essence of pc ebook

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Essence of PermacultureA summary of permaculture concepts and

principles taken from ‘Permaculture Principles

& Pathways Beyond Sustainability’

by David Holmgren

E n g l i s H V E r s i o n

Email: [email protected]

Designed by Richard Telord. English Ver 7. © 2012



The d pemate a ed b B M ad me the

md-1970’ t debe a integrated, evolving system o perennial or

sel-perpetuating plant and animal species useul to man 1.

A me et det pemate, hh efet the

expa mpt Permaculture One, ‘Consciously

designed landscapes which mimic the patterns and relationships ound in nature, while yielding an abundance o ood, bre and

energy or provision o local needs.’ Pepe, the bd ad the

a hh the ae themeve ae eta t pemate.

Th the pemate v pemaet taabe ate

ha evved t e pemaet taabe te.

THE DEsign sysTEM

F ma pepe, me ded, the abve ept pemate ba t

pe that t ee eded. Me pee, i ee pemate a the e temth ad de ppe that pvde the a ame mpemet theabve v. it da tethe the dvee dea, ad a v hh eed t beedveed ad deveped de t empe t pvde eed, he eathe ata apta te eeat.

i th me mted bt mptat ee, pemate t the adape, eve the a ade, taabe am, ee eet bd e-vaedevepmet a h, bt t a be ed t de, etabh, maae ad mpve thee ada the et made b dvda, hehd ad mmte tad a taabete. The Pemate De stem Fe h the e dma that eqetamat t eate a taabe te. Hta, pemate ha ed lad ad nate steadhp a bth a e , ad a appat , etha ad deppe. The ppe ae be apped t the dma dea th phaad eeet ee, a e a hma azat (te aed vbe tte pemate teah). sme the pe ed, de tem ad t that havebee aated th th de ve pemate (at eat Ataa) ae h adthe pephe the fe. The pa evta path be th eth ad ppeet tt tethe thee dma, ta at the pea ad the a eve, adthe peed t the etve ad ba eve.

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The permaculTure Flower

stat th eth ad ppe ed the ta dma

ad ad ate teadhp, pemate evv b peve

appat ppe t the teat a eve dma

eea t ta hmat thh ee deet

Adapted rom Introduction: Permaculture Principles & Pathways Beyond Sustainability. Copyright © 2002.

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LAND &

NATURE

STEWARDSHIP

BUILT

ENVIRONMENT PERMACULTURE

DESIGN SYSTEM

EVOLUTION

LAND TENURE

& COMMUNITY

TOOLS &

TECHNOLOGY

PERMACULTURE

ETHICS & DESIGN

PRINCIPLES

HEALTH &

SPIRITUAL

WELL-BEING

FINANCES

& ECONOMICS

CULTURE

& EDUCATION

Water harvesting& reuse

Natural buildingmaterials

Owner-building

Passive solar design

Charcoal & woodgasification

Microhydro

Handtools

Bicycletransport

Reuse / Recycling

Home & Steinereducation

ReadingLandscapes

Participatoryarts & music

Social Ecology& Action Research

Home birth / Breastfeeding

Preventative health

Holistic medicineYoga & otherbody/mind/spirit disciplines

Dying with dignity

Spirit of place

LETS

Fair Trade Products

CommunitySupportedAgriculture

EthicalInvestment

Emergy accounting

Eco-villages / cohousing

Conflictresolution

Co-operatives / Body corporates

Native title

Holistic RangelandManagement

Keyline waterharvesting

Agroforestry& nature-basedforestry

Organic & BD agriculture

Bio-intensive gardeningIntegratedaquaculture

Wild harvesting

Forest gardening

Seed saving Biotechture

WWOOFing



THE nETwork

Pemate a a et dvda ad p pead pemate det bth h ad p te a tet. lae eed aadema,ad ppted b vemet be, pemate atvt ae tbt t ame taabe te b ea the ve ad ad pemate deppe. i th a the ae eat ma a hae, bt e that ae det addet fe at the ed taabe devepmet, a ate,apppate teh ad teta mmt de.

THE PErMAculTurE DEsign coursEMt the pepe vved th et have mpeted a Pemate De ce(PDc), hh 30 ea ha bee the pme vehe pemate pat ad tadde. The pat apet the PDc ha ated a a a e bd patpat ta extet that the d-de et d be debed a a a mvemet. A ma ded 1984, bt dveet evt bth the m ad tet thee e,a peeted b deet pemate teahe, ha pded ve vaed ad aedexpeee ad detad pemate.

iMPEDiMEnTs To THE sPrEAD oF PErMAculTurE

Thee ae ma ea h ea devepmet t that efet pemate de

ppe have t had a eate mpat ve the at e deade. sme the ea ae:• Prevailingscienticcultureofreductionismthatiscautious,ifnothostile,toholistic

methd q.• Thedominantcultureofconsumerism,drivenbydysfunctionaleconomicmeasuresof

e-be ad pe.

• Political,economicandsocialelites(bothglobalandlocal)whichstandtoloseinuencead pe thh the adpt a atm ad e-eae.

Thee ad eated mpedmet expe themeve deet deet etead text.

F the ve b majt hm the t ba eed hh eatve t eame, the pptte t mata edevep me e-eat mea pvd

eed ae exteme mted. The depet a ata ee b ppatpee, vat ee extat teh, eth ad mat ft,a e a vemet ad pate exptat, have a eded the pdtvtad vabt d -evved taabe tem. At the ame tme, th themeta em ha pvded me pptte am ad at ab, theebea meaed me, bt a t tae at de e-be. The e pptte the apd te ha bee e the daed at, ett t mve t the t. Th pe a d a the eh tae abtD whttt h ame t ld ( the 14th et) a a p pha beaehe thht the teet ee paved th d. At the ame tme, vemet pv4

heath, edat, ad the eve have a bee ahed b iMF ad wd Bamped tta adjtmet. Th aed tem em ad a devepmet extada t bqt ad epett.

The ame tem pe that extat ad expt the e pe, the the b mdde-a pepe, mt the nth, t mpae th , ad eve a teatve t aveae me, d, ate, ee ad the eeta d. Th ae ba maet t tamt a abt ee depet ad evmeta deadatha ated me aat the eed devep me e-eat ete, addabed the dve pb pe hh mht at thee eea adaptat. The

fd e ad heap me d ha tmated mpt t a pt pe-atat, he at the ame tme meae a apta ad ebe te t am pea the 1970’.

The ave aeptae em th at a t, ad the pe etabhed patead vemet teet, hh tad t e pe m h a tat, mae ea theada pta ate the pemate aeda.

Focus on oPPorTuniTiEs rATHEr THAn oBsTAclEs

whe pemate atvt ae ate aae thee mpedmet t hat the d,pemate tatee the pptte athe tha the btae. i the text hep the tat m at mpt t epbe pdt, pemate

bd the petee bth a te e-eae, mmt vae, ad theetet a ae , bth epta ad pata, depte the avae afee.The detat thee vbe ee a mptat a pemate pjet athe evaat bpha ad matea ee.

whe taabe “pdt” ( d ad the ee) ema the pme bjetve pemate tatee, t a be aed that pemate ha bee me eetveat pee hat ha me t be aed “taabe mpt”. rathe tha eatatee t eae ee me pha, pemate addee the e beteat ad tat the pdt/mpt e ad the a pt theatve dvda eted th a hehd ad a a mmt.

Athh pemate a epta ame taabe devepmet that ha t

t ea ee ad tem th, t at pead th ma deette ad text h t pteta t tbte t the evt a ppa te taabt, thh adpt ve pata ad empe t.

FunDAMEnTAl A ssuMPTions

Pemate ded me dameta ampt that ae ta t bthdetad ad evaat t. The ampt hh pemate a abaed ee mped Permaculture One, ad ae th epeat:

• Humans,althoughunusualwithinthenaturalworld,aresubjecttothesamescientic(ee) a that ve the matea vee, d the evt e.

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• Thetappingoffossilfuelsduringtheindustrialerawasseenastheprimarycauseofthepetaa exp hma mbe, teh ad eve the ve eate mde et.

• Theenvironmentalcrisisisrealandofamagnitudethatwillcertainlytransformmodernba dta et bed et. i the pe, the e-be ad eve

vva the d’ expad ppat det theateed.• Theongoingandfutureimpactsofglobalindustrialsocietyandhumannumbersonthe

d’ d bdvet ae amed t be a eate tha the mave hae the at e hded ea.

• Despitetheinevitablyuniquenatureoffuturerealities,thedepletionoffossilfuelswithina e eeat ee a ada et tem de ppe bevabe

ate ad pe-dta ete, ad hh ae depedet eeabe ee adee (eve the pe m the tem efet qe ad amtae).

Th pemate baed a ampt peve ed ee ad eempt, ad a evtabe edt hma mbe. i a th the “ee deette” t emphae the pma ee hma det, ad the eat eatve bt eadept hat me mht a “dee”, “tat,” “dea” “de”. Th eedeet te a be vaed a the ete deet ate a exhaat ba fht thatet t the Eath, hme. o e that eath ha bee tamed b hmat’“ee aet”, ma the te a hae ad a ve a a ped ht. i

pe aept h a te a evtabe e have a he betee ea aqtvee,avae dead eatve adapt.

The epta dep thee ampt ae m ma e, bt i ee aea ad pea debt t the pbhed Amea et Had odm 2. The fee odm’ the evt m dea made expt the dedat adexteve eeee t odm Permaculture, Principles & Pathways Beyond Sustainability, ae a ate David Holmgren: Collected Writings & Persentations 1978-20063.

Am the eet pbhed ee pea ad eqet deet, rhadHebe’ de tted b, The Party’s Over 4, pbab pvde the bet veve the evdee ad e, th apppate aedemet t campbe, leheee ad theeted ad depedet petem et h, the md 1990’ exped the ea at

abt the d’ e eeve, ad the ta ate pea a pped t tmatepdt ad a.

permaculTure principles

THE VAluE AnD usE oF PrinciPlEs

The dea behd pemate ppe that eeaed ppe a be deved m thetd bth the ata d ad pe-dta taabe ete, ad that thee bevea appabe t at-ta the devepmet taabe e ad ad ee,hethe that be a text ea ad matea abdae e depvat.6

The pe pvd pepe’ eed th ea mt eqe a taevt. ievtab h a evt aht th ma , ae ead, ad eee. we appea t have tte tme t aheve th evt. i th htatext, the dea a mpe et d ppe that have de, eve vea appat attatve.

Pemate ppe ae be tatemet a that a be emembeed a a hethe de the evtab mpex pt de ad evt ea ppttem. Thee ppe ae ee a vea, athh the methd that expe them va eat ad t pae ad tat. Thee ppe ae a appabe t

pea, em, a ad pta eaat, a tated the PemateFe, athh the ae tatee ad tehqe hh efet the ppe eahdma t evv.

Thee ppe a be dvded t eth ad de ppe.

ETHics oF PErMAculTurE

Eth at a tat vva tt ad the the pea ad a tt e-teet that ted t dve hma behav a et. The ae ta evvedmeham me ehteed e-teet, a me ve ve h ad hatttte “”, ad a e-tem detad d ad bad tme.

The eate the pe hma vat (de t ee avaabt), ad the eate the

etat ad ae pe th et, the me ta eth beme e-tem ta ad eve ba vva. Th ea ta ve ethmae them eta the devepmet a te ee deet.

le de ppe, the eth ee t expt ted ea pemate teate.se the devepmet the Pemate De ce, eth have eea bee veedb thee bad maxm:

• Carefortheearth(husbandsoil,forestsandwater)

• Careforpeople(lookafterself,kinandcommunity)• Fairshare(setlimitstoconsumptionandreproduction,andredistributesurplus).

Thee ae dted m eeah t mmt eth, a adpted b de e tead mde peatve p. The thd eth, ad eve the ed, a be ee a deved

m the t.

The eth have bee taht ad ed a mpe ad eatve qeted ethadat pemate de th the mvemet ad th the de “ba at” e-mded pepe. Me bad, the a be ee a mm t a tadta “te pae” that have eted pepe t ad ad ate thht ht, th the tabeexept mde dta ete.

Th pemate ea m de, tba ad te pae baed the evdee that thee te have exted eatve baae th the evmet, advved e tha a me eet expemet vat 5.

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o e, attempt t ve a etha e, e hd t e the teah theeat pta ad phpha tadt teate vat, the eat the theet ehtemet ad et tme. Bt the tat t a taabe -ee te e eed t de, ad attempt t detad, a bade ava vaead ept tha the deveed t b eet ta ht 6.

DEsign PrinciPlEs

The et dat pemate de ppe e eea th the mdeee e, ad me pata th the bah e aed ‘tem

e’. othe teeta dpe, mt pata adape eaph ad eth-b, have tbted ept that have bee adapted t de ppe.

Fdameta, pemate de ppe ae m a a peev the dthat te debed a ‘tem th’ ad ‘de th’ (See Principle 1: Observeand interact).

othe exampe tem ad de th de:

• TheWholeEarthReview,anditsbetter-knownoffshoottheWholeEarthCatalogue,edted b steat Bad, dd mh t pbe tem ad de th a aeta t the ta evt t hh pemate a tbt.

• ThewidelyknownandappliedideasofEdwardDeBono7 a de the bad b tem ad de th.

• Astheacademicdisciplineofcybernetics8, tem th ha bee a etead dt bjet, e aated th the emeee mpt admmat et ad ma the teha appat.

Apat m the ea eeet Had odm, the fee tem th mdevepmet pemate ad t de ppe ha t me thh exteve td the teate, bt me thh a mt abpt dea the ta ethe hhte a hd th m expeee pemate de. Fthe, i beeve ma theabtat ht tem th have me ea detd paae the tead mth de te, ad t a ee extet the ede a pepe teted t ad ad ate.

The dat pemate, bth eth ad de ppe, ma be beved

peat a ad . i ae that the abee, appaet tadt b mdedta te, de t vadate the vea eevae t the deet t a -ee te.

whe eeee t a tt tatee, tehqe ad exampe the a mt pepe eate t ad mae e pemate, thee ae pe t the ae temvved, the ta ad ea text, ad the epete ad expeee the vved. i ppe ae t pvde dae h ad devep the eappat, the the eed t embd me eea tem de ept, hebe expeed aae that aebe t da pepe ad eate th metadta e dm ad mm ee.8

i ae the dvet pemate th de 12 de ppe. M et deppe vae at m the ed b mt the pemate teahe. s me th mp a matte empha ad aat; a e ae t ma date deee btae. Th t p, ve the e ad t eme ate pemate.

The mat eah de ppe a ptve at tatemet th a aated ,hh at a a apha emde ad ed me dameta apet exampe theppe. Aated th eah ppe a tadta pveb that emphae the eatve ata apet the ppe.

Eah ppe a be thht a a d t the abth tem th. A exampeed t tate e ppe a embd the, the ppe ae mp tht t at det, de ad evv de t.

PrinciPlE 1: oBsErVE AnD inTErAcT‘Beauty is in the eye o the beholder’

gd de deped a ee ad ham eathp betee ate ad pepe, hh ae bevat ad thht teat pvde the de pat, epetead patte. it t meth that eeated at, bt thh t adepa teat th the bjet.

Pemate e thee dt t ad t evve tem ade ad v that a ta pepe thh the ea ee deet.

i hte-athee ad -det ata ete, the ata evmet pvded amatea eed, th hma et ma eqed havet. i pe-dta eteth hh ppat dete, ata pdtvt depeded ae ad tpt hma ab9.

idta et deped ae ad t pt e ee t pvdet d ad the d ad eve. Pemate dee e ae bevatad thht teat t mae me eetve e hma apabte, ad ededepedee -eeabe ee ad hh teh.

wth me evatve ad a bded aaa mmte, the abt medvda t tad ba m, beve ad tepet bth tadta ad mde methd ad e, a pe t evv e ad me apppate tem. whe mpetehae th mmte aa me dt a ht ea, the peee a evved mde, th t t the bet tadta ad mde ea de, me e t be e tha a pe-deed tem tded m tde. F the, advet h a mde d ata eeate vatve eemet hh a -ete ma vat eehee.

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Fatat the eeat depedet, eve heeta, -tem th eeded tde e t me the th ppe tha the adpt ad epat pve t. i the pat t ha bee aadema ad ba afee et that haveteated ad eve ppted h th, he tadta aaa te ha theppeed t. i the a hat tae pt-mde afet et the tem atht ede ae e ea, ad the pptte h depedet ad metem th ae me de pead a the a ad eaph heah. ith text e at e abe ad demea a atht ad vae heae a ppetve de t. Th at eve eve e mt e me ad me

bevat ad etve teat t d the bet path ad.The pveb ‘beauty is in the eye o the beholder’ emd that the pe bevfee eat, ad that e mt aa be mpet abt abte tth ad vae.

PrinciPlE 2: cATcH AnD sTorE EnErgy‘Make hay while the sun shines’

we ve a d peedeted eath et m the havet the emtae e eated b the eath ve b ea. we have ed me theath t eae havet the Eath’ eeabe ee t a taabe deee.

Mt the advee mpat th ve-havet h p a avaabe edee. i aa aae, e have bee v b m ba apta a eemae that d ed a be bapt.

we eed t ea h t ave ad evet mt the eath that e ae et m at, that hd e ad deedat mht have a eaabe e. The eth adat th ppe d had be eae. u tate, veta t vae, apta, vetmet ad eath ae t e th ta.

iapppate ept eath have ed t e pptte t apte a f bth eeabe ad -eeabe m ee. idet ad at theepptte a pvde the ee th hh e a ebd apta, a e a pvde th a “me” mmedate eed.

sme the e ee de:

• Sun,windandrunoffwaterows• Wastedresourcesfromagricultural,industrialandcommercialactivities.

The mt mptat tae te vae de:

• Fertilesoilwithhighhumuscontent• Perennialvegetationsystems,especiallytrees,yieldfoodandotherusefulresources

• Waterbodiesandtanks• Passivesolarbuildings

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Deed ea etat e the mt mm expe evmetath afet te, ad a vad eemet pemate de he t depepe a a tea pat the eted tem. i a, the abadmet memaa a adape ma afet ad devep te de t a mmdtpe, ad bttt b teve e bded tem, ha eated “mdedeee” a a ae ae tha deed ea etat. Th abadmetha me eatve eet, h a the ape tadta ate maaemet ade t tem a e a a eae de, bt the pae t ha aedate t ebd the ba apta , et ad de tht pt -

eeabe ee.whe -t ad e bded mde ebd ata apta ae mptatexpe th ppe, e a a th the etve expeee, -h adteh ad tae dev m eeat dta afee, a a he te eath hh a be edeped t hep eate e m apta apppate eedeet. Mh the ptmm abt taabt eate t the appat tehad vat. Pemate tatee mae e thee pptte he mataa heath eptm baed the peme that teha vat te a “Tjahe”, eeat the pbem e m. Apat m the eed t dmate the e teh t bd e apta aet, teha vat te a tae eaththat peve depeate d ee deet, abet at a e ate tha phaaet ad atte.

The pveb ‘make hay while the sun shines’ emd that e have mted tme t ath adte ee bee eaa epd abdae dpate.

PrinciPlE 3: oBTAin A yiElD‘You can’t work on an empty stomach’

The pev ppe ed attet the eed t e ext eath t mae -tem vetmet ata apta. Bt thee pt attempt t pat a et theadhde e have’t t eh t eat tda.

Th ppe emd that e hd de a tem t pvde e-eae at aeve (d the pea), b apted ad ted ee eetve t matathe tem ad apte me ee. Me bad, fexbt ad eatvt d ea t bta a ed be ta the tat m th t deet.

wtht mmedate ad t e ed, hateve e de ad devep ted t thehe eemet that d eeate mmedate ed peate. whethe e attbte t tate, maet e hma eed, tem that mt eetve bta a ed, ad e tmt eetve t meet the eed vva, ted t peva ve ateatve 10.

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A ed, pt, me t a a ead that eae, mata ad/ epatethe tem that eeated the ed. i th a, e tem pead. i temaae thee ead ae aed ‘ptve eedba p’ that amp the a pe a. i e ae e abt taabe de t, the e mt be am ead that eae e, th ad epat the t.

whe th ma be e-evdet t ame ad bepe, thee a tet -ta patte hee afee ead t dta ad met evmetepa ta ad pdtve e. The a pemate v, pmted bB M, ba adape d ad the e pat athe tha ee

ameta, pvde a atdte t th dta apet te. Eve pete, the examed am the majt devepmet pjet t eabe pepe teape the eed t mata ta ad pdtve evmet, b patpat the meta em hee ‘obta a yed’ beme a a ad dettve pedtated b the e the ba em. The nouveau riche mde e, hhthe ta ad pata ae bahed, eed t be epaed th het aedemet e afee ad ea meae e. geeat ae ad aate me deveped te de bth aptat ad at mde have ed ta extada dat betee pdtve atvt ad the e teae.i at mdde a ba Ataa a the haee a me e-eat aete, i have expaed that t’ e bem a bepe. oe the ttp- the ae dta ad a “Em ratam” eet deade

ha bee a pata evva aaee abt the eed a tem t be deed t bepdtve me a.

PrinciPlE 4: APPly sElF-rEgulATion AnD AccEPT FEEDBAck‘The sins o the athers are visited on the children unto the seventh generation’

Th ppe dea th e-eat apet pemate de that mt dae apppate th behav. w th bette detad h ptve adeatve eedba ate, e a de tem that ae me e-eat, thed the vved epeated ad hah etve maaemet.

Feedba11 a tem ept that ame t mm e thh eet eee.Principle 3: Obtain a yield debed the eedba ee m tae t hep et meee, a exampe ptve eedba. Th a be thht a a aeeat t phthe tem tad ee avaabe ee. sma, eatve eedba the bae thatpevet the tem a t he at ad tabt m vee me ee.

se-mata ad eat tem mht be ad t be the ‘H ga’ pemate:a dea that e tve bt mht eve eae. Mh th dea aheved bappat the iteat ad Dvet de ppe (8 & 10) bt t a teed

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b ma eah eemet th a tem a e-eat t a ee eet. A temmped e-eat eemet me bt t dtbae. ue th, em-d ade-epd p vaete ad vet beed, tead hh bed ad depedete a a pemate tate that exempe th ppe. o a ae ae,e-eat ame ee e eed a the ba a t ad depedet t.Tda’ baed eme mae eate tabt hee eet aade ad thed. rebd e-eae at bth the eemet ad tem eve eae eee.i the ee deet d, e-eae beme me vaed a apat hh adt pt dee ad eme ae ad peaat ede.

oam ad dvda a adapt t the eatve eedba m ae-ae tem ate ad mmt b devep e-eat t pe-empt ad avd the haheeqee extea eatve eedba. kaa ad the mapa abt thedevepmet emb eaa dt appea avabe. Th ede the atete the ppat ad the evmet.

Tadta ete eed that the eet extea eatve eedba t aete t emee. Pepe eeded expaat ad a, h a the sins o the

athers are visited on the children unto the seventh generation ad laws o karma hhpeate a d eaated .

i mde et, e tae ated a em deee depedee ae-ae,te emte, tem pv eed, he expet a he deee eedm

hat e d tht extea t. i a ee, he et e a teeae h att have t a, have t , tht eqee. Eve me tadta mmte, detab ad t have t mh the pe, ae e ea ta det hae the evmet, ppat det ad teh.

The devepmet behav ad te that me atted t the eedba a mate t pevet veexptat e the haee evmetam. neatveeedba eed t be e taeted ad t eh t b abt etve hae, btt t that t damae the devepmet the tem. F exampe, aateet ad e a he b aaee mt t bth ed ad qat. i a dtve fe pde a m tate t ate, th eatve eedba eae etveat. The mm am de taabe tem th ze hazad m eatveeedba e t t ae hde tht expe t mma ad adet

hazad; t ead t me e hazad the te. cea the pe aeptae hazadm eatve eedba mt be taed b eth ad pma apped t eve,ame ad mmte ( that de), athe tha exteaed a me tpa thhae-ae dta eme.

The gaa hpthe12 the eath a a e-eat tem, aa t a v am,mae the whe Eath a tabe mae t epeet th ppe. set evdee theEath’ emaabe hmeta ve hded m ea hhht the Eath a theahetpa e-eat he tem, hh tmated the evt, ad te thett, t ttet em ad btem.

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the had te hee vet ae t peva mb mea ad eath, theme dameta eeabe eve pvded b pat ad e eed t be eed,vaed ad ed. i bth h ad p mmte ea the vae hma ate aa eeabe e ett, made ae b the ea eve mbe a mpttet, e the mptat ad vea appat th ppe.

The pveb ‘Let nature take its course’ emd athe apet th ppe - thatthe pt tta t ve ate thh e ee ad teh t expeve; t a a ead t a pa tevet ad deadat ba tem adpee hh aead epeet the bet baae betee pdtvt ad dvet.

PrinciPlE 6: ProDucE no wAsTE‘Waste not, want not’ ‘A stitch in time saves nine’

Th ppe b tethe tadta vae at ad ae matea d,the mde e abt pt, ad the me ada pepetve that ee ate aee ad pptte. The eathm a tabe th ppe beae tve b m pat tte (ate), hh t vet t hm that mpve the evmet te, m-am, ad the pat. Th the eathm, e av th, a pat a eb hee the tpt e ae the pt athe.

The dta pee that ppt mde e a be haateed b a pt-tptmde, hh the pt ae ata matea ad ee, he the tpt ae eth ad eve . Heve, he e tep ba m th pe ad tae a -tem ve,e a ee a thee e th ed p a ate (mt bbh tp) ad that eve themt etheea eve eqed the deadat ee ad ee t ate. Th mde mht theee be bette haateed a “me/exete”. The ve pepe amp me ad exete mht be ba, bt t t ea.

The pveb ‘waste not, want not’ emd that t ea t be ate he thee aabdae, bt that th ate a be the ae ate hadhp. Th hh eevat a text ee deet. The pptte t ede ate, ad at ve m ate,ae hta peedeted. i the pat the mt dettte made a v m ate.Tda e hd aede the h eatve ee ate a the ve eee vht the eath. Apat m hehd ad dta ate, mdet ha eated eae v ate (ated pet pat ad ama) hh peate md amh a a the adape the afet at.

B M deed a ptat a ‘an output o any system component that is not beingused productively by any other component o the system.’ 13 Th det eae t a t mme pt ad ate thh de tem t mae e a tpt. i epe t a qet abt pae a ade dmated bpeea, M a the habt ep that thee a t a exe a bt adee d. sma pae a ad et tee ead t devatat b bhe

15

PrinciPlE 5: usE AnD VAluE rEnEwABlE rEsourcEs & sErVicEs‘Let nature take its course’

reeabe ee ae the that ae eeed ad epaed b ata pee veeaabe ped, tht the eed maj -eeabe pt. i the aae be, eeabe ee hd be ee a e me, he -eeabeee a be thht a apta aet. sped apta aet da-t-da

v taabe ae’ aae. Pemate de hd am t mae bete eeabe ata ee t maae ad mata ed, eve me e -eeabe ee eeded etabh tem.

The je abt the ah e be a a the de hm beae e eethat e have bee ed t eea ad mpex adet mpe ta.whe ae d ee e d the a me ahead the taabttae mpaed t a eet tmbe de, ee pepe aede d a aevmeta apppate e. A et eeate p -vae d a a b-pdt taabe maaemet hh, he ppe eaed (me a d) a be eda a a e heat ad e deed tve. i the ame a that dde t meet a tea e mht at m a e, heba mede mht t pvde ampete phamapea, bt e a, t a ve eat extet, e teat ma ametth a ad peed btaa mede. B d , e avd ma adveede eet bth tea ad extea m etaed d pdt, eae epet ate, ad ee me det mata heath.

reeabe eve ( pave t) ae the e a m pat, ama ad v ad ate, tht them be med. F exampe, he e e a tee de ae a eeabe ee, bt he e e a tee hade ad hete, e abeet m the v tee that ae -m ad eqe havet ee. Thmpe detad bv ad et pe ede tem hee ma mpet have beme depedet -eeabe ad taabe ee e.

ca pemate de he p t pepae d pat, bpathe e tat ad ta he, a e a ata ete ad petde. i thee

tem, a mdm maaemet ad e a a me phtated e vet mtpe t.

Pemate de hd mae bet e -m ata eve t mme mptve demad ee, ad emphae the ham pbte teat betee hma ad ate. Thee me mptat exampe the ht hma ppet deved m -m e ate’ eve tha dmetatad e the he ad the ama tapt, tvat ad eea pe amad e. itmate eathp t dmet ama h a the he a pvdea empathet text the exte hma etha e t de ate. o the

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me e, he pae hebve veaze the. ivatve ad eatve at e thee pe abdae e the haatet pemate de.

‘A stitch in time saves nine’ , emd the vae tme mateae pevet atead vved maj epa ad etat et. Athh a e ext tha eatvea t e ated abdae, mateae hat e aead have et t be a he ad e a ee deet d. A tte ad tem depeate vae ad aea ad taabe hma tem devte ee t tme mateae.

PrinciPlE 7: DEsign FroM PATTErns To DETAils‘Can’t see the orest or the trees’

The t x ppe ted t de tem m the bttm-p pepetve eemet,am, ad dvda. The ed x ppe ted t emphae the tp-dpepetve the patte ad eathp that ted t emee b tem e-aatad -evt. The mmat patte bevabe ate ad et a t t mae ee hat e ee, bt t e a patte m e text ad ae, tde athe. Patte et a tme the appat Principle 1: Observeand interact, ad the eea pe t the pe de.

The pde t eb, th t et ad ada de h a ea patte eve thh

the deta aa va. Th eve ze ad et te pa - the bet adpehap mt de apped apet pemate de.

Mdet ha teded t ambe a tem mm ee tt that a dethe jmbe de pbte ad pt that t a ed. Th pbem deta mpext ead t the de hte eephat that ae ae ad mpevebt d t , jeat that me a ee ad ee he aatheate t t t. cmpex tem that ted t evve m mpee that , d the apppate patte that de me mptat thadetad a the deta the eemet the tem.

The dea hh tated pemate a the et a a mde ate. whe te, t a appat ad devepmet a ma be ad te a a

pptt t app e the mt mm etem mde t hma ade. Athhma tqe ad mtat t the et mde eed t be aeded, t ema ape exampe patte th hh te t m pemate ad eatedept, h a et ade, aet ad aae et.

The e ze tet e ad a atvt ete h a a amhe t hep the paemet eemet ad btem a exampe m patte t deta.sma evmeta at , d, fd, ad e a be aaed et adthe ame a pt. Thee et have bth a bea ad a te pe haate hhthe pemate dee ae the head t mae ee a te ad hep azeapppate de eemet t a abe tem.16

The e ae ad the eath t dtbte ad det ate mt be baed pma ad patte. i t thee eath the eate mte pdtvt ze thatdee pat ad maaemet tem.

whe tadta ad e tem pvde ma mde he tem de, pepeembedded te pae te eed a e expeee hh a them t ve theadape ad mmte e a. i me the pee ladae pjet Ataa the 1980’, aea ve fht the am ave adhde bth the pte adthe mtvat t be e t adde tee dee ad aated ad deadatpbem. Fm the a, the patte ad ehp ee e vbe, he the athmet

patte ate td t. sma the ae a ad mmt text, athe thateha at, a te deteme hethe a pata t a e. The t veea devepmet pjet that have aed de t ae thee ae-ae at exteve.

The pveb ‘Can’t see the orest or the trees’ emd that the deta ted t dtat aaee the ate the tem; the e e et the e e ae abe t mpehedthe ae pte.

PrinciPlE 8: inTEgrATE rATHEr THAn sEgrEgATE‘Many hands make light work’

i eve apet ate, m the tea am t he etem, ed the et betee th ae a mptat a the th themeve. Th the

purpose o a unctional and sel-regulating design is to place elements in such a way thateach serves the needs and accepts the products o other elements.14

o ta ba tad the mpext deta ted t e the mpext eathp. we ted t pt eeat eemet a a deat de tate ed eathp mpext. Thee t ae pat m edtt etmethd that epaate eemet t td them at. A deat h the a pat a teated tem baed the ate at.

Th ppe e me e the deet tpe eathp that da eemettethe me e teated tem, ad mpved methd de

mmte pat, ama ad pepe t a beet m thee eathp.

The abt the dee t eate tem that ae e teated deped a bad ve the ae ja-e -ad-e eathp that haatee ea ad ammte. A e a debeate de, e eed t eee, ad a , eetve eaad a eathp that devep m e-aat ad th.

The th ppe a be ee a a tp-d ve a e pepe eemetm a teated tem. The appaet empt he epeet the abtat he temthat bth ae m the aat the eemet ad a ve them m ad haate.

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B et paemet pat, ama, eath ad the atte t pbet devep a hhe deee teat ad e-eat tht the eed tathma pt etve maaemet. F exampe, the ath pt deae et a be ed t havet tte t d pe ade tem b apppateat. Hebae ad d eed pee ama pate tem te tbtet mpvemet, bdvet, meda ad the pea e. Apppate tataazed vet a te t thee eed pee tht emat them ad thevae mpete.

i devep a aaee the mptae eathp the de e-eat

tem, t tatemet pemate teate ad teah have bee eta:• Eachelementperformsmanyfunctions.• Eachimportantfunctionissupportedbymanyelements.

The et eathp betee eemet a teated tem a vaeat. sme ma be pedat mpettve; the ae -peatve, eve mbt.A thee tpe eathp a be beea bd a t teated tem mmt, bt pemate t emphae bd mta beea ad mbteathp. Th baed t bee:

• Wehaveaculturaldispositiontoseeandbelieveinpredatoryandcompetitiverelation-hp, ad dt -peatve ad mbt eathp, ate ad te.15

• Co-operativeandsymbioticrelationshipswillbemoreadaptiveinafutureof

de ee.Pemate a be ee a pat a tadt ept that emphae mtatad mbt eathp ve mpettve ad pedat e.

De ee avaabt ht the eea peept thee ept m matdeam t pata eet.

PrinciPlE 9: usE sMAll AnD slow soluTions‘The bigger they are, the harder they all’ ‘Slow and steady wins the race’

stem hd be deed t pem t at the maet ae that pata ad

ee-eet that t. Hma ae ad apat hd be the adt ahmae, demat ad taabe et. Th ppe eaab e detda a et the pee E. F. shmahe.16 wheeve e d ath ae-eat ate - d, x a be appae, mata heath, e aema ve pe ad eetve e th ppe. wheeve e phae m ma,a bee tbte t a mmt ad evmeta e, e ae aapp th ppe. Depte the ee temedate ad apppate teh adde a eed devepmet pjet, heap ee ha ted t pvdea bd t ae-ae tem eet deade. The ed heap ee h t the

ata eme ae av ma tem, he eatve deee eme ae betee deet t te.

o the the had, the dea that mvemet matea, pepe (ad the v th)hd be a m apet a tem a e dea t mdet. The veeead pe m eaed mbt ad mat teh ha bee a “Tja he”,det mmt ad ea ee demad. Mbt ad peed afette have beme dta that the ‘s Fd’ ad ‘s cte’ mvemet haveemeed. The mmat ad mpte evt ha ve e mpet t the deathat peed d, bt aa haatet dde ae eme h a the tm

pam hh theate the amet ema.Ma pata exampe pvde a me baaed ve t te the ata attat bth at mv pee ad ae-ae tem. F tae, the at epe p t be ete te ht ved. Mae, mpt ad ata meaeea pvde me taed ad baaed pat tt. A d et m a tteetze de t mea bette et m me.

i et, at tee ae te ht ved, he me appaet btme vaabe pee aeeate ad eve pa the at pee the ed ad thddeade. A ma patat thed ad ped tee a ed me tta vae tha a aepatat tht maaemet.

i ama tt, apd vet ed etated tet ae te bjet

t me deae ad have a e e expeta tha me ata aed ama.ovet e the mt depead ae ad deadat, ad et mambe maaed vet ae beea t eeta t taabe ate.

i ded te the appaet peed ad veee a ta mvemet ad detamet, he mh mae, e, me ee eet be a ee mvemet,tht pt ad e. Be a a be me eet maated adaembed mae ad me a ate tha the eme ae eea theatmtve dt.

The pveb ‘the bigger they are, the harder they all’ a emde e thedadvatae ze ad exeve th. whe the pveb ‘slow and steady wins therace’ e ma that eae patee he efet a mm tth ate

ad et.

PrinciPlE 10: usE AnD VAluE DiVErsiTy‘Don’t put all your eggs in one basket’

The peb ad the hmm bd bth have bea ad the apat t hve - peet pp eta m , a fe. Th emaabe -evta adaptatmbe the peaat m ad t ate.

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The eat dvet m, t ad teat ate ad hmat ae thee evved tem mpext. The e ad vae dvet ate, te adpemate te mpex, dam, ad at tme appaet tadt. Dveteed t be ee a a et the baae ad te ate betee vaet adpbt the e had, ad pdtvt ad pe the the.

it de eed that mte a maj ae veabt t pet addeae, ad theee the depead e tx hema ad ee t tthee. Pte17 e the mt mptat ad de eed appat thee dvet t ede veabt t pet, advee ea ad maet ftat.

Pte a ede eae maet tem, ad bte hehd ad mmte-eae b pvd a de ae d ad eve.

Heve pte b mea the appat th ppe.

Dvet deet tvated tem efet the qe ate te, tat adta text. Dvet tte, bth v ad bt, a mptat apet thppe, a the dvet th pee ad ppat, d hma mmte.The evat at eat me the eat dvet aae ad te thepaet aab a mptat a the evat bdvet. whe apppate addettve epe t ee deet have mpat bth hma adbdvet, the e-tem, ee deet the em ee dvetdett, ad tmate e a ad bea dvet. whe ma evmeta ad

a mvemet ee p ba ad ta dvet, pemate jt aatve eaed h t eate e bea dvet m the met pt ate adte e have heted.

The pveb ‘don’t put all your eggs in one basket’ embde the mm ee detadthat dvet pvde ae aat the vaae ate ad eveda e.

PrinciPlE 11: usE EDgEs AnD VAluE THE MArginAl‘Don’t think you are on the right track just because it is a well-beaten path’

The the m p ve the hz th a ve the ed h a d

mped ede.Tda etae ae a mpex teae betee ad ad ea that a be ee a a eatea tade maet betee thee t eat dma e. The ha ate apeetat ht aae ad pat th, a e a pvd ae aea ad ad the bd. The eh ate m athmet team de ve the heave aeate that pe ba ad th th the da tde, edtbt tet ad d theteem e.

wth eve teeta etem, the v , hh ma be a e etmete deep, a ede teae betee -v mea eath ad the atmphee. F a teeta

e, d hmat, th the mt mptat ede a. o a mted mbe had pee a thve ha, mpated ad p daed , hh ha etteae. Deep, e-daed ad aeated e a pe, a eat teae that pptpdtve ad heath pat e.

Eate pta tadt ad mata at ead pephea v a a ta ee thatet t the d qte deet t ed v. whateve the bjet attet, e eed t emembe that t at the ede ath - tem medm, thatthe mt teet evet tae pae; de that ee ede a a pptt athe tha apbem me e t be e ad adaptabe. i the pe, e dad the eatve

tat aated th the d “maa” de t ee the vae eemet that pephea tbte t a t tem.

i a devepmet , the tape p, pme ata ad ad eaatated am ad vae th mmte eqet ead t deva, aead dett d pee, maa pae, a th the e vbe eed me,the dadvataed ad the ade. s ma, em p the b bead thv te e the at that thee tem app the t pat vat,ad that ma be ad mae ad e afet pae ad tem ae the e te vat.

Th ppe m the peme that the vae ad tbt ede, ad themaa ad vbe apet a tem hd t be eed ad eved,

bt that expa thee apet a eae tem pdtvt ad tabt. Fexampe, ea the ede betee ed ad pd a eae the pdtvt bth.Ae am ad hetebet et a be ee a tem hee ea ede beteeed ad et ha tbted t pdtvt.

The pveb ‘don’t think you are on the right track just because it is a well-beaten path’ emd that the mt mm, bv ad ppa t eea the mt at feta.

PrinciPlE 12: crEATiVEly usE AnD rEsPonD To cHAngE‘Vision is not seeing things as they are but as they will be’

Th ppe ha t thead: de t mae e hae a debeate ad -peatve a, ad eatve epd adapt t ae-ae tem hae hh bed t fee. The aeeat ea e th tvatedtem the mt mm expe th ppe pemate teate adpate, ad tate the t thead. F exampe, the e at te xtee t mpve , ad t pvde hete ad hade me vaabe dtee, efet a ea e pe m pee t max. The peveemva me a the te xe dde ad e a the tee p temmate h the e. The eed the apabe eeeat ate ata date

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ad e hae (e.. t a aa p phae) pvde the ae t e-etabh thetem the te.

Thee ept have a bee apped t detad h aata ad a haea be eatve eaed. A e a a bade ae ea mde t hh e mht mae e e, i ee th the de text e , adepe t, hae.

The adpt e vat mmte te a patte ma tea e ate. Va ad beve dvda te pee thet, bt t eea eqe me feta ad etabhed eade t tae p the

vat bee t de ee a apppate ad deabe. geeata hae metme eea ada dea t be adpted bt th a be aeeated thh thefee h edat the hme evmet. F exampe, hde b hmetee the have h ee a ead t e etabhmet ad ae vaabe ad -ved tee, hh mht thee be eeted eate b vet.

Pemate abt the dabt ata v tem ad hma te, bt thdabt paadxa deped ae meae fexbt ad hae. Ma te adtadt have the theme that th the eatet tabt e the eed hae. seeha h that the appaet d ad pemaet , at the ea ad atm eve, aeeth ma ee ad hae, ma t the dept va pta tadt.

The bttef, hh the tamat a atepa, a mb the dea adaptve

hae that pt athe tha theate.whe t mptat t teate th detad mpemaee ad t haet da e, the appaet tabt, pemaee ad taabt eved b e the ae-depedet ate hae. i a pata tem,the ma-ae, at, ht-ved hae the eemet ata tbte t hhe-de tem tabt. we ve ad de a hta text tve ad hae tem at mtpe ae ae, ad th eeate a e ede hae th pbt tabt taabt. A texta ad tem ee the dambaae betee tabt ad hae tbte t de that evta athetha adm.

The pveb ‘vision is not seeing things as they are but as they will be’ emphae that

detad hae mh me tha the pjet tatta ted e. it amae a a betee th at de ppe abt hae ad the t abtbevat.

conclusion

staabe devepmet t pvde hma eed, th ea mt, eqe a taevt eate tha a the tmt hae the at et. Pemate dead at ve the at 35 ea, ha h that evt t be mpex ad mt-ated.whe e te t appe th the e pat ee ad ae, the emeee deet d adpt ma pemate tatee ad tehqe a ata adbv a t ve th ea mt, e ea eath dee.

o the the had, ee deet demad ea-tme epe t ve tatad emeta adapt ext apppate tem, a e a the bet eatvevat apped t the mt da ad ma de pbem. A th eed t be detht the b bdet ad d aated th et dta de vat.

Pemate de ppe a eve be a bttte eevat pata expeee adteha ede. Heve, the ma pvde a ame t eeat adevaat the te ad tat pe t eea t mve bed the mtedee taabe devepmet t a e te ad ate.

rEFErEncEs

1 B. M, & D. Hme, Permaculture One, c 1978 ad e pbhed 5 aae.

2 H.T. odm, Environment, Power & Society, Jh we 1971 a a b hh feed ma e evmeta the the 1970

ad a the t ted eeee Permaculture One. odm’ pd pbhed tpt ve the thee deade e, a e a the

h tdet ad eae, ha ted t m m .

3 see Ate 11 The Development o The Permaculture Concept ad Ate 25 Energy and EMERGY: Revaluing Our Worldhh ae epeaeevat expa the fee Had odm’ pemate David Holmgren: Collected Writings & Presentations

1978:2006(eB). F a eet evaat ad mpa odm’ Eme ept t the taabt t ee Ecosystem

Properties and Principles o Living Systems As Foundation or Sustainable Agriculture: Critical reviews o environmental assessment

tools, key fndings and questions rom a course process b steve Dhet ad Tbjö rdbe (edt) Ja 2002.

4 rhad Hebe The Party’s Over: Oil, War and the Fate o Industrial Societies ne set Pbhe 2003.

5 F a expat the evta mtat tbam the mde d ee Ate 29Tribal Confict: Proven Pattern,

Dysunctional Inheritance David Holmgren: Collected Writings & Presentations 1978:2006 (eB).

6 F a et atat the vae de te ad vae a e-pta epe t ee deet ee Last Hours o

Ancient Sunlight: Waking up to personsal and global transormationb Thm Hatma 1999 Ham B.

7 Bet the tem “atea th”.

8 nbet wee, Cybernetics: Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, 1948, the dat text. Jh ga, General

Systematics, Hape & r 1977, pvde a aebe ad e de pemate dee.

9 see F. H. k, Farmers o Forty Centuries a dept chee ate at the t the 20th et a a exampe a

taabe et depedet maxmm e hma ab.

10 Th a epha lta’ Maxmm Pe Ppe. Had odm ha eted the Maxmm Pe Ppe ( at eat h

EMErgy-baed ve t) hd be eed a the th Ee la.

11 The et pat a tpt a t t the pt a a that aet t pemae.12 see J. lve, Gaia: A New Look At Lie, oxd uvet Pe 1979.

13 B. M, Permaculture: A Designer’s Manual, Taa 1988.

14 B. M, Permaculture: A Designer’s Manual, Taa 1988.

15 chae Da’ empha mpettve ad pedat eathp dv evt a baed me exeet bevat

d ate, bt he a a feed b h bevat the et ad hm. Ea dta Ead a a apd ha

et tapp e ee e. Pedat ad mpettve em eathp ee vet pev a m ad

vet. The a Dat ed Da’ t expa ad jt dta aptam ad the ee maet. Pete kpt

a e the t ea t the a Dat. He pvded exteve evdee m bth ate ad hma ht

that -peatve ad mbt eathp ee at eat a mptat a mpett ad pedat. kpt ’ had a t

fee m ea th devep the pemate ept. see P. kpt,Mutual Aid, 1902.

16 see E. F. shmahe, Small is Beautiul: A study o economics as i people mattered. 1973

17 Pte the tvat ma pat ad/ ama pee ad vaete th a teated tem.

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