■ Essential QuestionEssential Question:

–How did Americans create a sense of unity and shared national identity in the early 19th Century?

■ Reading Quiz Chapter 12Reading Quiz Chapter 12

US Expansion in the “Era of Good

Feelings”

US Territorial & Economic Growth

History Channel Video: MonroeHistory Channel Video: Monroe

US Expansion Under President Monroe

Expansion and Migration■ American attention shifted from

Europe to the West after 1815

–Rush-Bagot TreatyRush-Bagot Treaty (1817)—US will not attempt to take Canada & Britain will not invade the US

–Convention of 1818Convention of 1818—the US/Canada border set at 49o

Foreign policy dominated Jefferson’s & Madison’s

administrations

No more naval conflicts in the Great Lakes

Extending the Boundaries■ After the War of 1812, President

James Monroe & Sec of State JQ Adams turned their attention to acquiring Spanish Florida–Andrew Jackson took it upon

himself to end Indian attacks on Georgia from Spanish Florida

–Jackson’s military advances helped force Adams-Onis TreatyAdams-Onis Treaty (1819) that ceded Florida & Oregon to US

Also, Spain assumed Florida would eventually be annexed

US agreed to pay Spain $5 million & renounced claims to Texas

North America,

1819

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)

Convention of 1818

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi■ Settlers poured into Louisiana:

–By 1810, 1/7 of the US pop lived in West; by 1840 over 1/3

–8 new states were added to US

–Indian removal began in the NW but was very hard in the South

–Speculators sold land to settlers on credit; Many farmers quickly became in debt

5 Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw)

Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi■ Many families settled in West to

escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil in the East

■ Settlers brought culture with them:–New EnglandersNew Englanders brought their

Puritan values & their schools–SouthernersSoutherners brought their sense

of honor & individualism ■ Self-sufficiency was important, but

cooperation & strong community was necessary for survival

A Revolution in Transportation

■ After the War of 1812, political leaders recognized the need the need to improve the country’s primitive transportation network

■ In 1815, Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, proposed the American SystemAmerican System to promote national economic development

Henry Clay’s American SystemPresident Monroe’s support signaled

a shift among Dem-Reps from agrarianism to a stronger role of the

federal gov’t in promoting the economy

Henry ClayHenry Clay: “war hawk”, father of the American System, founder of the Whigs, “Great Compromiser” in 1820 & 1850,

Southern supporter of nullification, presidential candidate

Henry Clay’s American System

■ Henry Clay’s American SystemAmerican System proposed:–Create the 22ndnd Bank of the US Bank of the US in

1816 to regulate currency –Tariff of 1816Tariff of 1816 to protect &

promote US industrialization–Nat’l system of roads & canals

■ The American System helped unify North, South, & West

Jefferson let the charter of the 1st BUS expire in 1811

1st significant protective tariff in US history

But Monroe refused to allow federal money to pay for new roads & canals

All were proposed by Hamilton & opposed by Dem-Reps in the 1790s

Helped pave the way for future RR construction & western Indian removal

A Revolution in Transportation■ In response to Henry Clay’s

American SystemAmerican System proposal:

–National RoadNational Road became the 1st federal transportation project

–Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs

–Roads were useful but they did not meet the demand for low-cost, over-land transportation

Connected Cumberland, MD & Wheeling, VA

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820s

Conestoga Trail, 1820s

Roads and Steamboats■ The Mississippi & Ohio Rivers

helped farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West

■ By 1811, steamboats provided upstream transportation with reduce costs, increased speeds, & free-flow of manufactured goods into the West

The Canal Boom■ The Erie Canal (1825) provided

the 1st link between East & West:

–Canals cut shipping costs BY 90% for western farmers & eastern manufacturers

–Steamboats helped reduce shipping costs & stimulated commercial agriculture

–Other states built canals also

The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the US

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

The ClermontThe Clermont

Inland Freight Rates

Inland Freight Rates

Clipper Ships & Overseas TradeClipper Ships & Overseas Trade

The Emergence of a Market Economy

Rise of Commercial Agriculture■ Lower transportation costs led to

greater income for farmers & specialized, staple-crop farms:– Ohio, NY, & PA: wheat– South: tobacco, rice, & cotton– Cotton began to boom due to an

increase in textile production, the cotton gin, slavery, & the South’s water system

The new “king crop”

Commerce and Banking■ Early on, farmers marketed their

own goods & used intermediaries to get crops to market

■ But, new commercial farming created a system of long-distance marketing based on credit

■ Led to creation of the 2nd Bank of the US which opened in 1816

Bank’s easy credit sparked a depression in 1819 & 1837

Early Industrialism■ In 1815, 2/3 of US clothing was

made by women at home via the “putting out” system

■ By 1840, US textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England–The most famous was Lowell’s

Boston Manufacturing Company

–Still, only 9% of the population was involved in manufacturing

Brought families extra income

“Cottage Industry”

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

Early Textile Loom

Early Textile Loom

The Lowell/Waltham System:First Dual-Purpose Textile PlantThe Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell Boarding Houses

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

What was their typical “profile?”

What was their typical “profile?”

New England

Dominance in

Textiles

New England

Dominance in

Textiles

End of the “Era of Good Feelings”■ Despite economic & territorial

growth, the “Era of Good Feelings” was poorly named:–America’s one-party system led

to factions among Republicans–Lingering hostility with England

led to war–Slavery revealed sectional

disputes between North & South