Essentials Of The Human Anatomy

By

Ph.D.Alsayed Aly Mahran

Anatomy is the study of the structure and function of the body.

The three main approaches to studying anatomy are regional, systemic, and clinicalanatomy.

Regional anatomy (topographical anatomy); is the method of studying the body by regions, such as the thorax and abdomen.

Systemic anatomy ;is the method of studying the body by systems, for example, the circulatory and reproductive systems.

Clinical anatomy ;is the study of the

structure and function as they relate to

the practice of medicine and other health

sciences

Anatomical position:

All descriptions of the human body are

based on the assumption that the person

is standing erect, with

Anatomical position:

•Head, eyes, and nose

directed anteriorly (forward)

•Upper limbs by the sides

with the palms facing anteriorly

•Lower limbs together with

the feet directed anteriorly.

This position is called the

anatomical position .

Anatomical position

Terms Related to

Position:

Anatomical Planes:Median sagittal

plane.Paramedian PlanesCoronal plane.Horizontal

(transverse)

plane.Body planes

Anatomical Planes:

Anatomical descriptions are based on four

imaginary planes (median sagittal, parasittal

coronal, and horizontal) that pass through the

body in the anatomical position

Median sagittal plane; is a vertical plane passing

longitudinally through the body dividing it into

right and left halves.

Anatomical Planes (cont.):Paramedian Planes; is a vertical plane situated

to one side of the median plane and parallel to it are termed

Coronal plane; is a vertical plane passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing it into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Horizontal (transverse) plane; is a planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and coronal planes. A horizontal plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower portions.

Anatomical sections : These sections provide views of the body as if cut

or sectioned along particular planes. They include:

Longitudinal sections; run lengthwise in the long axis of the body or any of its parts,

Transverse sections, or cross sections; run transversely in the body or its parts at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or any of its parts

Oblique sections; run obliquely in the body or any of its parts.( that are not cut along one of the previously mentioned anatomical planes).

Anatomical sections :

Longitudinal section

Transverse section Oblique section

Anatomical sections (of lower limb).

Medial; is a term that is used to indicate

that a structure situated nearer to the

median plane of the body.

Lateral; is a term that is used to indicate

that a structure situated farther away from

the median plane.

Superficial; is a term that is used to

indicate that a structure situated nearer to

the surface of the body.

Anatomic terms used in relation to position

Terms related to position (cont.):Deep; is a term that is used to indicate that a

structure situated farther away from the surface of the body.

Posterior; denotes the back surface of the body or nearer to the back

Anterior ;denotes the front surface of the body.

Superior; refers to a structure that is nearer the vertex,

Inferior; refers to a structure that is situated nearer the soles of the feet

Terms related to position (cont.): Proximal; means that the segment of the limbs

(upper or lower) is nearer to the trunk.Distal; means that the segment of the limbs

(upper or lower) is far from the trunk. Sole; indicates the inferior aspect or bottom of

the foot, much of which is in contact with the ground

when standing Palm; refers to the flat of the hand

Terms related to position (cont.):Internal and external ;are the terms used to

describe the relative distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity; for example, the internal carotid artery is found inside the cranial cavity and the external carotid artery is found outside the cranial cavity.

Ipsilateral; refers to the same side of the body; for example, the left hand and left foot are ipsilateral,

Terms related to position (cont.):

Contralateral; refers to opposite sides of

the body; for ex ample, the left biceps

brachii muscle and the right rectus femoris

muscle are contralateral.

Supine position; of the body is lying on the

back.

prone position; of the body is lying with

the face downward

Terms related to movement):

Movements take place at joints where two or more bones

or cartilages articulate with one another.

Flexion; indicates bending of the joint or decreasing the

angle between the bones or parts o f the body.

Dorsiflexion ; lifting the toes off the ground (e.g., when

wakening)

Plantarflexion ;,turns the foot or toes toward the

plantar surface (e.g., when standing on the ground)

Extension; indicates straightening of the joint or

increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the

body.

Some anatomic terms used in relation to movement.

Terms related to movement (cont.):Abduction; of a limb is the movement away

from the mid-line of the body in the coronal plane .

Adduction; of a limb is the movement toward the body in the coronal plane .

Medial rotation; (internal rotation) brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane, whereas

lateral rotation; (external rotation) takes the anterior surface away from the median plane.

Pronation; is a medial rotation of the forearm in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly .

Some anatomic terms used in relation to movement.

Terms related to movement (cont.):

Supination; is a lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly .

Circumduction; is the combination in sequence of the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Protraction; is to move forward, while,

Terms related to movement (cont.):

Retraction; is to move backward (used to describe the forward and backward movement of the mandible at the temporomandibular joints).

Opposition; is the movement by which the pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad. We use this movement to pinch, button a shirt.

Some anatomic terms used in relation to movement.

Terms related to movement (cont.):

Inversion; is the movement of the foot so that the sole facts in a medial direction.

Eversion; is the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral direction

Elevation; is the raises or moves a part superiorly, as in deviating the shoulders when shrugging.

Depression; is the lowers or moves a part inferiorly, as in depressing the shoulders when standing at case.

Some anatomic terms used in relation to movement.

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