establisment constraints restoration plant...
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Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Jelte Pieter Dijkstra, University of GroningenCommunity and Conservation Ecology group, Haren, Th e Netherlands
Promotor: Rudy van Diggelen
Insights in ESTABLISMENT CONSTRAINTS
RESTORATION by using plant traits
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
BIO
TIC
SA
BIO
TIC
S
Potentialbottle necks
in restoration
POSITIONAL FACTORS CONDITIONAL FACTORS OPERATIONAL FACTORS
Seed sourcesurroundings
Dispersal
Germinationconditions
Seed sources Soil seedbank
Pollination
Microbialactivity
Ground waterlevels
waterRedox potentials
Soil temperature
VEGETATIONESTABLISMENT
Composition Base saturation AlFeCa
Atmosferic deposition
Physical and chemical
soil deposition
Soil pore water
Nutrientavailability
pH
Competition andfacilitation
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Establishment constraints:Reduced pollination service:
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Bringing beehives close to nature areas
to restore pollination service
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Small reward
Not insectpollinated
Garden plants
Cleistogamy
Geitonomy
Wind
Selfing
Species visitedby honey bees
Wild plant species
Big reward
Insect pollinated
High visitationfrequency Apis
Rare Common
Low visitation frequency Apis
Honey bees
Alternativepollinators
Following a dropout race:after adding plant traits
Lateral spread
Mass-flowering
Naturalization
Flowering time
Red list species
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Following a dropout race:after adding plant traits
Honey bee visitation
Reward
Alternative pollinators
Insect pollination
Garden/wild
Visitation frequency
Abundance
1058
103
498443
93
10
6357
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Visitation frequency of honey bees versus the abundance of wild plant species
0
5
10
15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Abundance
Num
ber
Medium visit frequency High visit frequency
10 species are ‘extinct’trough rare (category 0-4)
R2=0.72 n.s.
Results Honey bee visitation
Reward
Alternative pollinators
Insect pollination
Garden/wild
Visitation frequency
Abundance
1058
103
498443
93
10
6357
Extinct or
absentVery common
12.657453Total
15.547304Common
6.710149Rare
% RemainedRemainedStart
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Results: Common plant species visited by honey bees
27
8 7
37
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
<1cm 1-25cm >25cm Yes No
Lateral spread per year Mass of flowers
Num
er o
f spe
cie
s
Lateral spread
Mass-flowering
Naturalization
Alternative pollinators
Common
Charasteritics for 'the 47' common wild plant speci es visited by honey bees
4236
22
5
42
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Bumble Bees Wild Bees Butter flies Yes Native
Alternative pollinators Naturalized
Num
er o
f sp
ecie
s
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Conclusions• Honey bees: The higher nectar and pollen
availability the higher the visitation frequency of honeybees;
• They forage for common plants flowering with many flowers;
• Not really desired for restoration purposes
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Establishment constraints:Invasive species
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Southwestern WA:A biodiversity hotspot and
an agriculture region
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Research area
Picture of NR’s in the wheatbelt
Durakoppin, 2 sites
Tutanning, 4 sites
Dongolocking, 2 sites
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Sand-plain heathlands
� Well known for their species richness;
� Scattered around the wheatbelt;
� Several threats: invasion of Allocasuarina huegeliana.
� Reference sites for futurerestoration;
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
A. huegelina / rock sheoak
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Transect experimentPresentAbsent
150 m
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
P
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
20m
P
A
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Distanceclosest neigbour
Distance closestreproductiveparent tree
% Perrenial cover
% of site Surroundedsheoak woodland
Time since fire
% Annual cover
% Litter cover
SOIL
pHFine earth Gravel
Texture Colour
Browsing pressure
Kangaroo/Wallaroo Tammar Wallaby
Brush Wallaby Rabbit
Height of neigbour vegetation
Abiotic
Biotic
% Perrenial cover
Distance closestreproductiveparent tree
Distanceclosest neigbour
Research
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Stages of invasionSeedling
(browsing, droughtand others factors)
Juvenile...(prolonged drought,
diseases)
Reproductivetrees
Seeds
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Invasion
Allocasuarina huegelina more competitive species: better light
competitor
But using plant traits
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Establishment constraints:Competition
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Plant traits: Grime’s C-S-R theory
S
S/CS
R/SR
C
R
C/CSR
C/CR
CR
CSR
CR/CSR CS/CSR
C/CS
S/SRSR
R/CR
R/CSR
CS
S/CSRSR/CSR
S/CS
R
CS
CSR
C/CSCS
S/CSR C/CSRCS/CSR
5 4 3 2 1
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Establishment, light stress regimes, plant traits
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Transparant
12.3 % reduction
Light green
64.5 % reduction
Dark green
84.0 % reduction
Total 19 plant species
Results after 40 days and after 80 days
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
1 C2 C-CSR/C-CS3 CSR4 S-CSR5 S
Strategy nr.
Control
60 800
102030405060708090
100
Mo
rtal
ity
%
Light Green
60 80Days
0102030405060708090
100
Dark Green
60 80Days
0102030405060708090
100
Days
1 C2 C-CSR/C-CS3 CSR4 S-CSR5 S
Strategy nr.1 C2 C-CSR/C-CS3 CSR4 S-CSR5 S
Strategy nr.
Control
60 800
102030405060708090
100
Mo
rtal
ity
%
Light Green
60 80Days
0102030405060708090
100
Dark Green
60 80Days
0102030405060708090
100
Days
MortalityTested by Tukey Post Hoc Test for MANOVA (p < 0.05).
Day 60 Day 80Strategy: 1,2>2,3,5,4 1>2,3>3,5,4 LEE Filter: C>LG>DG C>LG>DG
Establishment, light stress regimes, plant traits
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Halfway (40 days)
C LG DGLEE Filter
0.01.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
Dry
Mat
ter
(gr.
)
2 C-CSR/C-CS1 C
3 CSR4 S-CSR5 S
Strategy nr.
2 C-CSR/C-CS1 C
3 CSR4 S-CSR5 S
Strategy nr.
LEE Filter
Final (80 days)
C LG DG0.01.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.08.0
Dry matterError Bars show Mean ±1.0 S.E. Tested by Tukey Post Hoc Test for MANOVA, (p < 00.5).
Halfway FinalStrategy: 1>2>3>5>4 1,2,3>4>5 LEE Filter: C>LG>DG C>LG>DG
Establishment, light stress regimes, plant traits
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Establishment
• Need for low productive circumstances forthe more stress tolerant, rare plant species
• Restoration of former agri culture fields– Very nutrient rich;
– High light competition;– Only competitve species:
– No seed source available:
• Which plant traits favour competition forlight?
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
• Need for low productive circumstances forthe more stress tolerant, rare plant species
• Restoration of former agri culture fields– Very nutrient rich;
– High light competition;– Only competitive species:
– No seed source available:
Create germination conditions
Hay transfusion• Which plant traits favour competition for
light?
Restoration of formeragri-culture fields
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Midden Groningen
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Clay Dannemeer
Peat Woudbloem
Sand Kolham
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
3 soil types:
1) sand (in the south),
2) peat (in the middle) and
3) clay (in the north);
3 water regimes:
1) surface water fed,
2) rainwater fed and
3) no water regime;
3 germination conditions:
1) bare soil, after top soil removal,
2) open patches in grass sward, done by a special machine,
3) intact sward without standing crop, done by mowing.
720 plots of 3 m x 3 m.
8 selected vegetation types
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
1 Calluno-Genistion pilosae, Droge heide;2 Ericion tetralix, Natte heide; 3 Calthion palustris, Dotterbloemhooiland;4 Caricetum aquatilis, Noordse zegge hooiland;5 Calthion palustris, Overstromings-dotterbloemhooiland; 6 Nardo Galion, Heischraal;7 Caricion nigrae, Kleine zeggen; 8 Lolio-Potentillion, Overstromingsgrasland;9 Cynosurion cristati, Kamgrasweide;10 Alopecurion pratensis, Kievitsbloemhooiland;
4
C2
3
4
3
21
4
2
4
C1
3
C
3
1C
2
1
Introduced vegetation types
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007
Summer course ** Restoration ecology of lowSummer course ** Restoration ecology of low--productive ecosystems, September 2007productive ecosystems, September 2007