■essential question ■essential question: –how did differences in values affect distinct...
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■Essential QuestionEssential Question: –How did differences in values
affect distinct American subcultures in the Chesapeake, Southern, New England, & Middle colonies?
■Reading Quiz 4A (p. 92-106)Reading Quiz 4A (p. 92-106)
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Life in 17th CenturyEnglish Colonies
The Economic, Social, & Political Culture of the
English Colonies
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What did the English
colonies look like in 1650?
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What did the English
colonies look like by 1700?
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Colonial Society in the 17th Century:
New EnglandNew England
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Families in New England■New England society was much
more stable than other colonies:
–New England Puritans migrated to America as familiesfamilies
–Marriage was easy as most people shared common values
–Colonists lived longer due to more a dispersed population, purer water, & a cooler climate
Possibly the 1st society in history to reasonably expect to live long
enough to see their grandchildren
Towns became networks of intermarried families
New England “invented” grandparents
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17th Century Life
Expectancy
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Education in New England■NE towns regarded education as
fundamental family responsibility; towns began to create elementary schools funded with local taxes:–NE had, by far, the highest
literacy rate in America–In 1638, Harvard
became America’s first college
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Women in New England■Was the colonial era the “golden
age” for women?
–Women contributed to society as wives & mothers, devout church members, & ran small-scale farms
■But were not equals with men:
–Women could not legally own or sell property; divorce was difficult
–Women did what “God ordained”
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Social Hierarchy in New EnglandSocial Hierarchy in New England
Local gentry of religiously devout families guided
town meetings
Large population of yeomen farmers loyal
to the local community
Small population of landless laborers, servants, & poor
NE churches focused on its members; outsiders were not welcomed & often moved away
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Colonial Society in the 17th Century:The ChesapeakeThe Chesapeake
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Families in the Chesapeake■“Normal, English” family life was
impossible in Virginia:– 70-85% of immigrants were
young maleyoung male indentured servants – High death rate (average age
was 10-20 years lower than NE)– One married spouse often died
within a decade– Children often never knew their
parents (let alone grandparents)
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Women in Chesapeake Society■Scarcity gave some women
bargaining power in the marriage market; allowed some women to improve their social status
■But women were vulnerable:–sexual exploitation–Childbearing was dangerous–Chesapeake women died 20
years earlier than women in NE
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Social Hierarchy in the ChesapeakeSocial Hierarchy in the Chesapeake
Tobacco was the basis of wealth & cause of
social inequalities
The plantation gentry dominated society &
the House of Burgesses
Yeoman farmers were the largest class; Came as
indentured servants; most lived on edge of poverty
Indentured servants were often mistreated & cheated out of land
African slaves
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Chesapeake Culture ■By 1680, social mobility in the
Chesapeake was limited:–An American-born elite class
had emerged (this social aristocracy was absent earlier)
–The plantation economy & ownership of slaves allowed the gentry to produce more tobacco
–High death rates halted the development of schools & towns
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Colonial Society in the 17th Century:
African SlavesAfrican Slaves
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The Roots of Slavery■The importation of African slaves
was based on a “need” for labor:–Native Americans made poor
slaves because they were decimated by European disease
–Indentured servant-pool waned after 1660
■An estimated 11 million slaves (mostly males) were brought to the English American colonies
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The Roots of Slavery■Slaves were originally treated as
indentured servants but the growing black population in VA by 1672 prompted stricter slave laws:
–Africans were defined as slaves for life; permanent slave status was passed on to slave children
–By 1700, slavery was based exclusively on skin colorskin color
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Origins & Destinations of African Slaves, 1619-1760
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The Slave Population■In the Chesapeake & Southern
colonies with large black populations, slaves found it easier to maintain their African culture
■By 1720, the African population became self-sustainingself-sustaining:–Fertility rates exceeded
immigration rates for the 1st time–Did not occur in the Caribbean
or in South America
60% in SC40% in VAFree & enslaved blacks were much less numerous in NE & Middle colonies
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The Slave Population■Widespread resentment of their
slave status led to resistance in the 18th Century:
–Armed resistance such as the Stono RebellionStono Rebellion of 1739 (SC)
–In 1741, 106 slaves were hung or deported due to a rumor that slaves planned to burn NYC
–Runaway slaves were common
150 blacks rose up & seized a munitions hold & killed several white planters
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The Colonial Economy in the 17th
Century:Commercial EmpireCommercial Empire
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Economic Diversity of the
English Colonies
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Rise of a Commercial Empire
■English gov’t largely ignored the colonies until the 1650s (salutary salutary neglectneglect); The colonies were not state-funded nor state protected
■But…Charles II initiated colonial intervention in 1660 to maximize exports, decrease imports, & generate more gov’t revenue
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Response to Economic Competition■“MercantilismMercantilism” became the
blueprint for England’s empire:–Wanted more money & a
favorable balance of trade–Wanted to eliminate Dutch rivals–Wanted a stronger navy
■Began to restrict colonial trade:–Navigation Act of 1660–Navigation Act of 1663
No ship could trade in colonies unless it was
made in England
“Enumerated goods” (tobacco, sugar,
cotton, rice, rosin, tar) could only be
sent to English portsGoods shipped to English colonies must pass through England (Increased the price paid by colonial consumers)
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Implementing the Acts ■NE merchants found loopholes to
avoid paying taxes so the English made more restrictions:–In 1696, created a Board of
Trade to oversee colonial trade–Created maritime courts to
mediate disputes ■The Navigation Acts eventually
benefited the colonial merchants & smuggling virtually ended
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■Essential QuestionEssential Question: –How did differences in values
affect distinct American subcultures in the Chesapeake, Southern, New England, & Middle colonies?
■RQ Chapter 4B (106-122)
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Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt,
1676-1691
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Colonial Factions Spark Revolt■The English colonies began to
experience unrest at the end of the 17th Century:
–This unrest was not a social revolution (or a forecast of the American Rev) but a contest between colonial “ins” & “outs”
–Bacons’ Rebellion, King Philip’s War & witchcraft panic
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Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia■Former indentured servants living
in the VA frontier suffered due to: –Poor tobacco prices in 1660s –Indian attacks in 1675
■These farmers blamed VA’s royal governor Berkeley who did little to help; Nathaniel BaconNathaniel Bacon led a rebellion in 1676 against Berkeley & was joined by small farmers, blacks, & women
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Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia■The rebellion ended after Bacon’s
death (dysentery) but the rebellion convinced VA gentry that:
–Indentured servants were destined to become rebellious
–African slaves were a better solution than rebellious whites because slaves had no ambitions for political power
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Bacon’s Rebellion
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King Philip’s War■In 1675, Metacom (“King Philip”)
led the Wampanoag Indians against NE colonists:–1,000+ Indians & colonists died–Large war debt led James II to
annul the Mass Bay charter & create the “Dominion of New Dominion of New EnglandEngland” by combining Mass, Conn, RI, Plymouth, NY, NJ, & NH under a new royal charter
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King Philip’s War
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Dominion of New England■Edmund Andros was hated by
Puritans, moderates, & merchants
■In 1689, Andros was deposed when William & Mary began reign
■Massachusetts was given a new charter that incorporated Plymouth but shifted power from the “elect" to those with property
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Witchcraft in New England■Charges of witchcraft were
common in New England■But the “Salem panic” of 1691 led
to 20 public executions before the trials were halted in 1692
■Possible causes: –argument over church ministers–poor farmers accusing rich
farmers to gain land–reactions to independent women
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Salem Witch Trials
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Conclusions■By 1700:
–England’s attitude toward the colonies had changed dramatically
–Sectional differences within the colonies were profound
–All the colonies were all part of Great Britain but had little to do with each other
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Discussion Question:
■How unified were the English colonies?
–Are these colonies one society or four?
–Explain with evidence
–Consider political, economic, & social characteristics
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Colonial Exploitation Inquiry■Examine each of the six documents
provided & explore:–What is the manner of exploitation? –Who are the “Ins” & the “Outs”?–Why do you think this occurred?
■Be prepared to discuss your findings with the class
■What themes can you find regarding exploitation in the Chesapeake? New England? The English colonies?