establishment of cacao nursery and management

8/16/2019 Establishment of Cacao Nursery and Management

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Establishment of CacaoNursery

and Management

ROMULO L. CENAUSMARC Director and Plant Breeder

USM, Kabacan, Cotabato

E-mail address rom!lo""cena#$a%oo.com

Contact No. &'(&)**+++)

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Nursery• Is a specially established area whereplants are nursed and raised for laterplanting

• A nursery operator can make moneyonce grafted rootstock seedling are soldto interested cacao grower.

• To ensure success in cocoa farming, we

must plants healthy grafted seedling onthe right age, right time and right place

• ,


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N!"E!# $%ANNIN&AN' "E%ECTI(N


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"ite selection criteria

). Minim!m area or lant rod!ction s%o!ld be &&s/!are meters, i.e. *&m 0 (&m or similar.

1%is can accommodate abo!t (2,&&& lants.

A 3ood ba3 densit$ is abo!t 2& lants er s/!aremeter o n!rser$ loor.

Additional area 4abo!t "56 or ottin3 mi0rearation, ba3 illin3, and 3ratin3 oerations andso on is re/!ired.

(. 1%e site m!st be easil$ accessed b$ road or canal.

*. 1%e site m!st %a7e a 3ood s!l$ o res% 8ater,

not salt$ at an$ time.


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E"TA*%I"+IN& AN'MANA&IN&N!"E!IE"


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Mar9 o!t ositions and

install n!rser$ oles

:nstall s%ade clot%, side to

side and roo. Use

mo7eable 8ire rame or

similar str!ct!re.


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Igloo style, steel framed nursery (long term)


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Simple backyard style nursery,

steel poles (short term)


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NURSER; MA1ER:ALS


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Using bamboo poles as framework, with wire


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Bamboo Post as


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Using concrete posts and

wire as framework

Using gal0ani1ed pipes as

framework


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Nursery layout

Install an effecti0e drainage


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E0amle o 8ell lanned, desi3ned and constr!cted

n!rser$

+ ba3s er n!rser$ bed, 8it% 2&cm 3abet8een beds.


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2ccess pathway through

center of nursery with

access between nursery

beds+

Simple construction, well

designed for easy access

and operations+


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Pol$ba3 Sacin3

3ap between row: /% cm bags4line

Distance of pathway: '% cm

/%

cm

'%cm


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=A1ER SUPPL;

5ater needs to be readily a0ailable

of sufficient -uantity and good-uality+ he standard amount of

water moisture to be maintained in

the seedlings potting mi! is ofthe seedlings bags 0olume+


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6bser0e and record performance,

monitor problems and progress+

2n important benefit of recordkeeping is good management, better

organi1ation and efficient planning+

RECORDING AND DATA COLLECTION


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PLAN1:N> MED:A


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.omponents of artificial potting mi! % fibre, %

rice husk, % burnt husk, 7% sand, % soil, 7%

dried manure and about / kg limestone per cubicmeter of mi!+

Artiicial Pottin3 Mi0es


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Soil based mi!&8% red earth, 7%

manure, 7% rice husk


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9ag filling with potting mi!ture+


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Potting of soil media


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otting mi!ture co0ered with

plastic sheeting for

solari1ation

Used potting mi! in bags being

solari1ed under clear plastic sheeting

for use+ #ot a recommended practice

howe0er+


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ypes of 9ags

9lack plastic bags of thin wall thicknessare preferred+

Do not use clear plastic bags as this

promotes algae growth+

Use the smaller bag for short nursery

periods of less than fi0er months+

Use the bigger bag if you e!pect plant will

be in the nursery for fi0e months or

longer+


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E"TA*%I"+MENT (

*'-(('

&A!'EN


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• *udwood &arden"cion &ro/e can beutili0ed for longer period of time 1)23)4years5 when it is properly maintained.

•$eriodic pruning is needed to remo/eunwanted branches especially those thatare weak and small which are not goodmaterials for propagation.

• !emo/al of fruits that de/elop from themain stem and branches is alsonecessary for proper growth andde/elopment of the plant.

6. Maintenance of*udwood"cion &ro/e


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BUDWOOD/SCION GROVE


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BUDWOOD COLLECTION


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BUDWOOD PRESERVATION


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"EE' $!($A&ATI(N


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Nursery

a5 se of big seeds /ariety as seed stock suchas IT ), )7, "4 8 96:3A.

b5 se of : ;)2, 7 ;)2 polyethylene bag.

c5 %oam to sandy loam top soil as potting

medium.

d5 Combination of se/eral potting materials.


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Select pods that areripe and healthy.

Examples of pods not

suitable to collect seedsfrom. (Left to right: green

pods, dead pods, black pods, deformed pods.

The main steps in

seed preparation are<


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6pen the pods

using a wooden

mallet+ Do not use aknife as you may cut

the seed+

;emo0e the seedfrom pods and

separate seeds from

placenta and pulp+Discard any flat

seed, damaged

seed or 0ery small

Defective seeds inside adiseased pod.

A range of seedssuitable for planting.

;emo0e the seed in saw dust or coconut fiber to remo0e the


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;emo0e the seed in saw dust or coconut fiber to remo0e the

pulp from outside of the seeds+


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Properly cleaned beans-ready for pre-germination.

'+ 5ash the seeds in

water and drain+

8+ Soak the seed in afungicide solution

(9enlate or Dithane)

for about one minute+


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1. lace the seeds in a single layer on clean =ute

bags out of the wind, sun and rain+ .o0er withanother =ute bag+ >or a small -uantity use a

plastic tray with plastic co0er+

Seed >ermination and Pre->ermination


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Pre-germination of seeds


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Acceptable seeds with short radicles (button stage)

So8in3 t%e re-3erminated

seeds


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Example of seeds not suitable for planting. The radicle

is too long, it may cause twisted roots or snap off. If

planted into the bag.

S th i t d d t th 7


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Sow the pre&germinated seeds not more than 7 cm

deep in the prepared polybags+ It is important to

plant the germinated seeds soon when the germs are

7 cm long+


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*ealthy and properly

prepared seedling, emerging

from potting mi!, about 7%&

7" days after seed sowinginto the ba +

3ood, uniform germination

and seedling emergence,

resulting from proper seed

preparation and planting

practice+


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Seedlings 1 week after sowing


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1 month old seedlings


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3-month old

seedlings ready for grafting


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.acao seedlings at / months old ready for grafting

egetati/e $ropagation


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egetati/e $ropagation refers to the techni-ues we use to produce a

cloned plant+ 2 cloned plant is identical to the

plant from which it is deri0ed+

ROO1S1OCK SC:ON

PROPA>A1ED


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CACAO SEEDL:N>PROPA>A1ED

>RA


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Methods of Vegetative

Propagation in Cacao$atch *udding, Community nodal

grafting,

"ide grafting,

Con/entional cleft grafting,

"omatic embryogenesis


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Patch budding

Seedlings are ready for patch budding when these ha0e

attained pencil si1e or ha0e attained a girth of $ to ' mm+

9ud only seedlings that are in flush+ he bark should

snap&off easily+

9efore budding, tag each row indicating the clone to bebudded+ Use fi0e clones per block to minimi1e pollen

scarcity and clonal incompatibility+

.ut across polypropylene or polyethylene bags intostrips as wrapping materials+ 2 bag measuring 7 ! 7$

inches usually generates 7 to 7" pieces of tapes+

S l t i h b


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Select green or greenish brown

budwood that is acti0ely growing

to ensure the separation of the

bark+ 9udwood with a week&oldflush is most suitable for this

purpose + Select branches which

are disease&free, then, cut the

lea0es to / mm to protect the

bud&eye from damage during

wrapping+ repare patch window, to / cm

long+ Do not open the patch

window as it may dry up becontaminated with fungal

diseases+ repare the bud&eye

at least 7 mm smaller than the

patch window+


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Insert the bud&eye to the patch

window as -uickly as possible to

minimi1e drying and disease

contamination+

hen wrap the bud&eye with

budding tape thoroughly and

gently+ See to it that cuts belowand abo0e the bud&eye are

sealed to minimi1e drying and

water entry+ In budding, it is

important that fingernails of the

propagator are clean to minimi1e

contamination+ @ikewise, the

knife used for budding should be

sharp and clean+

ommunity Nodal Grafting


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ommunity Nodal Grafting 3ather the seedstocks4seedlings that produced three

pairs of lea0es+ 3et scions of recommened cacao 0arieties from

accredited budwood gardens+ Aake a cut at the middle of the stem cm abo0e the

node of the stock (seedling) lea0ing 7 pair of lea0es+ Aake a wedge cut on the tip of the scion and insert it on

the stock+ 9e sure that the cambium of the scion and

stock has good contact+

ighten the connection of scion and stock using %+%%/polyethylene strips or paper clip or any material that will

hold the scion and stock while callus formation shall be

obtained+ lace a stick on the middle of the transparent

polyethylene bag and tie with a plastic twine up to the

beam of the nursery+ 2t the time the scion had produced new shoots,

gradually open the polyethylene sheet+ 2rrange the seedlings in the nursery+ >ollow the recommended practices on the care of

seedlings in the nursery until they are ready for planting+

Side grafting


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Side graftingusing tube or

tents


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CUTTING OF ROOTSTOCK

Con/entional Cleft &rafting Method


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INCISION OF ROOTSTOCK


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WEDGING OF SCION

CLEFT GRAFTING


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CLEFT GRAFTING


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TAPING

COVERING


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COVERING

G fti f dli


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Grafting of seedlings


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coa Nursery of Quality Planting Mat

1 week old grafted seedlings


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1-week old grafted seedlings

Grafted seedlings


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Grafted seedlings

ready for lanting


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Top &raftingPrice /scion: P 2.00Graftin /alive: P 2.00


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Seedlin3 Losses C!llin3 Re?ection


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6n a0erage, we e!pect about % of the seed

that we plant as rootstock or as hybrid seed to be

of inferior -uality, and we remo0e these from the

nursery+ If we allow them to stay then we mayha0e problems such as:

Bent and twisted roots or stem collars

Slow growing or unhealthy plants

Plants with white or very pale yellow leaves

indicating unproductive genetic mutants

Plants with weak root systems

Seedlin3 Losses, C!llin3, Re?ection

and Diseases


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&rafting 'isease!e>ection

Insected damagedgraft

&rowthdeformityof graft

&rafting adormant bud

9 Common seedling disease


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9. Common seedling diseaseproblems

"eed rot

"eedling rots

"eedling blight "eedling blight


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3rafted seedlings ready for disposal


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Recent 8or9 in :ndonesia

• Somaticembryogenesis

• '% million seedlings


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A (&,&&& seedlin3sN!rser$

Seedlin3smortalit$

No. oseedlin3s

ali7e

A @&&&seedlin3s

n!rser$

3ermination rate (


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34caacit$(&,&&&6 Cost re/!ired

@. N!rser$ Establis%mentand Mana3ement

a+ Site reparation .learing4slashing4cleaning

7,%%% !%%!

b+ .onstruction of Shade 9amboo poles5ire3arden #et

@abor

7,%%7,'%%

7$,8%%

,%%%

C $%% kls C 8 rolls C 8,"%%

/! %% ! days

c+ 5ater SupplyIrrigation facilities@abor for installation

ank, pump, mainline for distributionof pipes, hose, etc+

/,%%% 8,%%%

7 set

(. Prearation o Soil

Media

9agging of soil *auling piling polybags

.ost of polybags3arden soil.oco fiber .ost of labor .ost of labor

8,"%%/,'%7,$%$,"%%,%%%

"47%%pcs/+7 loadC7,%%

sacks C /%%+/4bag

!%% ! days

*. Seed Plantin3.ost of seeds 7" %


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.ost of seeds@abor for planting

7",% 7,$%%


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Seedlin3s

+. Disosal o Seedlin3s

@oading of seedlings .ost of labor 7,$%% 8!%%

'. N!rser$ Maintenance;eplanting, weeding,

spraying fertili1ation,

culling, selection, etc+

.ost of labor 78,%%% Bmergency labor %% ! 7! $ mos+

@&. Ot%er cost

@@. Miscellaneo!s 4"5 ototal cost6

Blectricity

sho0el,sprayer,wheel barrow, etc+

,


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:1EM 1otal Cost

7. Labor cost 7+Site preparation

+ .onstruction of shade /+ 5ater facilities installation "+ 9agging of soil + *auling piling polybags $+ Seed planting '+ op grafting 8+ Selection transfer of seedling


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+ 3arden soil$+ .oco choir

'+ .acao seeds 8+ Scion

ungicide /+ >ertili1er

7,"%7,%%,7/%

S!b-total ",&+&

:. Caital O!tla$ 7 set of pressure pump /,%%%

. Ot%er Cost:. Miscellaneo!s 4"56

8,ross :ncome1otal cost,


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or (&,&&&seedlin3s

roit, RO: or@,&&&seedlin3s

Set-! @

3ross Income /%/,$ 7,%%%

otal B!penses %','8 7%,"%%

rofit P '",+) ",$%%

rofit4Seedlings P).+" P )."

;6I "$+7" ""+/

Set-! (

3ross Income /%/,$ 7,%%% otal B!penses (less:',%%%) 7/,'8 $,'88

rofit P @),+) 8,7

rofit4seedling P @*.+& P @*."

;6I @(*."5 @(&.')5


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"teps inNursery

Accreditatio

n


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%ETTE! ( INTENT


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$A? @. *ENA=I'E? II ssistant Secretary for Planning and Pro!ect

"evelop#ent $%&C' "irector ()rea) of Plant &nd)stry*+2 San ndres St.' Malate' Manila

,hr) : 'ANTE =. I'E%%&C' ssistant "irector for %perations' d#in' $ -eg)latory $Chief' Crop -esearch and Prod)ction S)pport "ivision

'ear Madam,& o)ld lie to signify #y intention to rene #y application as an

accredited Plant )rsery %perator )nder the Plant )rsery ccreditationProgra# in this )rea) since #y accreditation ill epire on 333333333333. -estass)red that all the criteria and re4)ire#ents stip)lated in .%. o. 25 series of

2016 ill e co#plied and ill aide the accreditation g)idelines hen granted.

,han yo) and hoping for yo)r favorale action.

Sincerely yo)rs' 333333333333333333333333333333 (wner(perator 1Name of Nursery

'ate 8or# @ 1


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Manila

PP&C,&% 8%- CC-7"&,,&% %8 P, 9-S7-;

Crop/s pplied #ail ddress33333333333333333333333333333333333333333 "ate 7stalished 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333 ocation of the )rsery 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333 rea of )rsery


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8ont SiAe:a#e of )rsery > 600 Copper (lac%ther "ata > 250 rial -o)nded M, (old

B&GB" P, 9-S7-;-o#eo P. yos

%nerContact o. 52>0DD+

ocation of )rsery : *+2 San ndres St.' Malate Manila(P& ccreditation o. : 126>15"ate &ss)ed : %ctoer 61' 20157piry "ate : ove#er 1' 201Dccredited Crops : Mango' Cacao

8or f)rther infor#ation:

Please contact:

(P& E Crop -esearch and Prod)ction S)pport "ivision ,el. nos. F616' 52>0DD+ ,elefa no.


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cnoledge#ent

C"&>V%C


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3Thank

you3


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Com!tation Cacao N!rser$

. i


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.omputation:

/',%%% polybags &raise seedlings

@oad of soilG /',%%%4$,"%% polybag per loadG $ loads ( $ wheeler dumptruck)

Sack of coco choirG /',%%%4/$ polybag per sack ! (7+7)G 77% sack, feed

si1e

(7% allowance)

2mt of water4dayG 7@ (/',%%%) (7+/) 2ssuming 7@4day4bag G /',%%% @ (7+/)

Used : %+@: am G /',%%% m/ (7+/)

%+: pm G "8 m/4day water

e!+ 7% cu minimum (consume) G 7'

7'! "847%G 8"% amount of water consume per day


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establishment of cacao nursery and management

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