lower specific heat capacity, therefore it’s temperature increases faster (cools off faster) , making it warmer (cooler) than the sea - Hot air above the land (sea) rises - Cooler air from the sea (land) moves towards the land (sea)

b) Comparison - More solar panel (provide more electricity, generate more heat) - Material of tank with high specific heat capacity (store hot water longer) - Bigger tank (store more water) - Thermal conductivity of tank should be lower (not easy to loose heat to surroundings) c) Calculations 1. Q = mc (heat energy)θ

2. m1c1θ1 = m2c2θ2 (thermal equilibrium)

3. Pt = mc (immersion heater – use electrical heater)θ

4. mlf (specific latent heat of fusion, gas to liquid, liquid to solid)

5. mlv (specific latent heat of vapourisation, solid to liquid, liquid to gas)

6. P 1/V Pα 1V1 = P2V2 (Boyles law)

7. P T Pα 1/T1 = P2/T2 (Pressure law)

8. V Tα V1/T1 = V2/T2 (Charles law)