essential biomolecules. monomers & polymers monomers bind together to form large polymers
TRANSCRIPT
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ESSENTIAL BIOMOLECULES
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Monomers & PolymersMonomers bind together to form large polymers
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CARBOHYDRATES (Sugars)• Carbohydrates are
compounds used to supply energy & build parts of the DNA molecule.
• Found in rice, bread, cereal, pasta, milk, fruit, potatoes...
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Monosaccharides Simple sugars
Galactose
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Sucrose (1 glucose, 1 fructose)
Maltose (2 glucose)
Disaccharides Two bonded monosaccharides
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Lactose (1 glucose, 1 galactose)
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a) Glycogen (stored glucose in animals).
Found in liver and muscles.
Polysaccharides Many monosaccharides bonded together. sugars
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a) Starch (stored glucose in plants).
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c) Cellulose (structural molecule). Used by plants to build their cell walls. Main component of dietary fiber.
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LIPIDS (Fats)• Lipids make a very varied
family of molecules.
• Found in oils, waxes & fats.
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Structure: Glycerol molecule & up to three fatty acids (saturated or unsaturated) bonded together.
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One glycerol molecule and up to three fatty acids (saturated or unsaturated)
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SATURATED FAT
Structuralformula of asaturated fatmolecule
Stearic acid, asaturated fattyacid
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Structural formulaof an unsaturatedfat molecule
Oleic acid, anunsaturatedfatty acid
doublebond causesbending
UNSATURATED FAT
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Unsaturated fats are found in plant products (olive oil, sunflower oil, margarine, avocado...). A healthier diet choice.
Saturated fats are found in animal products (bacon, butter, lard...). A less healthier diet choice (exception: fish).
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• Function: long-term energy storage in the form of triglycerides.
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• Secret for weight-loss: stop eating carbohydrates.
• Force the body to use stored triglycerides first (exercise & diet).
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• Function: fat under the skin and in adipose tissue provides padding & cushions internal body structures.
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• Function: Used to build cell membranes (cell “skin”).
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• Function: Used for insulation (warmth).
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• Function: used to waterproof structures.
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• Function: the steroid family of hormones involved in many body processes are lipids.
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TESTOSTERONE: turns little boys into men.
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ESTROGEN: turns little girls into women.
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PROTEINS• Proteins are found
everywhere in the body. They account for 50% of a cell’s dry mass, have a huge range of functions and make up an extremely important group of molecules.
• Found in meat, eggs, milk, cheese...
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Proteins consists of many amino acids bonded together.
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• MANY, MANY DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS!
1. Build structures: organs, blood vessels, muscles, nails, hair (ex: keratin, collagen, actin & myosin).
2. Defence against infection: antibodies are proteins.
3. Transport proteins carry materials around the body (ex: hemoglobin carries oxygen) .
4. Chemical control: enzymes are proteins.
5. Body control: hormones are proteins.
6. Buffer proteins prevent pH changes.
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• Actin & Myosin make muscles work
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• Keratin in hair and nails.
• Collagen & elastin in skin.
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• Hemoglobin in blood carries oxygen.
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• Found in meat, cheese, eggs, beans, milk products…
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• Proteins can be denatured by strong acids, strong bases and by high temperatures.
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Denatured proteins
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• Proteins can be converted into energy-supplying molecules.
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NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA & RNA)
• Big, massive and immovable DNA is an instruction manual for building an organism. RNA is an assistant molecule necessary for the use of DNA.
• DNA is used to make chromosomes (46 in humans). Chromosomes are divided into genes (approx. 25000 in humans).
• Genes store coded information used to build proteins (1 gene=1 protein).
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Sometime in the future?
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• Small elements and molecules needed by the body in small amounts for proper functioning.
VITAMINS & MINERALS
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Vitamin CNecessary for healthy skin & teeth.
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Vitamin C is found in citrus fruits.
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Lack of vitamin C leads to scurvy, a disease common in 17 & 18th Century navies
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SCURVY (sp:
escorbuto) Lack of Vitamin C
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Between 1600 – 1800 scurvy killed
1.245.789 English sailors
alone.
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Navy Surgeon James Lind
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Vitamin DWorks with calcium to maintain healthy bones.
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Calcium promotes strong teeth and bones, and plays major roles during blood clotting, nerve action and heart action.
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Iron in hemoglobin gives blood its red color & metallic taste, and it carries oxygen. Essential for proper blood function.
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