Establishment of park and green Establishment of park and green areas for the residential areas for the residential

development projectdevelopment project

Sang Don LEESang Don LEE and Sung Ok Kim and Sung Ok KimDepartment of Environmental Science and Department of Environmental Science and

Engineering,Engineering,College of EngineeringCollege of Engineering

Ewha Woman’s University, Ewha Woman’s University, Seoul, KOREA Seoul, KOREA

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

IntroductionIntroduction

Method and Statistical analysisMethod and Statistical analysis

Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion– Project areas vs green areasProject areas vs green areas– Project areas vs % green areasProject areas vs % green areas– Population vs green areasPopulation vs green areas

Concluding remarksConcluding remarks

I. IntroductionI. Introduction

Residential Development ProjectResidential Development Project– Providing housing for residents (esp. Urban)Providing housing for residents (esp. Urban)– Habitat fragmentation, destruction of important Habitat fragmentation, destruction of important

habitat (e.g., wetland, forests) followedhabitat (e.g., wetland, forests) followed– Securing green areas important such as biotope, Securing green areas important such as biotope,

parks, ecological reserves, etcparks, ecological reserves, etc– Green areas = open space (park, vegetated areas)Green areas = open space (park, vegetated areas)– Recreation, wildlife habitat, economic gainRecreation, wildlife habitat, economic gain

In Korea, parks and green areas required for In Korea, parks and green areas required for urban development urban development

Urban parks (for children, sportsUrban parks (for children, sports– Green areas (transition zone, landscape)Green areas (transition zone, landscape)– Urban facilities (arena, stadium, water reservoir)Urban facilities (arena, stadium, water reservoir)– Parks (wetland, stream, etc)Parks (wetland, stream, etc)

II. MethodsII. Methods

115 preliminary Environment Impact 115 preliminary Environment Impact AssessmentAssessment– Year 2001-2006Year 2001-2006

Analysis based on year, scale, target Analysis based on year, scale, target population, region, % greennesspopulation, region, % greennessStatistical analysis Statistical analysis – Simple linear regression (SPSS, P<0.05)Simple linear regression (SPSS, P<0.05)

Scale ranges (400,000m2-10,000,000 m2)Scale ranges (400,000m2-10,000,000 m2)

Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion

Total development projects and average green area(mTotal development projects and average green area(m2) – Table 12) – Table 1– 50% in Seoul and Gyunggi province50% in Seoul and Gyunggi province– Indication of high development pressure around big citiesIndication of high development pressure around big cities– Local areas are fewer projectsLocal areas are fewer projects– Local areas fewer green areas indicating forests are nearbyLocal areas fewer green areas indicating forests are nearby

Annual trend of green areas in the project (Fig 2)Annual trend of green areas in the project (Fig 2)– 2001 was the highest2001 was the highest

Regionno of sites

total areas(m2

)

average areas(m2

)

population

parks, green areas gree

narea(m2

)m2 %

Seoul 11 8,159,505 741,773 154,389 2,422,740 29.7 15.7

Gyunggi 5077,702,38

51,554,048

1,284,186 18,364,162 23.6 14.3

Gangwon 612,395,15

62,065,859 188,683 2,886,464 23.3 15.3

Chungnam 6 5,952,894 992,149 85,765 1,349,223 22.7 15.7

Gyungnam 2021,846,22

01,092,311 366,026 4,761,165 21.8 13.0

Gyungbuk 1010,756,50

71,075,651 194,385 2,308,741 21.5 11.9

Jeonnam 3 2,280,191 760,064 44,217 471,590 20.7 10.7

Chungbuk 4 4,262,510 1,065,628 88,522 743,467 17.4 8.4

Jeonbuk 2 1,241,797 620,899 28,800 198,174 16.0 6.9

Jeju 3 2,120,694 706,898 33,958 308,522 14.5 9.1

Total 115146,717,8

59 1,275,8072,468,93

133,814,24

8211.2

121.0

mean 　 　 246,893 3,381,425 21.2 12.1

Table 1. Total number of residential project and average green areas

사업시기별 공원.녹지율, 1인당 공원.녹지면적

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

2001년 2002년 2003년 2004년 2005년 2006년3월

택지개발사업시기

%

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

m2

공원.녹지율1인당 공원.녹지면적

Fig 2. Annual trend of green areas from 2001-2006. Green areas/person was the highest in 2001.

% green areas

Green areas/person

Results and Discussion(2)Results and Discussion(2)

Regional analysis of green areas and individual Regional analysis of green areas and individual green areas (Fig 3)green areas (Fig 3)– Project areas (over 1 million vs ≤ 1 million)Project areas (over 1 million vs ≤ 1 million)– Less than one million => 80 projects/115= 69.5%Less than one million => 80 projects/115= 69.5%– Green areas much higher in big project over one miGreen areas much higher in big project over one mi

llion m2llion m2

Large project => more green areas (Fig 4)Large project => more green areas (Fig 4)– Large project more green areas/person (Fig 5)Large project more green areas/person (Fig 5)

사업규모별 공원.녹지율, 1인당 공원.녹지면적

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

사업규모

%

0.05.010.015.020.025.030.035.040.045.050.0

m2

공원녹지율

일인당공원.녹지면적

Fig 3. Number of project (<one million m2) was over 69.5%(80) and 6.8(m2)/person green space; but projects (>one million) 19.0 m2/ person

19.0(m2)/person6.8(m2)/person% green areas

Green areas/person

0 5000000 10000000 15000000 20000000

계획면적(m2)

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000공원녹지면적

(m2)

R 제 선형 = 0.973

0 5000000 10000000 15000000 20000000

계획면적(m2)

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000공원녹지면적

(m2)

R 제 선형 = 0.973

R2=0.973 P<0.000

Project areas

Fig 4. Regression line and R2 for project areas vs. green space

Green

areas

0 5000000 10000000 15000000 20000000

(m2)계획면적

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

(m

2)

일인당공원녹지면적

R = 0.466제곱 선형

R2=0.466 P<0.000

Project areas

Fig 5. Project areas vs green areas(m2)/person

Green

areas/ person

Results and Discussion (3)Results and Discussion (3)

Project areas vs % green areas (Fig 6)Project areas vs % green areas (Fig 6)– strong correlation (R2=0.056, P=0.011)strong correlation (R2=0.056, P=0.011)

Total population vs % green areas (Fig 7)Total population vs % green areas (Fig 7)– R2=0.067, P=0.005R2=0.067, P=0.005

% green areas vs total green areas (Fig 8)% green areas vs total green areas (Fig 8)– Total green areas increasing as %green areas increTotal green areas increasing as %green areas incre

asingasing

0 5000000 10000000 15000000 20000000

(m2)계 획 면 적

0

10

20

30

40

50

(%)

공원녹지비율

R = 0.056제곱 선형

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000

( )계 획 인 구 명

0

10

20

30

40

50

(%)

공원녹지비율

R = 0.067제곱 선형

R2=0.067 P=0.011

R2=0.005 P=0.056

Fig 6. Project areas vs % green Fig 7. Population vs % green

% green

areas

% green

areas

Projected areas Projected population

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000

( )계획인구 명

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

(m

2)

일인당공원녹지면적

R = 0.291제곱 선형

Pearson 상관계수 0.540

유의확률 0.000

R제곱 선형 0.291

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000

( )계획인구 명

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

(m

2)

일인당공원녹지면적

R = 0.291제곱 선형

Pearson 상관계수 0.540

유의확률 0.000

R제곱 선형 0.291

R2=0.406 P=0.000

Fig 8. Total population size vs green areas/person

Green

areas/person

Projected population

Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

Residential projects in/around big cities are ovResidential projects in/around big cities are over 50% indicating development pressure for hoer 50% indicating development pressure for housing, roads, infrastructure neededusing, roads, infrastructure needed– Seoul and Gyunggi province higherSeoul and Gyunggi province higher– Regional province (Cheonnam, Chungbuk, Jeju) Regional province (Cheonnam, Chungbuk, Jeju)

Green areas(m2)/person much higher in big citGreen areas(m2)/person much higher in big cities than in small citiesies than in small cities– Demand for green areas greater in urban areas than Demand for green areas greater in urban areas than

in rural areasin rural areas– Rural areas secure forests or wetlands much easierRural areas secure forests or wetlands much easier

Projected areas better securing green areasProjected areas better securing green areas– Less than 1 million m2 areas (70%)Less than 1 million m2 areas (70%)

– Areas (<one million m2) =>Green areas/person only 6.8m2 Areas (<one million m2) =>Green areas/person only 6.8m2 (16.2%) whereas over one million sites => green areas (16.2%) whereas over one million sites => green areas 19.0m2 (25.2%)19.0m2 (25.2%)

– Highly recommended to have a large scale residential Highly recommended to have a large scale residential project to secure more green spaceproject to secure more green space

– In Korea most residential projects were small in scale, so it In Korea most residential projects were small in scale, so it should be bigger in order to secure large amount of green should be bigger in order to secure large amount of green areasareas

– Small project sites usually do not meet the green areasSmall project sites usually do not meet the green areas

Population vs. individual green areas(m2) also show Population vs. individual green areas(m2) also show strong relationship indicating large project sites are strong relationship indicating large project sites are better securing green spacebetter securing green space

Green areas should exclusively refer ‘green’ habitat Green areas should exclusively refer ‘green’ habitat for animals and plants. Parks for children and other for animals and plants. Parks for children and other areas with facilities should be excludedareas with facilities should be excluded

So far, minimum green areas are only 6 m2/person So far, minimum green areas are only 6 m2/person and this should be increasingand this should be increasing

Thank you for attention!!