essentials of human diseases and conditions 4 th edition seminar 5 dr. lena watson, rn, mba/hcm

Essentials of Human Diseases Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions and Conditions

44thth edition edition

Seminar 5Seminar 5

Dr. Lena Watson, RN, MBA/HCMDr. Lena Watson, RN, MBA/HCM

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Trace the process of normal digestion and Trace the process of normal digestion and absorption.absorption.

Discuss the importance of normal teeth and a Discuss the importance of normal teeth and a normal bite.normal bite.

Discuss conditions of esophagus, stomach Discuss conditions of esophagus, stomach and intestines , and mouth.and intestines , and mouth.


Learning Objectives Learning Objectives (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

Explain the diagnostic criteria for celiac Explain the diagnostic criteria for celiac disease. disease.

List some ways one can lower the risk of food List some ways one can lower the risk of food poisoning.poisoning.

Distinguish between the clinical picture of the Distinguish between the clinical picture of the patient with anorexia and that of the patient patient with anorexia and that of the patient with bulimia.with bulimia.


Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Discuss the causes and medical treatment for Discuss the causes and medical treatment for (a) the common cold, (b) sinusitis, and (c) (a) the common cold, (b) sinusitis, and (c) pharyngitis, pulmonary abcess, and nasal pharyngitis, pulmonary abcess, and nasal polypspolyps

Discuss the prognosis of cancer of the larynx.Discuss the prognosis of cancer of the larynx. Discuss the prognosis and treatment of lung Discuss the prognosis and treatment of lung

and digestive tract cancers.and digestive tract cancers.


The Oral Cavity and Jaw The Oral Cavity and Jaw (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

Diseases and Conditions Diseases and Conditions Malocclusion:Malocclusion: specific angles of malposition and specific angles of malposition and

contact of the maxillary and mandibular teethcontact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome:Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome:

a symptom complex related to inflammation, a symptom complex related to inflammation, disease, or dysfunction of the temporomandibular disease, or dysfunction of the temporomandibular jointjoint


The Oral Cavity and Jaw The Oral Cavity and Jaw (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

Diseases and ConditionsDiseases and Conditions Herpes simplex (cold sores):Herpes simplex (cold sores): a recurrent viral a recurrent viral

infection that affects the skin and mucous infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes.membranes.

Thrush:Thrush: candidiasis of the oral mucosa, involving candidiasis of the oral mucosa, involving the mouth, tongue, palate, and gums.the mouth, tongue, palate, and gums.


Clicker QuestionClicker Question Gingivitis that is not treated may lead to:Gingivitis that is not treated may lead to: a. plaque.a. plaque. b. periodontitis.b. periodontitis. c. discoloration of the teeth.c. discoloration of the teeth. d. impacted molars.d. impacted molars.


Oral CancerOral Cancer

Appears as white patchy lesion or oral ulcer that Appears as white patchy lesion or oral ulcer that won’t healwon’t heal

Pain occurs late in diseasePain occurs late in disease Lip is most common siteLip is most common site Alcohol and smoking is multiplicativeAlcohol and smoking is multiplicative Treatment depends on stageTreatment depends on stage Because of late diagnosis overall survival rate is Because of late diagnosis overall survival rate is

about 51%about 51%


Clicker QuestionClicker Question

Oral thrush, a fungal infection that produces Oral thrush, a fungal infection that produces sore patches in the mouth and throat, may be sore patches in the mouth and throat, may be the result of:the result of:

a.leukoplakia.a.leukoplakia. b. plaque.b. plaque. c. prolonged antibiotic therapy.c. prolonged antibiotic therapy. d. all of the above.d. all of the above.


Digestive Distress SignalsDigestive Distress Signals

HiccupHiccup IndigestionIndigestion HeartburnHeartburn NauseaNausea VomitingVomiting

ColicColic FlatulenceFlatulence DiarrheaDiarrhea ConstipationConstipation Fecal incontinenceFecal incontinence


Esophageal varices:Esophageal varices: are are dilated submucosal dilated submucosal veins that develop in patients with underlying veins that develop in patients with underlying portal hypertensionportal hypertension and may result in serious and may result in serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding. upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Esophagitis:Esophagitis: inflammation and tissue injury of the inflammation and tissue injury of the esophagusesophagus

Esophageal cancer:Esophageal cancer: cancer of the esophagus cancer of the esophagus

Diseases of theDiseases of theGastrointestinal TractGastrointestinal Tract


Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): the clinical manifestations of regurgitation of the clinical manifestations of regurgitation of stomach and duodenal contents into the stomach and duodenal contents into the esophagusesophagus

Barrett’s esophagus:Barrett’s esophagus: severe consequence of severe consequence of GERD that replaces normal striated GERD that replaces normal striated squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus with abnormal columnar epitheliumwith abnormal columnar epithelium

Diseases of theDiseases of theGastrointestinal Tract Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)(cont’d.)


Peptic ulcers:Peptic ulcers: sores or lesions in the mucous sores or lesions in the mucous membrane of the stomach or upper intestinal membrane of the stomach or upper intestinal tracttract

Duodenal ulcers:Duodenal ulcers: ulcers of the first part of the ulcers of the first part of the small intestinesmall intestine

Gastric ulcers:Gastric ulcers: ulceration of the gastric ulceration of the gastric mucosa of the stomach that follows chronic mucosa of the stomach that follows chronic gastritisgastritis



Acute AppendicitisAcute Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendixInflammation of the appendix Symptoms: begins with vague abdominal Symptoms: begins with vague abdominal

discomfort that localizes as pain in right lower discomfort that localizes as pain in right lower quadrant of abdomen; nausea; vomiting; quadrant of abdomen; nausea; vomiting; fever; diarrhea or constipationfever; diarrhea or constipation

Treatment: surgical removalTreatment: surgical removal


Hiatal hernia:Hiatal hernia: a defect in the diaphragm that a defect in the diaphragm that permits segment of stomach to slide into permits segment of stomach to slide into thoracic cavitythoracic cavity

Symptoms: heartburn, chest pain, swallowing Symptoms: heartburn, chest pain, swallowing difficulty; some cases asymptomaticdifficulty; some cases asymptomatic

Abdominal hernia:Abdominal hernia: a condition in which an a condition in which an organ protrudes through an abnormal organ protrudes through an abnormal opening in the abdominal wallopening in the abdominal wall

Symptoms: lump or bulge; groin painSymptoms: lump or bulge; groin pain




Abdominal discomfort with maximum Abdominal discomfort with maximum tenderness of the abdomen at McBurney’s tenderness of the abdomen at McBurney’s point, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, or point, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, or constipation, are clinical signs of:constipation, are clinical signs of:

a. hiatal hernia.a. hiatal hernia. b. gastric cancer.b. gastric cancer. c. gastritis.c. gastritis. d. appendicitis.d. appendicitis.


Crohn disease (ileitis):Crohn disease (ileitis): chronic inflammatory chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tractdisorder of the gastrointestinal tract

Ulcerative colitisUlcerative colitis: chronic inflammatory bowel : chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the mucosa and submucosa disease affecting the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum and colonof the rectum and colon

Gastroenteritis:Gastroenteritis: acute inflammation of the acute inflammation of the stomach and intestinesstomach and intestines



Diverticular ConditionsDiverticular Conditions

Diverticulosis: outpouches (diverticula) of mucosa Diverticulosis: outpouches (diverticula) of mucosa penetrate weak points in muscular layer of large penetrate weak points in muscular layer of large intestineintestine

Symptoms: mild discomfort, irregular bowels; may be Symptoms: mild discomfort, irregular bowels; may be asymptomaticasymptomatic

Diverticulitis: trapped fecal matter causes Diverticulitis: trapped fecal matter causes inflammation of diverticulainflammation of diverticula

Symptoms: fever, nausea, pain, changes in bowel Symptoms: fever, nausea, pain, changes in bowel function function


Colorectal cancer:Colorectal cancer: a cancer that arises in any a cancer that arises in any part of the colon or rectumpart of the colon or rectum

Symptoms: abdominal pain, change in bowel Symptoms: abdominal pain, change in bowel habits, bloody stools, weight loss, weakness, habits, bloody stools, weight loss, weakness, rectal bleeding, iron deficiency anemiarectal bleeding, iron deficiency anemia

Serum level of tumor marker CEA is used to Serum level of tumor marker CEA is used to plan treatment and assess prognosisplan treatment and assess prognosis

Treatment options: surgical resection; Treatment options: surgical resection; colostomy; chemotherapy; radiationcolostomy; chemotherapy; radiation



Peritonitis:Peritonitis: inflammation of the peritoneum that inflammation of the peritoneum that can be acute or chronic, local or generalizedcan be acute or chronic, local or generalized

Symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, Symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weakness, sweating, fever, vomiting, weakness, sweating, fever, distended abdomen, paralytic ileusdistended abdomen, paralytic ileus



Cirrhosis of the liver:Cirrhosis of the liver: an irreversible chronic an irreversible chronic degenerative disease that results in the degenerative disease that results in the replacement of normal liver cells with hard, replacement of normal liver cells with hard, fibrous scar tissuefibrous scar tissue

Symptoms: loss of appetite and weight, Symptoms: loss of appetite and weight, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, abdominal nausea, vomiting, indigestion, abdominal distention, edema, easier bleeding and distention, edema, easier bleeding and bruising, jaundice, pruritis, spider nevibruising, jaundice, pruritis, spider nevi

Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and PancreasPancreas


Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis Hepatitis A:Hepatitis A: highly contagious condition caused highly contagious condition caused

by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) causing mild, acute by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) causing mild, acute liver infection.liver infection.

Hepatitis B:Hepatitis B: inflammation of the liver caused by inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).the hepatitis B virus (HBV).

Hepatitis C:Hepatitis C: chronic condition caused by the chronic condition caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) resulting in gradual, hepatitis C virus (HCV) resulting in gradual, insidious liver disease.insidious liver disease.

Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas Pancreas (cont’d.)(cont’d.)


Cancer of the LiverCancer of the Liver

Hepatocellular carcinoma:Hepatocellular carcinoma: primary tumor of primary tumor of the liver; usually arises in chronic liver the liver; usually arises in chronic liver disease settingdisease setting

Symptoms: same as liver disease–upper Symptoms: same as liver disease–upper abdominal pain, weight loss, early satiety, abdominal pain, weight loss, early satiety, palpable abdominal mass, ascites, palpable abdominal mass, ascites, hepatomegaly splenomegaly, jaundicehepatomegaly splenomegaly, jaundice



Health care workers exposed to body fluids Health care workers exposed to body fluids are a risk for hepatitis B.are a risk for hepatitis B.

A) True A) True

B) FalseB) False


Cholelithiasis (gallstones): Cholelithiasis (gallstones): condition in which condition in which there is abnormal presence of calculi that there is abnormal presence of calculi that form in the bile.form in the bile.

Pancreatitis:Pancreatitis: acute or chronic inflammation of acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas with variable involvement of the pancreas with variable involvement of adjacent or remote organs.adjacent or remote organs.



PancreatitisPancreatitis

Symptoms: sudden onset of severe Symptoms: sudden onset of severe abdominal pain radiating to the back, nausea, abdominal pain radiating to the back, nausea, and vomitingand vomiting

Causes: alcoholism, biliary disease, Causes: alcoholism, biliary disease, gallstonesgallstones

Treatment: Acute pancreatitis may require Treatment: Acute pancreatitis may require emergency treatment of intravenous fluid and emergency treatment of intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacementelectrolyte replacement


Pancreatic cancer: Pancreatic cancer: A neoplasm, usually an A neoplasm, usually an adenocarcinoma, that occurs more often in the adenocarcinoma, that occurs more often in the head of the pancreas.head of the pancreas.



Pancreatic CancerPancreatic Cancer

Symptoms: abdominal pain, weight loss, or Symptoms: abdominal pain, weight loss, or jaundicejaundice

Causes: cigarette smoking, obesity, family Causes: cigarette smoking, obesity, family history of pancreatitis or diabeteshistory of pancreatitis or diabetes

Treatment: surgical resectionTreatment: surgical resection


Malnutrition:Malnutrition: a disorder of nutrition caused by a disorder of nutrition caused by primary deprivation of protein energy or primary deprivation of protein energy or secondary to deficiency diseasessecondary to deficiency diseases

Malabsorption syndrome:Malabsorption syndrome: a group of a group of disorders in which intestinal absorption of disorders in which intestinal absorption of dietary nutrients is impaireddietary nutrients is impaired

Diseases of NutrientDiseases of NutrientIntake and AbsorptionIntake and Absorption


MalnutritionMalnutrition

Symptoms: decreased or increased appetite; Symptoms: decreased or increased appetite; emaciation or obesity; loss of energy; emaciation or obesity; loss of energy; diarrheadiarrhea

Causes: deprivation of protein energy from Causes: deprivation of protein energy from eating disorders, chronic illnesses, etc.eating disorders, chronic illnesses, etc.

Treatment: nutritional supplements, oral and Treatment: nutritional supplements, oral and intravenous feedingintravenous feeding



Cancer of the liver is typically:Cancer of the liver is typically: a. usually a primary cancer.a. usually a primary cancer. b. usually a secondary cancer.b. usually a secondary cancer. c. likely to have a good prognosis.c. likely to have a good prognosis. d. likely to be discovered early.d. likely to be discovered early.


Malabsorption SyndromeMalabsorption Syndrome

Symptoms: impaired digestion, inability to Symptoms: impaired digestion, inability to absorb fat or other components of dietabsorb fat or other components of diet

Causes: defective mucosal cells in the Causes: defective mucosal cells in the small intestinesmall intestine

Treatment: high-protein, high-calorie dietTreatment: high-protein, high-calorie diet


Celiac disease (gluten enteropathy):Celiac disease (gluten enteropathy): a a disease of the small intestine characterized disease of the small intestine characterized by malabsorption, gluten intolerance, and by malabsorption, gluten intolerance, and damage to the lining of the intestinedamage to the lining of the intestine

The disease has multisystem effectsThe disease has multisystem effects

Diseases of NutrientDiseases of NutrientIntake and Absorption Intake and Absorption (cont’d.)(cont’d.)



Signs and symptoms of malnutrition can Signs and symptoms of malnutrition can result fromresult from

a. eating too much or too little.a. eating too much or too little. b. a malabsorption syndrome.b. a malabsorption syndrome. c. a case involving severe burns or other c. a case involving severe burns or other

severe trauma.severe trauma. d. all of the above.d. all of the above.


Celiac DiseaseCeliac Disease

Symptoms: weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, Symptoms: weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal distentionflatulence, abdominal distention

Causes: toxic or immunologic reaction to Causes: toxic or immunologic reaction to component of gluten (found in wheat, barley, component of gluten (found in wheat, barley, and oats)and oats)

Treatment: gluten-free diet; if no Treatment: gluten-free diet; if no improvement, corticosteroid drugsimprovement, corticosteroid drugs


Food poisoning:Food poisoning: an illness resulting from the an illness resulting from the ingestion of foods that contain bacterial or toxic ingestion of foods that contain bacterial or toxic substancessubstances

Diseases of NutrientDiseases of NutrientIntake and Absorption Intake and Absorption (cont’d.)(cont’d.)


Food Poisoning Food Poisoning

Symptoms: sudden nausea, vomiting, and Symptoms: sudden nausea, vomiting, and diarrheadiarrhea

Causes: poisoning from mushrooms, Causes: poisoning from mushrooms, shellfish, contaminated foodsshellfish, contaminated foods

Treatment: nutritional support and fluid Treatment: nutritional support and fluid replacementsreplacements


Eating Disorders Eating Disorders

Anorexia nervosa:Anorexia nervosa: psychological disturbance psychological disturbance in which self-imposed starvation and in which self-imposed starvation and compulsion to be thin leads to denial of compulsion to be thin leads to denial of hungerhunger

Bulimia:Bulimia: behavioral disorder characterized by behavioral disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating followed recurring episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or purgingby self-induced vomiting or purging



The symptoms of food poisoning are due to The symptoms of food poisoning are due to the pathogens themselves or to the toxins the pathogens themselves or to the toxins they produce.they produce.

A) TrueA) True B) FalseB) False


RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEMChapter 9Chapter 9


Causes:Causes: InfectionInfection Circulatory disordersCirculatory disorders TumorsTumors TraumaTrauma Immune diseasesImmune diseases Inflammatory Inflammatory

disturbancesdisturbances

Congenital defectsCongenital defects Central nervous system Central nervous system

damage or diseasesdamage or diseases Environmental Environmental

conditionsconditions

Diseases of the Respiratory SystemDiseases of the Respiratory System


Common cold:Common cold: acute inflammatory process acute inflammatory process that affects the mucous membrane that lines that affects the mucous membrane that lines the upper respiratory tractthe upper respiratory tract

Sinusitis:Sinusitis: acute or chronic inflammation of acute or chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the paranasal the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinusessinuses

Upper Respiratory Tract InfectionsUpper Respiratory Tract Infections



The common cold is a group of minor The common cold is a group of minor illnesses caused byillnesses caused by

a. fungi.a. fungi. b. bacteria.b. bacteria. c. almost 200 viruses or from mycoplasma.c. almost 200 viruses or from mycoplasma. d. all of the above.d. all of the above.


Pharyngitis:Pharyngitis: acute or chronic infection of the acute or chronic infection of the pharynxpharynx

Laryngitis:Laryngitis: inflammation of the larynx, inflammation of the larynx, including the vocal cordsincluding the vocal cords

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (cont'd.)(cont'd.)


Epistaxis (nosebleed)Epistaxis (nosebleed)

First aid:First aid: Mild hemorrhage - controlled by applying direct, Mild hemorrhage - controlled by applying direct,

constant pressure on either side of nose for 5 to constant pressure on either side of nose for 5 to 10 minutes10 minutes

Persistent bleeding - treated with local application Persistent bleeding - treated with local application of epinephrine followed by cauterization or nasal of epinephrine followed by cauterization or nasal packingpacking

Severe - surgical ligation of bleeding arterySevere - surgical ligation of bleeding artery


Nasal DisordersNasal Disorders

Deviated septum:Deviated septum: crooked nasal septum crooked nasal septum (cartilage partition between the nostrils)(cartilage partition between the nostrils)

Nasal polyps:Nasal polyps: benign growths that form as benign growths that form as consequence of distended mucous consequence of distended mucous membranes protruding into the nasal cavitymembranes protruding into the nasal cavity


Nasal PolypsNasal Polyps

Nasal PolypsNasal Polyps - benign growths that form as a - benign growths that form as a consequence of distended mucous consequence of distended mucous membranes protruding into nasal cavitymembranes protruding into nasal cavity

Causes:Causes: overproduction of fluid in the cells of the mucous overproduction of fluid in the cells of the mucous

membrane, membrane, often the result of allergic rhinitisoften the result of allergic rhinitis



Causes of epistaxis are:Causes of epistaxis are: a. direct trauma or foreign body.a. direct trauma or foreign body. b. hypertension or other systemic disorders.b. hypertension or other systemic disorders. c. hemophilia and leukemia.c. hemophilia and leukemia. d. all of the above.d. all of the above.


Disorders of the Larynx Disorders of the Larynx

Tumors of the larynx:Tumors of the larynx: benign or malignant benign or malignant growths on the larynxgrowths on the larynx

Laryngeal cancer:Laryngeal cancer: neoplasm of the larynx neoplasm of the larynx The larynx is the most common site for head The larynx is the most common site for head

and neck tumorsand neck tumors


Atelectasis Atelectasis

Atelectasis (collapsed lung):Atelectasis (collapsed lung): airless or airless or collapsed state of the pulmonary tissuecollapsed state of the pulmonary tissue

Caused by an obstruction in bronchial tree; Caused by an obstruction in bronchial tree; may be mucous plug, foreign object, or may be mucous plug, foreign object, or bronchogenic cancerbronchogenic cancer

Complication – pneumoniaComplication – pneumonia Risk factors: obesity, upper abdominal or Risk factors: obesity, upper abdominal or

chest surgery, neuromuscular weakness or chest surgery, neuromuscular weakness or any pulmonary diseaseany pulmonary disease


Pulmonary Disorders Pulmonary Disorders

Pulmonary embolism:Pulmonary embolism: occurs when a blood occurs when a blood clot or other material, such as a foreign body clot or other material, such as a foreign body or tumor, lodges in and blocks an artery in the or tumor, lodges in and blocks an artery in the pulmonary circulationpulmonary circulation

Pneumonia:Pneumonia: inflammation of the lungs due to inflammation of the lungs due to infectioninfection


Pulmonary EmbolismPulmonary Embolism

Occurs when embolism is lodged in artery Occurs when embolism is lodged in artery and interrupts blood supplyand interrupts blood supply Uncomplicated embolism - cough, chest pain, low-Uncomplicated embolism - cough, chest pain, low-

grade fever and apprehensiongrade fever and apprehension More extensive - dyspnea, tachypnea (at least 20 More extensive - dyspnea, tachypnea (at least 20

breaths/minute), chest pain, occasional breaths/minute), chest pain, occasional hemoptysishemoptysis

Massive embolism - sudden onset of cyanosis, Massive embolism - sudden onset of cyanosis, shock and deathshock and death


PneumoniaPneumonia

Causes of Pneumonia:Causes of Pneumonia:

Bacterial infection-Bacterial infection- PneumococciPneumococci StaphylococciStaphylococci Group A hemolytic streptococciGroup A hemolytic streptococci Haemophilus influenzae type BHaemophilus influenzae type B Klebsiella pneumoniae types 1 and 2Klebsiella pneumoniae types 1 and 2 Atypical pneumoniaAtypical pneumonia caused by legionella, caused by legionella,

mycoplasma and chlamydia agentsmycoplasma and chlamydia agents



Stasis of blood flow from immobility, injury to Stasis of blood flow from immobility, injury to a vessel, or predisposition to clot formation a vessel, or predisposition to clot formation increase the risk ofincrease the risk of

a. pulmonary embolism.a. pulmonary embolism. b. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease b. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD).(COPD). c. emphysema.c. emphysema. d. all of the above.d. all of the above.


Pneumonia Pneumonia (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

Causes of Pneumonia:Causes of Pneumonia:VirusVirus

AdenovirusesAdenoviruses Influenza virusesInfluenza viruses Syncytial virusesSyncytial viruses

May also be caused by damage to lungs, May also be caused by damage to lungs, such as inhalation of poisonous gas such as such as inhalation of poisonous gas such as chlorine or aspiration of foreign matterchlorine or aspiration of foreign matter


Severe acute respiratory syndrome Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS):(SARS): Highly contagious new mutation of Highly contagious new mutation of the Corona virusthe Corona virus

Symptoms:Symptoms: Sudden onset of feverSudden onset of fever Mild sore throatMild sore throat Muscle achesMuscle aches Dry, unproductive coughDry, unproductive cough

Severe AcuteSevere AcuteRespiratory SyndromeRespiratory Syndrome


Common molds:Common molds: fungal growths that grow fungal growths that grow naturally indoors or outdoors, especially naturally indoors or outdoors, especially where there is a constant supply of moisturewhere there is a constant supply of moisture

Health Hazards ofHealth Hazards ofCommon MoldsCommon Molds


Pulmonary DisordersPulmonary Disorders

Pulmonary abscess:Pulmonary abscess: area of contained area of contained infectious material in the lunginfectious material in the lung

Causes:Causes: Often a complication of pneumonia caused by Often a complication of pneumonia caused by

bacteriabacteria Aspiration of food, foreign object, bronchial Aspiration of food, foreign object, bronchial

stenosis or neoplasmsstenosis or neoplasms Septic embolism is carried to lung via Septic embolism is carried to lung via

pulmonary circulationpulmonary circulation


Pulmonary Disorders Pulmonary Disorders (cont'd.)(cont'd.)

Legionellosis (Legionnaires disease): Legionellosis (Legionnaires disease): pneumonia caused by the bacterium pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophilaLegionella pneumophila

Pontiac fever:Pontiac fever: milder form of legionellosis milder form of legionellosis


Pulmonary Disorders Pulmonary Disorders (cont'd.)(cont'd.)

Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia (RSV): (RSV): inflammatory and infectious condition inflammatory and infectious condition of the lungsof the lungs

Histoplasmosis: Histoplasmosis: fungal disease originating fungal disease originating in the lungs caused by inhalation of dust in the lungs caused by inhalation of dust containing Histoplasma capsulationcontaining Histoplasma capsulation



The pneumonia-like disease caused by The pneumonia-like disease caused by bacteria that thrive in warm aquatic bacteria that thrive in warm aquatic environments and are inhaled from moisture environments and are inhaled from moisture droplets in air conditioning units is calleddroplets in air conditioning units is called

a. histoplasmosis.a. histoplasmosis. b. pulmonary abscess.b. pulmonary abscess. c. flail chest.c. flail chest. d. Legionella infection.d. Legionella infection.


Groups at risk for RSVGroups at risk for RSV

Children younger than three years oldChildren younger than three years old Elderly individualsElderly individuals Patients with compromised respiratory Patients with compromised respiratory

systemssystems Infants who were premature or who have a Infants who were premature or who have a

congenital cardiac defect or preexisting congenital cardiac defect or preexisting pulmonary disorderpulmonary disorder


InfluenzaInfluenza

Influenza:Influenza: Highly contagious, acute viral disease that occurs in Highly contagious, acute viral disease that occurs in

annual outbreaksannual outbreaks

At risk of complications of influenza:At risk of complications of influenza: Persons over 50 years of agePersons over 50 years of age Residents of nursing homesResidents of nursing homes Patients with chronic pulmonary cardiac disorder (including Patients with chronic pulmonary cardiac disorder (including

asthma)asthma) Patients with chronic metabolic disease (diabetes), renal Patients with chronic metabolic disease (diabetes), renal

dysfunction, hemoglobinopathies, immunosuppressiondysfunction, hemoglobinopathies, immunosuppression Children and teens receiving long-term aspirinChildren and teens receiving long-term aspirin Health care employeesHealth care employees


Acute and chronic bronchitis:Acute and chronic bronchitis: inflammation of inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchithe mucous membrane lining the bronchi

COPD includes:COPD includes: Chronic bronchitisChronic bronchitis BronchiectasisBronchiectasis AsthmaAsthma EmphysemaEmphysema Cystic fibrosisCystic fibrosis pneumoconiosispneumoconiosis

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)(COPD)


Effects of SmokingEffects of Smoking

Cancer of oral cavity, larynx, esophagusCancer of oral cavity, larynx, esophagus Lung cancerLung cancer Peptic ulcerPeptic ulcer Chronic bronchitis Chronic bronchitis EmphysemaEmphysema Myocardial infarctionMyocardial infarction Systemic atherosclerosisSystemic atherosclerosis Cancer of pancreasCancer of pancreas Cancer of bladderCancer of bladder


Bronchiectasis:Bronchiectasis: permanent, irreversible permanent, irreversible dilation or distortion of one or more bronchi, dilation or distortion of one or more bronchi, resulting from destruction of muscular and resulting from destruction of muscular and elastic portions of bronchial wallselastic portions of bronchial walls

Pulmonary emphysema:Pulmonary emphysema: chronic obstructive chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder characterized by pulmonary disorder characterized by destructive changes in alveolar walls and destructive changes in alveolar walls and irreversible enlargement of alveolar air irreversible enlargement of alveolar air spacesspaces

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (cont'd.)(cont'd.)


Causes of BronchiectasisCauses of Bronchiectasis

PneumoniaPneumonia Recurrent airway infectionsRecurrent airway infections TuberculosisTuberculosis Bronchial obstructionBronchial obstruction Inhalation of corrosive gasInhalation of corrosive gas Complication of cystic fibrosis or other childhood Complication of cystic fibrosis or other childhood

infection such as measles and pertussisinfection such as measles and pertussis Immune deficiencyImmune deficiency


Pneumothorax and HemothoraxPneumothorax and Hemothorax

PneumothoraxPneumothorax: collection of air or gas in the : collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity that results in a collapsed or pleural cavity that results in a collapsed or partially collapsed lungpartially collapsed lung

HemothoraxHemothorax: accumulation of blood and : accumulation of blood and other fluids in the pleural cavityother fluids in the pleural cavity


PneumothoraxPneumothorax

Symptoms of Collapsed LungSymptoms of Collapsed Lung Severe shortness of breathSevere shortness of breath Sudden sharp chest painSudden sharp chest pain Falling blood pressureFalling blood pressure Rapid weak pulseRapid weak pulse Shallow and weak respirationsShallow and weak respirations May be cyanotic and anxiousMay be cyanotic and anxious


TuberculosisTuberculosis

Pulmonary tuberculosis:Pulmonary tuberculosis: chronic, acute, or chronic, acute, or subacute infection of the lungs by subacute infection of the lungs by Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis

Acquired by inhaling a dried droplet nucleus Acquired by inhaling a dried droplet nucleus that contains the tubercle bacillusthat contains the tubercle bacillus


Infectious Mononucleosis Infectious Mononucleosis

Infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus infection):(Epstein-Barr virus infection): acute acute herpesvirus infection (glandular fever)herpesvirus infection (glandular fever)

Symptoms:Symptoms: Lymphadenopathy Lymphadenopathy Fever that typically peaks in afternoonFever that typically peaks in afternoon Listlessness, malaise, chills, anorexiaListlessness, malaise, chills, anorexia Sore throat, fever, headache, fatigue, and cervical Sore throat, fever, headache, fatigue, and cervical

generalized lymphadenopathygeneralized lymphadenopathy


Adult respiratory distress syndrome Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS):(ARDS): severe pulmonary congestion severe pulmonary congestion characterized by acute respiratory distress characterized by acute respiratory distress and hypoxemiaand hypoxemia

Symptoms:Symptoms: Sudden, severe dyspnea with rapid, shallow Sudden, severe dyspnea with rapid, shallow

respirationsrespirations Inspiratory intercostals and suprasternal Inspiratory intercostals and suprasternal

retractions along with cyanosis or mottled skinretractions along with cyanosis or mottled skin May also have rales, rhonchi and wheezesMay also have rales, rhonchi and wheezes

Adult Respiratory Distress SyndromeAdult Respiratory Distress Syndrome


ARDSARDS - trauma causes increased capillary - trauma causes increased capillary permeability in the lungs, pulmonary edema, permeability in the lungs, pulmonary edema, and resulting respiratory failureand resulting respiratory failure

Alveoli fill within 12 - 24 hours of injury, and Alveoli fill within 12 - 24 hours of injury, and then tend to collapse at end of expiration, then tend to collapse at end of expiration, leaving less pulmonary tissue for gas leaving less pulmonary tissue for gas exchangeexchange

Result: low pulmonary compliance, Result: low pulmonary compliance, pulmonary hypertension, hypoxemiapulmonary hypertension, hypoxemia

Adult Respiratory Distress SyndromeAdult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (cont’d.)(cont’d.)



The Epstein-Barr virus is the cause ofThe Epstein-Barr virus is the cause of a. infant respiratory distress syndrome a. infant respiratory distress syndrome

(IRDS).(IRDS). b. COPD.b. COPD. c. infectious mononucleosis.c. infectious mononucleosis. d. adult respiratory distress syndrome ARDS.d. adult respiratory distress syndrome ARDS.


Lung CancerLung Cancer

Lung cancer:Lung cancer: cancerous condition caused by cancerous condition caused by repeated carcinogenic irritation to bronchial repeated carcinogenic irritation to bronchial epithelium, leading to increased rates of cell epithelium, leading to increased rates of cell divisiondivision

Leading cause of death worldwide in both Leading cause of death worldwide in both men and women, 30% of all cancer deathsmen and women, 30% of all cancer deaths


Lung Cancer Lung Cancer (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

4 major types:4 major types:

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) Squamous cell carcinoma - 30% of all lung cancersSquamous cell carcinoma - 30% of all lung cancers Adenocarcinoma - 40%Adenocarcinoma - 40% Large cell carcinoma - 10%Large cell carcinoma - 10%

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - occurs almost - occurs almost exclusively in smokersexclusively in smokers Small cell carcinoma - 20%Small cell carcinoma - 20%


Clicker QuestionsClicker Questions

Severe hypoxemia in a patient who has Severe hypoxemia in a patient who has recently experienced trauma is called shock recently experienced trauma is called shock lung orlung or

a. IRDS.a. IRDS. b. COPD.b. COPD. c. infectious mononucleosis.c. infectious mononucleosis. d. ARDS.d. ARDS.


Lung Cancer Lung Cancer (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

Prognosis for patients with lung cancer is Prognosis for patients with lung cancer is generally poorgenerally poor 5-year for all stages and types of lung cancer 5-year for all stages and types of lung cancer

combined is 15%combined is 15% Prevention:Prevention:

• Cessation of smokingCessation of smoking

• Avoidance of exposure to second hand smokeAvoidance of exposure to second hand smoke



Early detection of lung cancer has been Early detection of lung cancer has been proven to improve survival.proven to improve survival.

A)A) TrueTrue

B)B) FalseFalse

essentials of human diseases and conditions 4 th edition seminar 5 dr. lena watson, rn, mba/hcm

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