essential question: –what impact did immigration and urbanization have on american life during the...
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• Essential Question:– What impact did immigration and
urbanization have on American life during the Gilded Age (1870-1900)?
• CPUSH Agenda for Unit 7.3: – Clicker Questions– “Immigration & Urbanization ” notes– Today’s HW: 14.3 & 15.1– Unit 7 Test: Thursday, November 17– Performance Final: Tuesday, November 29
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What was immigration like in the Gilded Age?
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From 1880 to 1921, a record 23 million immigrants arrived
in the U.S. looking for jobs & opportunities
The USA did not have quotas (limits) on how
many immigrants from a particular country could
enter the country
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From the colonial era to 1880, most immigrants
came from England, Ireland, or Germany in
Northern Europe
Between 1880 and 1921, 70% of all immigrants to
the USA came from southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Austria-
Hungary, Russia, Poland) These “new immigrants”
were typically young, male, either Catholic or Jewish, and spoke little
or no English
The majority were unskilled agricultural
laborers with little money or education
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What was Ellis Island?
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75% of all immigrants entered the USA through the immigration center at Ellis Island, in New York
Immigrants had to pass a physical examination
& anyone with a serious health problem or
disease was not let in
Inspectors questioned immigrants to made sure
that they were not criminals, could work, & had some money ($25)
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What attitudes did native-born Americans have towards “new immigrants”?
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Many Americans expressed nativism and viewed immigrants with a sense of fear, suspicion, & hostility
Nativists had deep-seated prejudices about immigrants
based on ethnicity, religion, political and
social beliefs.
Many Americans accused immigrants of taking jobs away
from “real” Americans & called for quotas that would limit the
number of immigrants
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What were cities like in the Gilded Age?
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The Gilded Age experienced massive urbanization In 1850, only 15% of
Americans lived in cities; By 1900, 40% of
Americans lived in cities
City growth was due to rural Americans moving to cities & immigrants
entering the USA
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Engineering innovations, such as
expansive bridges and skyscrapers, led to
modern American cities
Cities expanded outward from industrial
centers in the central business districts to a ring of outer suburbs
As cities grew larger and beyond walking
distance, trolley lines, elevated rail lines, and subways were created
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What were working-class neighborhoods like in the Gilded Age?
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Most American cities were not prepared for such rapid
population growth
Most urban immigrants lived in tenements: low rent
apartments built the poorest parts of town called slums
Many urban poor developed lung
disease or tuberculosis; About 60% of immigrant babies died before their first birthday
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What were immigrant neighborhoods like in the Gilded Age?
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About 2/3 of immigrants settled in cities, such as New York, Chicago, Boston, or Philadelphia and
lived in ethnic neighborhoods called enclaves
Enclaves provided new immigrants with a sense of community and security, as the
immigrants were surrounded by the familiar customs,
food and language of their homeland
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What were working conditions like?
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The majority of immigrants worked in industrial jobs
Most immigrants were unskilled & were willing to accept almost any kind of job, no matter how
un-attractive or low paying
Industries were rapidly growing and in need of cheap workers
The average worker’s salary was 10 cents an hour and worked 12-16 hours per day in often
dangerous & unsanitary working conditions
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What was child labor like in the Gilded Age?
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Because their poor families needed them to work and businesses welcomed them, around 1.75 million
children joined the work force in the Gilded Age Children (most aged 10-15) worked up to 15 hours a day in coal
mines & factories
Child labor was common in mining because their small size worked well in the cramped spaces
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What was leisure time in the Gilded Age?
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While working and living conditions were difficult
for poor immigrants, middle-class Americans actually saw their work
time decrease
Many middle-class Americans fought off city congestion & their
jobs by enjoying amusement parks,
bicycling, vaudeville theater (variety shows),
and sports such as baseball and boxing
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Conclusions • During the Gilded Age, the United States
was a land of opportunity–The industrial revolution created jobs in
Eastern factories–Millions of “new immigrants” swarmed
to the U.S. from Eastern & Southern Europe, swelling American cities
–The influx of urban workers helped boom industry & modernize cities, but also led to horrible working & living conditions, child labor, nativism towards immigrants
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Debriefing & Closure