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RESULTS AND

DISCUSSION

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A thorough examination of more than 5000 specimens lying unidentified in the

herbarium specimens freshly collected reveled the occurrence of 630 species of lichen

belonging to 134 genera and 44 families from the Kumaun Himalaya along with the

correct nomenclature according to the recent classification resulted into exclusion or

inclusion of certain lichen taxa from the study area. Some lichen species are merged,

misidentified, synonymised or transferred into other genera or species.

The Himalayan region is represented by about 1000 species out of which 541

species are known to occur in Uttarakhand state according to Upreti et al. (2010). Earlier

Kumaun region, where the study area is situated Pant (2002) and Joshi (2010) recorded

occurrence of 394 species of lichens. The Kumaun lichen flora has great diversity due to

great altitudinal variation coupled with rainfall. The rainfall becomes less and lesser from

lower to higher altitude. The lower altitudes has less number of species, but their

maximum diversity is discernible at altitudes ranging between 1800-3500 m. Out of 2303

species of lichen so for known from India, it is approximately 27% of the Indian lichen

flora. Two new lichen taxa Phyllopsora catervisorediata G.K. Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka

and Phyllopsora corallina var. subglaucella G.K. Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka are also

reported from the study area. Five species, Allocetraria oakesiana (Tuck) A. Ahti

(Pithoragarh district), Bacidia delicata (Larbal. ex Leighton) Coppins (Udham Singh

Nagar district), Cladonia subconistea Asahina (Bageshwar & Nainital districts),

Phaeophyscia primaria (Poelt) Trass (Almora & Bageshwar districts) and Phyllopsora

isidiotyla (Vain.) Riddles (Nainital district) are new records for the Indian lichen flora

and 78 species are addition to the lichen flora of Kumaun Himalaya.

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The Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae, Lecanoraceae, Collomataceae, Cladoniaceae,

Teloschistaceae, Pyrenulaceae, Ramalinaceae, Pertusariaceae, Graphidaceae families are

the dominant lichen families of the region. Among the different genera of lichens from

Kumaun Himalaya, the genus Lecanora is represented by 44 species followed by

Cladonia (32 species), Caloplaca (29), Heterodermia (27.), Pertusaria (26), Usnea (22),

Parmotrema (19), Leptogium (19), Collema (19) and Pyrenula (15) in Kumaun region,

clearly indicates exposed habitats as most of the species of these lichen genera are light

loving prefer to grow in exposed, sunlight substrates.

Among the different habitats of lichens the corticolous species (bark inhabiting)

dominates with 428 species belonging to 90 genera and 36 families followed by 191

species belonging to 63 genera and 28 families of saxicolous (rock inhabiting) lichens. A

number of tree species such as Syzygium cumini, Shorea rubosta, Quercus

leucotrichopora, Quercus floribunda, Quercus semecarpifolia, Pinus wallichiana, Pinus

roxburghii, Rhododendron arboreum, Cedrus deodara, Alnus nepalensis and Betula utilis

trees growing in moist, shady and open areas provide suitable substrate to various lichen

forms to colonize on them. The corticolous lichen taxa of the lichen family Parmeliaceae

with 103 species under 21 genera followed by 67 species with 14 genera of Physciaceae

are the dominant lichens in the area. The corticolous foliose lichens represented by 189

species followed by 187crustose, 32 fruticose, 12 squamulose and 5 leprose species.

The Kumaun region saxicolous lichens exhibit much diversity of all the altitudinal

ranges 900-7500 m the total 191 species belonging to 63 genera of saxicolous lichens are

reported. The saxicolous lichen taxa family Parmeliaceae dominant with 29 species

belonging to 13 genera followed by 23 species under the 3 genera of Teloschistaceae.

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The saxicolous foliose lichens with 92 species of lichen dominant followed by 84

crustose, 11 squamulose and 2 leprose species.

In the study area of temperate to alpine zone of Kumaun Himalaya terricolous

lichen species 118 belonging to 24 genera and 13 families are reported (Table 8). The

terricolous lichen of the family Cladoniaceae is dominant in the area with 34 species

belonging to 2 genera followed by 21 species belonging to 2 genera of Collemataceae.

The terricolous foliose lichens dominant with 56 species followed by the 44 dimorphic, 5

squamulose.

The common sharing corticolous and saxicolous species of lichens in the area is

70 species belonging to 26 genera and 15 families (Table 9). In the both bark and rock

lichens Collemataceae are dominant with 15 species followed by Parmeliaceae and

Physciaceae 14 species in each family. The foliose lichens are dominant with 53 species

followed by crustose, leprose, squamulose and fruticose with 12, 3, 1 and 1 species of

saxicolous and terricolous. In the temperate are of Pithoragarh district only single species

of foliicolous lichen (Strigula smaragdula Fr.) are reported from the Kumaun Himalaya.

The study area shows dominance of crustose lichens with 267 species belonging

to 68 genera and 34 families followed by 246 species belonging to 45 genera and 13

families of foliose lichens. The crustose lichen taxa of the family Lecanoraceae with 42

species followed by Teloschistaceae with 28 species is occurred in the area. The

maximum crustose lichen occurs in the region of Kumaun on bark with 189 species

followed by the 79 saxicolous and 9 terricolous species of lichen in the region.

Subtropical to alpine region of Kumaun foliose lichens are widely distributed with

246 species belonging to 45 genera and 13 families. The maximum diversity of foliose

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lichens on bark with 186 species followed by 96 saxicolous and 56 terricolous species of

lichens. The members of the lichen family Parmeliaceae are dominant with 92 species

followed by Physciaceae and Lobariaceae families with 60 and 20 species respectively.

The fruticose lichens in the region of temperate to alpine area are distributed with

35 species belonging to 6 genera and 3 families. The fruticose lichens maximum growing

on bark with 34 species and only single species reported from the soil. In the Kumaun

region 34 species of squamulose lichens belonging to 12 genera and 9 families are

reported. The maximum squamulose lichens grow on rock with 17 species followed by

14 corticolous lichen species. Maximum squamulose lichens belonging to Ramalinaceae

families in the region.

The altitude between 1500-3500 m in the study area exhibit dominance of

dimorphic lichens represented by 44 species followed by 35 species of fruticose lichens.

According to Singh and Sinha (2010) a total of 18 species is endemic from

Kumaun region. The maximum endemic species reported form Bageshwar 13 species

followed by Pithoragarh district 10 species of lichens in the region.

The different districts of the Kumaun exhibit a great variation in altitude,

topography and climate condition. The available substratum i.e. types of trees, rocks and

soil, influence the lichen vegetation of a particular district. Therefore, based on the

ecological observation, the lichen diversity of each district is provided separately as

following:

Almora district:-

Almora district shows occurrence of 112 species of lichens belonging to 41

genera and 20 families. The lichen family Parmeliaceae dominates the district represented

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by 11 genera and 36 species followed by Physciaceae with 7 genera and 27 species of

lichens. The lichen genera Heterodermia, Lecanora, Parmotrema and Usnea are the

dominant genera in the district with 13, 10, 10 and 10 species respectively. The lichen

species Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. ex Nyl.) Hale, Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.)

Moberg and Usnea eumitrioides Motyka are widely distributed and recorded from all

localities of the district. The route from Ranikhet to Chaubattia exhibit maximum

diversity of lichens represented by 57 species belonging to 21 genera and 11 families,

followed by localities in and around Almora city with 44 species belonging to 27 genera

and 12 families. The corticolous species of lichens dominates the district with 80 species

of corticolous lichens followed by 22 and 18 species of saxicolous and terricolous lichens

respectively. Because different phorophytes grow in moist and shady area in the district.

Earlier 64 epiphytic lichen species reported from Quercus and Pinus trees by Upreti and

Chatterjee (1999). In present study studied different trees like Alnus nepalensis, Quercus

leucotrichophora, Pinus roxburghii and Rhododendron trees bear luxuriant growth of

epiphytic lichens.

The highest frequency and density of Heterodermia diademata and the

maximum abundance of Heterodermia incana in the district revealed the moist, dense

forest of the smooth barked of trees in the area.

Bageshwar district:-

Among the different districts of the Kumaun the Bageshwar district exhibit

maximum diversity of lichens represented by 354 species within 84 genera and 35

families. Parmeliaceae with 22 genera and 78 species and Physciaceae with 8 genera and

39 species are the dominant families in the study area. The lichen genera Lecanora with

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26 species and Cladonia with 21 species dominate the district. The rich diversity of

phorophytes and different altitudinal gradients support luxuriant growth of corticolous

lichens represented by 235 species followed by 114 and 65 saxicolous and terricolous

lichens respectively. The foliose form of lichens are dominant in the area represented by

145 species followed by 138 crustose, 30 dimorphic, 37 fruticose, 10 squamulose and 4

leprose lichen taxa. The district consists of moist and humid temperate and alpine region,

provide diverse substrate for foilose lichen species.

Among the localities of the district shows Khati to Dwali has the maximum

diversity of lichens represented by 149 species followed by 130 species in Loharghet to

Dhakuri and 113 species in Dhakuri to Khati. The Phurkia, Dwali and Zeropoint area

exhibit the poor diversity of lichen represented by 52, 54 and 68 species respectively.

These localities are situated near to the village and Rest Houses and face a lot of

anthropogenic pressure due to villagers and thousands of tourist and trekker who visit the

glacier every year.

The district exhibit high frequency of Lobaria retigera, high density of

Anthracothecium globiferum var. microsporum and the maximum abundance of Graphis

proserpens species. The district also show rich diversity of cynolichens (Lobaria and

Leptogium), that prefer to grow in moist humid and shady habitats.

Champawat district:-

The Champawat district is represented by the occurrence of 149 species belonging

to 53 genera and 21 families. The member of lichen family Parmeliaceae dominates with

35 species followed by 18 Physciaceae and 15 Lecanoraceae species respectively. The

lichen genera Heterodermia, Caloplaca, Parmotrema and Lecanora are the dominant

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genera of the district. The corticolous lichen genera with 129 species exhibit their

dominance over saxicolous and terricolous lichens represented by 19 and 12 species

respectively. The district is dominated by both crustose and foliose lichens represented by

64 and 60 species respectively. The Lohaghat and in and around Champawat are the

lichen rich sites of the district with 37 and 32 species respectively. The Lohagahat area

situated at higher elevation up to 1750 m.

The district shows highest frequency of Flavoparmelia caperata, highest density

of Cladonia verticillata and the maximum abundance of Myelochroa xantholepis in the

district.

Nainital district:-

The Nainital district represented by the occurrence of 105 species belonging to 48

genera and 21 families. The members of lichen family Parmeliaceae with 26 species

under 11 genera followed by Physciaceae with 8 genera and 20 species exhibit their

dominance in the area. Among the different lichen genera, Heterodermia with 8 species

and Caloplaca and Lecanora with 7 species each showed the maximum diversity.

The epiphytic lichens grow luxuriantly on Quercus and other coniferous trees of

Cedrus deodara and Abies. Among the different tree Quercus semecarpifolia bears the

maximum diversity of lichens. The crustose lichens exhibit their dominance in the area

represented by 46 species followed by 45 foliose and 12 fruticose lichens. The Kilbury,

Snow View and Thirty six Sheeri localities showed the maximum diversity of lichens

with 28, 34 and 25 species respectively, while D.S.B. campus and Ayarpatta showed poor

to scarce growth of lichens represented by 9 and 19 species. In Snow View, Kilbury and

Thirty six localities situated in the outskirts of the city and dense forest canopy coupled

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with higher altitude (2500-3000 m) provide ample amount of moisture and shade which

support many lichens to colonize on trees, soil and rocks of the area while D.S.B.

campous and Ayarpatta areas affected by heavy tourist pressure and fast pace of

urbanization.

High frequency of Bulbothrix setschwanensis, Leptogium delavayi, high density

and abundance of Phaeophyscia hispidula are recorded in the district. As compared to

other temperate regions of Kumaun the Nainital district exhibit less diversity of lichens as

most of the localities in the district are disturbed due to heavy pressure of tourist and

other anthropogenic activities.

Pithoragarh district:-

Pithoragarh district is represented by the occurrences of 391species belonging to

96 genera and 44 families of lichens. The lichen family Parmeliaceae dominant with 19

genera followed by Physciaceae with 11 genera. Lecanora with 27 species is the

dominant genera in the district followed by 25 Cladonia and 18 Heterodermia species.

The district exhibit luxuriant growth of bark inhabiting corticolous lichens

represented by 246 species followed by 132 saxicolous and 42 terricolocus inhabiting

lichens respectively. The alpine and higher temperate localities in Milam Glacier area

show dominance of rocks and soil inhabiting lichens while lower to middle temperate

areas have dominance of epiphytic lichens. Among the different phorophyte the Quercus

trees bear the maximum diversity of lichens. The forest of Quercus semecarpifolia in

temperate region between altitudes of 2500-3000m are preferred by a number of lichen

species while Q. leucotrichophora in lower temperate areas (1500-2000m) also provide

excellent substratum for many taxa of lichens to colonize.

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Alnus nepalensis a smooth barked tree in temperate areas also provide suitable

habitat for colonization of Pyrenocarpous and Graphidaceous lichen genera which prefers

the smooth bark. The Pinus roxburghii trees having thick rough bark are mostly preferred

by the members of Parmelioid lichen genera and other rough barked loving lichens. More

than 30 lichen species are recorded on Pinus roxburghii trees.

The Rhododendron campanulatum trees in higher temperate and bushy

Rhododendron species in alpine regions also provide substrate for many lichens taxa to

colonize. Mostly the species of Opegrapha, Pertusria and Lecanora prefers to grow on

such bark. Phaeophyscia hispidula, Heterodermia diademata, Parmotrema reticulatum,

Bulbothrix setschwanensis, Physcia dilatata, and Everniastrum cirrhatum are the most

common and widely distributed lichen taxa found growing on various substrates both in

tropical and temperate areas of the district.

Out of fifteen major localities of the district, Munsyari, Gori-Ganga and Milam

exhibit the luxuriant growth of lichens represented by 150, 144 and 105 species

respectively. Based on the altitude and the forest vegetation the lichen flora of the district

clearly shows three major types. The localities in and around Pithoragarh district HQ,

such as Chandak, Nainipatal, Thalkedar, Dhawj, Pagama and Barabey forest are situated

more or less between an altitude of 1500-2500m having Quercus leucotricophora as the

major forest vegetation. Quercus leucotricophora trees exhibit luxuriant growth of most

of the Parmelioid genera (Bulbothrix, Hypotrachyna, Everniastrum and Parmotrema)

together with many more crustose taxa. The localities in and around villages showed

sparse growth of some members of Physciaceae and Parmeliaceae mostly on the

cultivated trees of Pyrus, Prunus, Rubina, Populus and Celtis trees. The forest about 10

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km away from the HQ such as Dhawj, Thalkedar, NainiPatal, Chandak exhibit rich

diversity of lichens represented by 188 species.

The Khuliya Top, Lilam and Nain Singh Top localities of Munsiyari area exhibit

maximum diversity of lichens in the district represented by 150 species followed by the

Askote-Shandev ‘Botanical Hot Spot’ area of Pithoragarh district with 144 species. The

area in and around Milam village and Milam Glacier also bear excellent growth of

lichens represented by 105 species. The Vatam and Shobla localities in Dharchula area

also exhibit good growth of lichens.

High frequency of Parmotrema nilgherrense, high density of Heterodermia

diademata and the maximum abundance of Everniastrum cirrhatum are recorded in the

different sites of the district. The higher, moist temperate and alpine region with moisture

shows rich diversity of lichens than the dry subtropical areas. The subtropical forest area

near the human settlements exhibit poor growth of lichens.

Udham Singh Nagar district:-

Udham Singh Nagar district is represented by the occurrences of 28 species

belonging to 17 genera and 13 families are recorded from three different localities in the

district. Bacidia delicata (Larbal. ex Leight.) Coppins, is described as new records for

the Indian lichen flora. The Physciaceae is the dominant family in the study area

represented by 6 species belonging to 4 genera. The lichen genera Bacidia exhibits its

dominance as represented by 4 species followed by Pyxine and Parmotrema with 3

species each. Caloplaca bassiae (Willd. ex Ach.) Zahlbar., Dirinaria appalanata (Fée)

D. Awasthi and Pyxine cocoes (Swartz) Nyl., are the common lichen species of the

district. The district showed dominance of 17 crustose lichens followed by 10 foliose

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species. The Bajpur forests with mixed tree forest exhibit the occurrence of 14 species,

while the Tanda and Khatima forest areas with Shorea robusta as the dominant tree

vegetation showed occurrence of 12 and 10 species of lichens respectively.

Among the different phorophytes in all three localities of the district, Mallotus

philippensis exhibits maximum diversity of lichens represented by 13 species. Lichens

prefer Shorea robusta trees to grow luxuriantly on trunk at base and up to chest height

and above branches and twig. Highest frequency, density and abundance of Pyxine

cocoes was recorded in the district. Being situated in the foot hills of the Himalayas and

having industrized areas and agriculture fields, the district exhibit poor representation of

lichens.

Due to the fast pace of urbanization most of the localities of the district are highly

disturbed with anthropogenic activities including destruction of forests, agriculture, and

industrialization. The heavy outflow of the debris and smoke released from industries

create the atmosphere unsuitable for the lichens to grow. The crustose lichens are more

tolerant to pollution and some toxitolerent species of foliose lichen genera such as Pyxine

and Dirinaria were found growing luxuriantly over different trees even in the close

vicinity of the industries.

Out of the six districts of Kumaun the Pithoragarh district exhibit the maximum

diversity of lichens because of varied altitudinal variations and the presence of diverse

phorophytes that provides a wide range of substratum to different lichen communities to

colonize. Bageshwar district also exhibit rich diversity of lichens as the district has

diverse altitudinal gradients, rich diversity of phorophytes together with thick undisturbed

forest areas.

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The forest area in Almora, Champawat, Nainital and Udham Singh Nagar districts

experience tremendous pressure of human activities. Local population is dependent on

the forest resources for their daily need, this dependence induce some activities such as

lopping and pruning of twigs, bark wood for fodder and kitchen fuel. Besides these

activities, the local population is also indulged in collection of medicinal herbs and

shrubs along with lichens which are sold to big markets in the foothill areas of Kumaun

Himalaya. The agriculture practise, urbanization, construction of roads and other

anthropogenic activities leads to the destruction of forest in and around village and other

human settlements. The thinned out forest do not support many lichen taxa to colonize

thus resulted in the loss of lichen diversity. In alpine region, Rhododendron and shrubs

destroyed by tourists for bonfires and other activities also cause damage to number of

lichen species. The grazing of sheep and goat in alpine meadow destroy many soil lichens

in alpine areas.

The increasing temperature, air pollution and habitat loss have become the major

detrimental factors for lichen diversity in Kumaun Himalaya. Udham Singh Nagar is

suffering from a high level of industrial together with the pollution created by vehicular

activity. The heavy outflow of the debris and smoke released from industries create the

atmosphere unsuitable for many lichens to grow.

Owing to change large geographical area of the Kumaun region it was no possible

to intensively explore each and every sites of the region for collection of lichens with

short duration of the present study. A more extensive and intensive survey will definitely

add few more taxa of lichens to the present enumeration.

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The available account of lichens will be helpful to carry out further

lichenological studies in the area and also act as a base line data for carrying out future

biomonitoring studies in the area. Lichens are the most sensitive plant and an excellent

plant material for conducting environmental studies including studies on climate change

and Global warming. The distributional pattern and ecological studies will also explain

the extent of microclimatic changes in the area due to frequent anthropological activities.

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Fig. 26

Fig. 27: Lichen growth forms of Kumaun Himalayas.

Species, 630

Genera, 134

Families, 49

Fig. 26: Lichen diversity in Kumaun Himalaya.

Lichen growth forms of Kumaun Himalayas.

571

Families

Genera

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Taxa GF AL BG CH NT PT USN

Acarospora hassei here C - - - - + -

Allocetraria oakesiana (Tuck) A. Ahti F - - - - + -

Amandinea montana (H. Magn.) Marbach C - - - + + -

Anisomeridium biforme (Borrer) R.C. Harris C - - - - + -

Anisomeridium nidulans (Müll. Arg.) R. C. Harris C - - - - + -

Anthracothecium assamiense (Stirt.) A. Singh C - + - - + -

Anthracothecium depressum Müll. Arg. C - + - - - -

Anthracothecium globiferum var. microsporum A. Singh C - + - - - -

Anthracothecium himalayense (Räsänen) D.D. Awasthi C - + + - + +

Anthracothecium himalayense var. pseudohimalayense (A. Singh) A. Singh C - + + - - -

Anthracothecium macrosporum (Hepp) Müll. Arg. C - - + - - -

Anthracothecium manipurense Müll. Arg. C - + - - - -

Anthracothecium oculatum Müll. Arg. C - + - - - -

Anthracothecium platystomum Müll. Arg. C - + + - + -

Anthracothecium platystomum var. papillatum A. Singh & Upreti C - + - - - -

Anthracothecium thwaitesii (Leight.) Müll. Arg. C - + + - + -

Arthonia antillarum (Fée) Nyl. C - + - - - -

Arthonia subgyrosa Nyl. C - - - - - +

Arthothelium abnorme (Ach.) Müll. Arg. C - - - - + -

Arthothelium albescens Patw. & Makhija C - - - + - -

Arthothelium chiodectoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr. C - + + - - -

Bacidia alutacea (Kremp.) Zahlbr. C - + + - + +

Bacidia arnoldiana Körb. C - - - - + -

Bacidia connexula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. C + - - - - -

Bacidia delicata (Larbal. ex Leighton) Coppins C - - - - - +

Bacidia incongruens (Stirt.) Zahlbr. C - + - - - +

Bacidia laurocerasi (Delise ex Duby) Vain. C - + - - - -

Bacidia millegrana (Taylor) Müll. Arg. C - + - + - -

Bacidia nigrofusca (Mull. Arg.)Zahlbr. C - + - - - -

Bacidia personata Malme C - - + - + -

Bacidia phaeolomoides (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. C - + - - - -

Bacidia rosella (Pers.) De Not. C - + - - - -

Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) A. Massal. C - + + - + -

Baculifera remensa (Stirt.) Marbach C - - + - - -

Biatora vernalis (L.) Fr. C - - - - + -

Biatora subduplex (Nyl.) Printzen C - - - - + -

Biatorella conspersa (Fée) Vain. C - - - - + -

Bryoria bicolor (Ehrh.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. Fr - + - - - -

Bryoria confusa (D.D. Awasthi) Brodo & D. Hawksw. Fr - + - - - -

Table: - 6. Distributions of Corticolous lichens in different districts of Kumaun Himalayas.

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Bryoria smithii (Du Rietz) Brodo & D. Hawksw. Fr - + - - + -

Bryoria tenuis (Å.E. Dahl) Brodo & D. Hawksw. Fr - + - - - -

Buellia almorensis S.R. Singh & D.D. Awasthi C + - - - - -

Buellia betulinoides Schubert & Klement C - - - - + -

Bulbothrix bulbochaeta (Hale) Hale F - - - - + -

Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) Hale F - + + - + -

Bulbothrix meizospora (Nyl.) Hale F + + - + + -

Bulbothrix sensibilis (J. Steiner & Zahlbr.) Hale F - + - - + -

Bulbothrix setschwanensis (Zahlbr.) Hale F + + + + + -

Calicium subquercinum Asah. C - + - - - -

Caloplaca abuensis Y. Joshi & Upreti C - - + - - -

Caloplaca bassiae (Willd. ex Ach.) Zahlbr. C - - - + + +

Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh. ex Hedw.) Th. Fr. C - - - - + -

Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) Th. Fr. C - - + - + -

Caloplaca flavorubescens (Huds.) J.R. Laundon C - + - - - -

Caloplaca flavovirescens (Wulfen) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. C - + + + + -

Caloplaca himalayana Y. Joshi & Upreti C - - + + - -

Caloplaca jatolii Y. Joshi & Upreti C - + - - - -

Caloplaca pyracea (Ach.) Th. Fr. C - + + - - -

Caloplaca squamosa (de Lesd.) Zahlbr. Sq + + - - + -

Caloplaca triloculans Zahlbr. C - + - + - -

Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein F - + + + + -

Candelaria indica (Hue) Vain. F - + - + - -

Canoparmelia aptata (Kremp.) Elix & Hale F + + + + + -

Canoparmelia ecaperata (Müll. Arg.) Elix & Hale F + - + - + -

Canoparmelia eruptens (Kurok.) Elix & Hale F - - - + - -

Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale F + - + + + -

Cetrelia braunsiana (Müll. Arg.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. F - + + - + -

Cetrelia cetrarioides (Del. ex Duby) W. Culb. & C. Culb. F - + - - + -

Cetrelia collata (Nyl.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. F - + - - - -

Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. F - + - - + -

Cetrelia pseudolivetorum (Asahina) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. F - - + - - -

Cetreliopsis rhytidocarpa subsp. rhytidocarpa (Mont. & v.d. Bosch) M. J. Lai F - + - - + -

Chapsa leprocarpa (Nyl.) A. Frisch C - - - - + -

Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) Laundon L - + + + + -

Chrysothrix chlorina (Ach.) J.R. Laundon L + + + - + -

Clathroporina duplicascens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. C - - + - - -

Coccocarpia palmicola (Spreng.) Arv. & D.J. Galloway F - - - - + -

Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Müll. Arg. em. R. Sant. F - + + - - -

Collema auriculiforme (With.) Coppins & J.R. Laundon F - + - - + -

Collema furfuraceum (Arn.) Du Rietz F - + + - - -

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Collema japonicum (Müll. Arg.) Hue F - - + - + -

Collema kauaiene H. Magn. F - + - - - -

Collema leptaleum var. biliosum (Mont.) Degel. F + - - - - -

Collema leptaleum var. leptaleum Tuck. F - - - - + -

Collema nigrescens (Huds.) DC. F - - + - - -

Collema pulcellum Ach. F - + - - - -

Collema pulcellum Ach. var. subnigrescens (Müll. Arg.) Degel. F - - - - + -

Collema shiroumanum Yasuda F - - - - + -

Collema subconveniens Nyl. F - + - + + -

Collema subflaccidum Degel. F - + - - - -

Collema subnigrescens Degel. F - + - - - -

Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach. F - - + - + -

Coniocybe coniophaea Norm. C - + - - - -

Cryptothecia anamalaiensis Patw. & Makhija C - - + - + -

Cryptothecia dispersa Makhija & Patw. C - - - - + -

Cryptothecia lunulata (Zahlbr.) Makhija & Patw. C - - + - + -

Cryptothecia polymorpha Makhija & Patw. C - - - - + -

Cryptothecia subtecta Stirt. C - - - - + -

Diorygma heiroglyphicum (Pers.) Staiger & Kalb C - - + + + +

Diorygma junghuhnii (Mont. & Bosch) Kalb & al. C - - + + + -

Diorygma megaspermum Makhija & al. C - - - - + -

Dirinaria aegialita (Afzel.) Moore F - - + - + -

Dirinaria applanata (Fée) D.D. Awasthi & M.R. Agarwal F - - + + + +

Dirinaria confluens (Fr.) D.D. Awasthi F - + + - - -

Dirinaria consimilis (Stirt.) D.D. Awasthi & M.R. Agarwal F - - + - + -

Dirinaria picta (Sw.) Clem. & Shaer F + - - - - -

Everniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale ex Sipman F + + + + + -

Everniastrum nepalense (Taylor) Hale ex Sipman F + + - + + -

Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale F - + + + + -

Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirt.) Hale F - - - - + -

Graphis anfractuosa (Eschw.) Eschw. in Mart. C - - - - + -

Graphis chlorotica Massal in Kremp. C - + - - - -

Graphis duplicata Ach. C - + - - + -

Graphis lineola Ach. C - + + + + +

Graphis longiramea Müll. Arg. C - + - - + +

Graphis proserpens Vain. C - + + + + -

Graphis pyrrhocheiloides Zahlbr. C - - - - + -

Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. C - + + + + +

Graphis subasahinae Nagarkar & Patw. C - + - - - -

Graphis subserpentina Nyl. C - - - + - -

Graphis subvirginea Nyl. in Leight. C - - + - - -

Estelar

575

Haematomma puniceum (Sw.) A. Massal. C - + - - + -

Hafellia tetrapla (Nyl.) Pußwald C - - - + - -

Hemithecium aphanes (Mont. & Bosch) M. Nakan. & Kashiw. C - + - + - -

Hemithecium divaricoidea (Räsänen) V. Tivari & Upreti C - - + - - -

Herpothallon isidiatum Jagadeesh & G.P. Sinha L - - + + - -

Heterodermia albidiflava (Kuork.) D. D. Awasthi F - + - - + -

Heterodermia angustiloba (Müll. Arg.) D.D. Awasthi F - + - - + -

Heterodermia boryi (Fée) Kr.P. Singh & S.R. Singh F - + - + + -

Heterodermia comosa (Eschw.) Follmann & Redón F + - + - + -

Heterodermia dactyliza (Nyl.) Swinsc. & Krog F - + - - + -

Heterodermia diademata (Taylar) D. D. Awasthi F + + + + + -

Heterodermia dissecta (Kurok.) D.D. Awasthi F + + - + + -

Heterodermia dissecta var. koyana (Kurok.) J.C. Wei F - + - - + -

Heterodermia firmula (Nyl.) Trevis. F + + - + + -

Heterodermia flabellata (Fée) D.D. Awasthi F - - - - + -

Heterodermia himalayensis (D.D. Awasthi) D.D. Awasthi F + - + - + -

Heterodermia hypocaesia (Yasuda) D.D. Awasthi F + + - - + -

Heterodermia incana (Stirt.) D.D. Awasthi F + + + + + -

Heterodermia indica (H. Magn.) D.D. Awasthi F - - - + - -

Heterodermia isidiophora (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi F + - - - - -

Heterodermia japonica (M. Satô) Swinscow & Krog F + + - + + -

Heterodermia leucomelos (L.) Poelt F + + - - + -

Heterodermia microphylla (Kurok.) Skorepa F - + - + + -

Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevisan F - + + - - -

Heterodermia pellucida (D.D. Awasthi) D.D. Awasthi F - - - + - -

Heterodermia podocarpa (Bél.) D.D. Awasthi F - - + - + -

Heterodermia pseudospeciosa (Kurok.) W.L. Culb. F - + - - + -

Heterodermia punctifera (Kurok.) D.D. Awasthi F + - - - - -

Heterodermia rubescens (Räsänen) D.D. Awasthi F + + - - + -

Heterodermia speciosa (Wulf.) Trevis. F + + - + + -

Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flörke) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt F - - + - + +

Hyperphyscia syncolla (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Kalb. F - + + - + -

Hypotrachyna adducta (Nyl.) Hale F - + - - - -

Hypotrachyna awasthii Hale & Patw. F - + - - - -

Hypotrachyna crenata (Kurok.) Hale F - + - - + -

Hypotrachyna exsecta (Taylor) Hale F - - - - + -

Hypotrachyna flexilis (Kurok.) Hale F - - + + + -

Hypotrachyna imbricatula (Zahlbr.) Hale F - - - - + -

Hypotrachyna immaculata (Kurok.) Hale F + - - - - -

Hypotrachyna infirma (Kurok.) Hale F - + - - + -

Hypotrachyna osseoalba (Vain.) Y.S. Park and Hale F - + - - + -

Estelar

576

Hypotrachyna physcioides (Nyl.) Hale F - + - - + -

Hypotrachyna pluriformis (Nyl.) Hale F - + - - + -

Hypotrachyna radiculata (Kurok.) Elix F - + - - - -

Lecanora achroa Nyl. C - + + + + +

Lecanora alba Lumbsch C - - + + + -

Lecanora albella (Pers.) Ach. C - - - + - -

Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Degel. C - + - - + -

Lecanora austrointumescens Lumbsch & Elix C + + - - - -

Lecanora caesiorubella Ach. C + - - - + -

Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. C + - + + - -

Lecanora cinereofusca H. Magn C + + - - + -

Lecanora concilianda Vain. C + - - - + -

Lecanora concilians Nyl. C - - - - + -

Lecanora fimbriatula Stirt. C + + - - + -

Lecanora flavidofusca Müll. Arg. C - + - - + -

Lecanora frustulosa (Dicks.) Ach., C - + - + - -

Lecanora helva Stizenb. C + + - + + +

Lecanora hensseniiVänskä C - + - - - -

Lecanora impudens Degel. C - + - - - -

Lecanora imshaugii Brodo. C - + - - + -

Lecanora indica Zahlbr. C - - - - + -

Lecanora insignis Degel C - + - - - -

Lecanora interjecta Müll. Arg. C - + + - - -

Lecanora japonica Müll. Arg. C - + - - + -

Lecanora leprosa Fée C + - - - - -

Lecanora meridionalis H. Magn. C - + - - - -

Lecanora muralis var. dubyi (Müll. Arg.) Poelt C - + - - + -

Lecanora perplexa Brodo C - + - - + -

Lecanora phaeocardia Vain. C - - + - - -

Lecanora pseudistera Nyl. C - - + - + -

Lecanora pulicaris (Pers.) Ach. C - + - - - -

Lecanora queenslandica C. Knight C - - - - + -

Lecanora saligna (Schrad.) Zahlbr. C + - - - - -

Lecanora subrugosa Nyl. C - + - - - -

Lecanora tropica Zahlbr. C - - + - - -

Lecidea granifera (Ach.) Vain. C - - + - + -

Lecidea paraclitica Nyl. C - - - - + -

Lecidea turgidula Fr. C - - - - + -

Lecidella carpathica Körb. C - + - + - -

Lecidella euphorea (Flörke) Hertel C - - - - + -

Lepraria lobificans Nyl. L - + + + + +

Estelar

577

Lepraria vouauxii (Hue) R.C. Harris L - + - - + -

Leprocaulon arbuscula (Nyl.) Nyl. F - - - - + -

Leprocaulon pseudoarbuscula (Asah.) Lamb & Ward. F - - - - + -

Leptogium arisanense Asahina F - - - - + -

Leptogium asiaticum P.M. Jørg. F - + - - - -

Leptogium askotense D. D. Awasthi F - + + + + -

Leptogium austroamericanum (Malme) C.W. Dodge F - - - - + -

Leptogium azureum (Sw. ex Ach.) Mont. F - - - - + -

Leptogium burgessii (L.) Mont. in Webb & Berthelot F - + - + - -

Leptogium burnetiae C.W. Dodge F - + + - + -

Leptogium chloromelum (Sw.) Nyl. F - - + - + -

Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körb. F - + - - - -

Leptogium delavayi Hue F - + - + + -

Leptogium denticulatum Nyl. F - - - - + -

Leptogium furfuraceum (Harm.) Sierk F - + - - + -

Leptogium javanicum Mont. F - + - - + -

Leptogium pedicellatum P.M. Jørg. F - + + - + -

Leptogium phyllocarpum (Pers.) Mont. F - - + - + -

Leptogium pseudopapillosum P.M. Jørg. F - - - - + -

Leptogium saturninum (Dicks.) Nyl. F - + - - + -

Leptogium trichophorum Müll. Arg. F - + - - + -

Letrouitia transgressa (Malme) Hafellner & Bellem. C - - - - + -

Lithothelium himalayense Upreti & Aptroot C - + - + + -

Lithothelium obtectum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot C - + - - - -

Lobaria himalayensis Upreti & Divakar F - - - - + -

Lobaria isidiosa (Müll. Arg.) Vain. F - + - - - -

Lobaria japonica (Zahlbr.) Asahina F - + - - + -

Lobaria kurokawae Yoshim. F - + - - + -

Lobaria meridionalis Vain. F - + - - + -

Lobaria pindarensis Räsänen F - + - - + -

Lobaria pseudopulmonaria Gyeln. F + + - - - -

Lobaria retigera (Bory) Trev. F + + + + + -

Lopadium leucoxanthum (Spreng.) Zahlbr. C - - + + - +

Lopadium pulchrum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. C - - - - + -

Maronea constans (Nyl) Hepp. C - - - - + -

Micarea sp. C - - - - - +

Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale F + + + + + -

Myelochroa entotheiochroa (Hue) Elix & Hale F - + + - - -

Myelochroa macrogalbinica Divakar & al F - + - - + -

Myelochroa metarevoluta (Ach.) Elix & Hale F - + - - + -

Myelochroa perisidians (Nyl.) Elix & Hale F - - - + - -

Estelar

578

Myelochroa subaurulenta (Nyl.) Elix & Hale F - + - + + -

Myelochroa upretii Divakar & Elix F - + - - + -

Myelochroa xantholepis (Mont. & Bosch) Elix & Hale F - + + - + -

Nephroma helveticum Ach. F + + - - + -

Nephroma isidiosum (Nyl.) Gyeln. F - + - - - -

Nephromopsis ahtii (Randlane & Saag) Randlane & Saag F - + - - - -

Nephromopsis laii (A. Thell & Randlane) Saag & A.Thell F - - - - + -

Nephromopsis nephromoides (Nyl.) Ahti & Randl. F - + - - + -

Nephromopsis pallescens (Schaer.) Park F - + - - + -

Nephromopsis stracheyi (C. Bab.) Müll. Arg. F - + - - + -

Ocellularia eumorpha (Stirt.) Hale C - - - - + -

Ochrolechia harmandii verseghy C - + - - - -

Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A. Massal. C - + - - - -

Ochrolechia rosella (Müll. Arg.) Verseghy C - + + - + -

Ochrolechia subpallescens Verseghy C - + - - + -

Ochrolechia yasudae var. corallina Poelt C - + - - + -

Opegrapha dimidiata Müll. Arg. C - - - - + -

Opegrapha vulgata (Ach.) Ach. C - - - - - +

Pallidogramme chrysenteron (Mont.) Staiger & al. C - - - - + -

Pannaria emodii P. M. Jorg. S. Joshi Sq - - - - + -

Parmelaria subthomsonii D.D. Awasthi F + + - - + -

Parmelaria thomsonii (Stirt.) D.D. Awasthi F - + + + + -

Parmelia marmariza Nyl. F - + - - - -

Parmelia meiophora Nyl. F - + - - - -

Parmeliella himalayana Upreti & Divakar Sq - - - - + -

Parmeliella papillata P.M. Jørg. Sq - + - - - -

Parmelinella wallichiana (Taylor) Elix & Hale F + + + + + -

Parmotrema austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Hale F + - - + + -

Parmotrema cooperi (J. Steiner & Zahlbr.) Sërus. F - - - - + -

Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M. Choisy F - - + - - -

Parmotrema direagens (Hale) Hale F - + - - - -

Parmotrema eunetum (Stirt.) Hale F - + - - - -

Parmotrema hababianum (Gyeln.) Hale F + + + - + -

Parmotrema indicum Hale F - + - - + -

Parmotrema mesotropum (Müll. Arg.) Hale F - - - - + +

Parmotrema nilgherrense (Nyl.) Hale F + + + + + -

Parmotrema praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale F + + + + + +

Parmotrema pseudocrinitum (Abbayes) Hale F - - - - + -

Parmotrema rampoddense (Nyl.) Hale F + - - - - -

Parmotrema ravum (Krog & Swinscow) Sérus. F - - - - + -

Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy F + + + + + -

Estelar

579

Parmotrema sancti-angelii (Lynge ) Hale F + + + - + -

Parmotrema subtinctorium (Zahlbr.) Hale F + - + - + -

Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. ex Nyl.) Hale F + + + + + +

Pertusaria albescens (Huds.) M. Choisy & Werner C + + + - + -

Pertusaria amara (Ach.) Nyl. C - + - - + -

Pertusaria amarkantakana P. Srivast. & D.D. Awasthi C - - - + - -

Pertusaria bryontha (Ach.) Nyl. C - + - - - -

Pertusaria coccodes (Ach.) Nyl. C - - - - + -

Pertusaria concinna Erichsen C - + - - + -

Pertusaria coronata (Ach.) Th. Fr. C - + - - + -

Pertusaria depressa (Fée.) Mont & Bosch C - + - - + -

Pertusaria himalayensis D.D. Awasthi & P. Srivast. C + - - + + -

Pertusaria indica P. Srivast. & D.D. Awasthi C + - + - + -

Pertusaria leucosora Nyl. C + + - - + -

Pertusaria leucosorodes Nyl. C + + + + + -

Pertusaria leucostoma (Bernh.) A. Massal. C - - - - + +

Pertusaria melastomella Nyl. C - - + + + -

Pertusaria multipuncta (Turn.) Nyl C - + - - - -

Pertusaria pallidula Stirt. C - + - - - -

Pertusaria pertusa (L.) Tuck C + + + - + -

Pertusaria pseudococcodes Müll. Arg. C - - - - + -

Pertusaria punctata Nyl. C - + - - + -

Pertusaria pustulata (Ach.) Duby C - - - - + -

Pertusaria quassie (Fée) Nyl. C + + + + + -

Pertusaria rigida Müll. Arg. C - - - - + -

Pertusaria subdepressa Müll. Arg. C - - - + - -

Pertusaria submultipuncta Nyl. C - - + - + -

Pertusaria subochracea Stirt. C - - + - + -

Pertusaria variolosa (Kremp.) Vain. C + - - - - -

Phaeographina limbata Müll. Arg. C - - - - + -

Phaeographis angulosa Müll. Arg., C - - + - - -

Phaeographis endophaeiza (Stirt.) Zahlbr. C - + - - - -

Phaeographis inusta (Ach.) Müll. Arg. C - - - + - -

Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hoffm.) Moberg F - + - - + -

Phaeophyscia constipata (Norrl. & Nyl.) Moberg F - + - - + -

Phaeophyscia endococcina (Körb.) Moberg F - + - + + -

Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Moberg F + + + + + +

Phaeophyscia nepalensis (Poelt) D.D. Awasthi F - + - - - -

Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg F - + - - - -

Phaeophyscia primaria (Poelt) Trass F + + - - - -

Phaeophyscia pyrrhophora (Poelt) D.D. Awasthi & M. Joshi F + + - - + -

Estelar

580

Phlyctis himalayensis (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi C + - - - - -

Phyllopsora buetteneri (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. Sq - - - - + -

Phyllopsora catervisorediata G.K. Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka Sq - + - - - -

Phyllopsora corallina (Eschw.) Müll. Arg. Sq - + + - + -

Phyllopsora corallina var. subglaucella G.K. Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka Sq - - - - + -

Phyllopsora furfuracea (Pers.) Zahlbr. Sq - + + - + -

Phyllopsora himalayensis G.K. Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka Sq - + - - - -

Phyllopsora isidiotyla (Vain.) Riddle Sq - - - - + -

Phyllopsora parvifolia (Pers.) Müll. Arg. Sq - + + - + -

Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr. F + - - - - -

Physcia dilatata Nyl. F + + - + + -

Physcia dimidiata (Arn.) Nyl. F - - - - + -

Physcia phaea (Tuck.) J.W. Thomson F - + - - + -

Physcia tribacoides Nyl. F + - - - - -

Physconia enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt F + - - - + -

Platismatia erosa W.L. Culb.& C.F. Culb. F - + - - - -

Platygramme wattiana (Müll. Arg.) V. Tewari & Upreti C - - - - + -

Porina subhibernica Upreti C - - - - + -

Porpidia albocoerulescens (Wulfen) Hertel & Knoph C + + - - + -

Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel & Schwab C - + - - - -

Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & Knoph C - + - - + -

Punctelia borreri (Sm.) Krog F + - + - + -

Punctelia neutralis (Hale) Krog F - - + - - -

Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog F + + + + + -

Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog F + - + + + -

Pyrenula albella Müll. Arg. C - + - - - -

Pyrenula anamalaiensis (Upreti & A. Singh) Upreti C - + - - - -

Pyrenula astroidea (Fée) R.C. Harris C - - - + + -

Pyrenula glabrescens Vain. C - + - - - -

Pyrenula globifera (Eschw.) Aptroot C - + - - - -

Pyrenula himalayana Upreti C - + - - + -

Pyrenula immisa (Stirt.) Zahlbr. C - + - - - -

Pyrenula interducta (Nyl.) Zahlbr. C + + + + + -

Pyrenula leucostoma Ach. C - - + - - -

Pyrenula pinguis Fée C - + - - + -

Pyrenula pyrenuloides (Mont.) R.C. Harris C - + - - - -

Pyrenula quassiaecola Fée C - + - - + -

Pyrenula submastophora A. Singh & Upreti C - - + - - -

Pyrenula subochraceoflavens Upreti C - - + - - -

Pyrenula subumbilicata (C. Knight) Aptroot C - + + - + -

Pyxine berteriana (Fée) Imshaug F + - - + + -

Estelar

581

Pyxine berteriana var. himalaica D.D. Awasthi F + - - + - -

Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. F - - + - + +

Pyxine himalayensis D.D. Awasthi F - + + - + -

Pyxine meissnerina Nyl. F - - + - + -

Pyxine minuta Vain. F - + - - + -

Pyxine petricola Nyl. in Cromb. F - - - - + -

Pyxine philippina Vain. F - + - - + -

Pyxine reticulata (Vain.) Vain. F - - - - - +

Pyxine sorediata (Ach.) Mont. in Sagra F + + + - + +

Pyxine subcinerea Stirt. F - + - + + -

Ramalina celastri (Spreng.) Krog & Swinscow F - + - - - -

Ramalina conduplicans Vain. F + + + + + -

Ramalina hossei Vain. F - - + + + -

Ramalina roesleri (Hochst.) Hue F - + + + + -

Ramalina sinensis Jatta F + + + + + -

Ramboldia russula (Ach.) Kalb & al. C - - + - - -

Rinodina conradii Körb. C - + - - - -

Rinodina oxydata (A. Massal.) A. Massal. C - - - + - -

Rinodina sophodes (Ach.) A. Massal. C - + + - + -

Rinodina straussii J. Steiner C - - - - + -

Sphinctrina tubaeformis A. Massal. C - + - - - -

Sticta damaecornis (Sw.) Ach. F - + - - - -

Sticta henryana Müll. Arg. F + + - - + -

Sticta indica D.D. Awasthi & Upreti F - + - - + -

Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach. F - - - - + -

Sticta nylanderiana Zahlbr. F - + - - + -

Sticta orbicularis (R. Br.) Hue F - + - - - -

Sticta platyphylloides Nyl. F - + - - + -

Sticta praetextata (Räsänen) D.D. Awasthi F - + - - - -

Sticta weigelii (Ach.) Vain F - - - - + -

Sulcaria sulcata (Lév.) Bystrek ex Brodo & D. Hawksw. F - + - - + -

Sulcaria virens (Taylor) Bystrek ex Brodo & D. Hawksw F - - - - + -

Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner C - + - - + -

Tephromela khatiensis (Räsänen) Lumbsch C + + + - + -

Thelidiopsis mangiferae Räsänen C - - + - - -

Trypethelium eluteriae Spreng. C - - - + - -

Trypethelium endosulphureum Makhija & Patw. C - + - - - -

Tuckneraria laureri (Kremp.) Randlane & A. Thell F - + - - - -

Tylophoron protrudens Nyl. C - + - - + -

Usnea aciculifera Vain. F + - + - + -

Usnea baileyi (Stirt.) Zahlbr. Fr - + + - - -

Estelar

582

Usnea compressa Taylor Fr + + - - - -

Usnea dendritica Stirt. Fr - + - - - -

Usnea eumitrioides Motyka Fr + + + + + -

Usnea fragilis Stirt. Fr + - - - - -

Usnea himalayana C. Bab. Fr - - - - + -

Usnea longissima Ach. Fr + + - - + -

Usnea nepalensis D.D. Awasthi Fr - + - - - -

Usnea orientalis Motyka Fr + + - + + -

Usnea pangiana Stirt. Fr - + - - - -

Usnea pectinata Taylor Fr - - - - + -

Usnea perplexans Stirt. Fr - + - - - -

Usnea pseudosinensis Asahina Fr - - + - + -

Usnea robusta Stirt. Fr - + - - - -

Usnea rubicunda Stirt. Fr + - - - + -

Usnea sordida Motyka Fr - + - + - -

Usnea spinosula Stirt. Fr - - - - + -

Usnea splendens Stirt. Fr + + + - - -

Usnea subfloridana Stirt. Fr + + - + - -

Usnea thomsonii Strit. Fr - + - + - -

Usnea undulata Stirt. Fr + + + - + -

Taxa AL BG CH NT PT USN GF

Acarospora badiofusca (Nyl.) Th. Fr. - - - - + - C

Acarospora bullata Anzi - - - - + - C

Acarospora fusca de Lesd. - + - + + - Sq

Acarospora peltastica Zahlbr. - - - - + - C

Acarospora saxicola Fink ex Hedrick - - - - + - C

Acarospora smaragdula (Wahlenb. In. Ach.) Massal. - + - - + - Sq

Acarospora strigata (Nyl.) Jatta - - - - + - Sq

Acarospora veronensis Massal. - + - - - - C

Aspicilia almorensis Räsänen - + - - + - C

Aspicilia caesiocinerea (Nyl. ex. Malbr.) Arnold + + - - + - C

Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Sommerf. - + + + + - C

Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körb. - + - - + - C

Aspicilia dwaliensis Räsänen + + - - + - C

Aspicilia griseocinerea Räsänen - + - - + - C

Aspicilia maculata (H. Magn.) Oksner in Kopach. & al. - + - - + - C

Buellia aethalea (Ach.) Th. Fr. - + + - - - C

Buellia maculata Bungartz in Bungartz & Nash + - + + + - C

Table: - 7. Distributions of saxicolous lichens in different districts of Kumaun Himalayas.

Estelar

583

Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) Hale - + + - + - F

Bulbothrix meizospora (Nyl.) Hale + + - + + - F

Bulbothrix sensibilis (J. Steiner & Zahlbr.) Hale - + - - + - F

Bulbothrix setschwanensis (Zahlbr.) Hale + + + + + - F

Byssoloma subdiscordans (Nyl.) P. James - - - - + - C

Caloplaca approximata (Lynge) Magnusson - + - + + - C

Caloplaca arenaria (Pers.) Mull.Arg. - + - - + - C

Caloplaca cinnabarina (Ach.) Zahlbr. + + - - + - C

Caloplaca cirrochroopsis Poelt & Hinteregger - - - - + - C

Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. - + - + + - C

Caloplaca cupulifera (Vain.) Zahlbr. - + - - + - C

Caloplaca flavocitrina (Nyl.) H. Olivier - + - - - - C

Caloplaca flavovirescens (Wulfen) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. - + + + + - C

Caloplaca lithophila H. Magn. - + - - - - C

Caloplaca lypera Poelt & Hinter. - - - - + - C

Caloplaca obliterans (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell - + - - - - C

Caloplaca ochroplaca Poelt & Hinter. - + - - + - C

Caloplaca pachychelia Poelt & Hinter. - + - - - - C

Caloplaca parviloba Wetmore - + - - - - C

Caloplaca saxicola (Hoffm.) A. Nordin - + - - - - C

Caloplaca squamosa (de Lesd.) Zahlbr. + + - - + - Sq

Caloplaca subbassiae Y. Joshi & Upreti - + - - - - C

Caloplaca subdulosa (Nyl.) Zahlbr. + - - - + - C

Caloplaca subleptozona Y. Joshi & Upreti - - - + + - C

Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein - + + + + - F

Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. - - - - + - F

Candelariella vitellina (Ehrh.) Müll. Arg. - + - - + - F

Catillaria nilgiriensis G. Pant & D.D. Awasthi - - - - + - C

Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) Laundon - + + + + - L

Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Swinscow & Krog - + - - + - F

Collema coccophorum Tuck. - + - - - - F

Collema crispum (huds) G.H.Web. - + - - + - F

Collema cristatum (L.) Weber ex Wigg: - - - - + - F

Collema fuscovirens (With.) J.R. Laundon - - - - + - F

Collema japonicum (Müll. Arg.) Hue - - + - + - F

Collema polycarpon Hoffm. - - - - + - F

Collema pulcellum Ach. - + - - - - F

Collema pulcellum Ach. var. subnigrescens (Müll. Arg.) Degel. - - - - + - F

Collema subconveniens Nyl. - + - + + - F

Estelar

584

Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach. Champawat - - + - + - F

Dermatocarpon meiophyllizum Vain. - + - - - - F

Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) W. Mann. - + - - + - F

Dermatocarpon vellereum Zschacke + + + - + - F

Dimelaena oreina (Ach.) Norm. - - - - + - C

Endocarpon nanum A. Singh & Upreti - - - - + - Sq

Endocarpon nigro-zonatum A. Singh & Upreti - + - - + - Sq

Endocarpon pusillum Hedw. - - - - + - Sq

Endocarpon rosettum A. Singh & Upreti + - - - - - Sq

Endocarpon subrosettum A. Singh & Upreti - + + + - - Sq

Flavocetrariella melaloma (Nyl.) D. D. Awasthi - + - - - - F

Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale - + + + + - F

Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirt.) Hale - - - - + - F

Haematomma puniceum (Sw.) A. Massal. - + - - + - C

Heterodermia albidiflava (Kuork.) D. D. Awasthi - + - - + - F

Heterodermia angustiloba (Müll. Arg.) D.D. Awasthi - + - - + - F

Heterodermia comosa (Eschw.) Follmann & Redón + - + - + - F

Heterodermia dactyliza (Nyl.) Swinsc. & Krog - + - - + - F

Heterodermia diademata (Taylar) D. D. Awasthi + + + + + - F

Heterodermia dissecta (Kurok.) D.D. Awasthi + + - + + - F

Heterodermia dissecta var. koyana (Kurok.) J.C. Wei - + - - + - F

Heterodermia firmula (Nyl.) Trevis. + + - + + - F

Heterodermia himalayensis (D.D. Awasthi) D.D. Awasthi + - + - + - F

Heterodermia hypocaesia (Yasuda) D.D. Awasthi + + - - + - F

Heterodermia incana (Stirt.) D. D. Awasthi + + + + + - F

Heterodermia japonica (M. Satô) Swinscow & Krog + + - + + - F

Heterodermia rubescens (Räsänen) D.D. Awasthi + + - - + - F

Heterodermia tremulans (Müll. Arg.) W. Culb. - + - - - - F

Hypotrachyna crenata (Kurok.) Hale - + - - + - F

Hypotrachyna pindarensis (D.D. Awasthi & S.R. Singh) D.D. Awasthi - + - - - - F

Hypotrachyna pluriformis (Nyl.) Hale - + - - + - F

Hypotrachyna scytophylla (Kurok.) Hale - + - - + - F

Ioplaca pindarensis (Räs) Poelt & Hinter. + + - - + - C

Lecanora campestris (Schaer.) Hue - + - + + - C

Lecanora cenisia Ach. - + + - - - C

Lecanora cinereofusca var. himalayensis Upreti - + - - + - C

Lecanora formosula Lumbsch - + - - + - C

Lecanora garovaglii (Körb) Zahlbr. - + - - - - C

Lecanora indica Zahlbr. - - - - + - C

Estelar

585

Lecanora japonica Müll. Arg. - + - - + - C

Lecanora muralis var. muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. - + - - + - C

Lecanora phaedrophthalma Poelt - + - - - - C

Lecanora polytropa (Ehrh.) Rabenh - - - - + - C

Lecanora pseudistera Nyl. - - + - + - C

Lecanora somervellii Paulson - - - - + - C

Lecanora subimmersa (Fée) Vainio + + + - + - C

Lecanora sulphurescens Fée - - - - + - C

Lecanora valesiaca (Müll. Arg.) Stitzenb. - - - - + - C

Lecidea paratropoides Müll. Arg. - + - - - - C

Lecidella carpathica Körb. - + - + - - C

Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel & Leuckert - - - - + - C

Lepraria lobificans Nyl. - + + + + - L

Lepraria vouauxii (Hue) R.C. Harris - + - - + - L

Leptogium askotense D. D. Awasthi - + + + + - F

Leptogium austroamericanum (Malme) C.W. Dodge - - - - + - F

Leptogium burgessii (L.) Mont. - + - + - - F

Leptogium burnetiae C.W. Dodge - + + - + - F

Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körb. - + - - - - F

Leptogium delavayi Hue - + - + + - F

Leptogium pedicellatum P.M. Jørg. - + + - + - F

Leptogium phyllocarpum (Pers.) Mont. - - + - + - F

Leptogium saturninum (Dicks.) Nyl. - + - - + - F

Leptogium trichophorum Müll. Arg. - + - - + - F

Lobaria fuscotomentosa Yoshim. - - - - + - F

Lobaria pseudopulmonaria Gyeln. + + - - - - F

Lobaria retigera (Bory) Trev. + + + + + - F

Lobothallia alphoplaca (Wahlenb. in Ach.) Poelt & Leuckert - + - - - - C

Lobothallia praeradiosa (Nyl.) Hafellner + + - - - - C

Lopadium saxicolum H. Magn. - + - - - - C

Melanelia tominii (Oksner) Essl. - - - - + - F

Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) A. Massal - + - - - - F

Miriquidica mexicana Rambold & al. - + - - - - C

Myelochroa subaurulenta (Nyl.) Elix & Hale - + - + + - F

Nephroma helveticum Ach. + + - - + - F

Parmelaria subthomsonii D.D. Awasthi + + - - + - F

Parmelia masonii Essl. & Poelt - + - - - - F

Parmelinella simplicior (Hale) Elix & Hale - - - - + - F

Parmelinella wallichiana (Taylor) Elix & Hale + + + + + - F

Estelar

586

Parmotrema austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Hale + - - + + - F

Parmotrema grayanum (Hue) Hale + + - - + - F

Parmotrema nilgherrense (Nyl.) Hale + + + + + - F

Parmotrema pseudocrinitum (Abbayes) Hale - - - - + - F

Peccania synaliza (Ach.) Forssell - + - - - - S

Peltula patellata (Bagl.) Swinscow & Krog - - - - + - S

Pertusaria albescens (Huds.) M. Choisy & Werner + + + - + - C

Pertusaria indica P. Srivast. & D.D. Awasthi + - + - + - C

Pertusaria kodaikanalensis M. Choisy - + - - - - C

Pertusaria leucosora Nyl. + + - - + - C

Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Fürnr. - + - - - - F

Platythecium occultum Adaw. - - - - + - C

Pleopsidium flavum (Bell.) Körb. - - - - + - C

Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel & Schwab - + - - - - C

Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & Knoph - + - - + - C

Protoblastenia griseococcinea (Nyl.) M. Inoue - - - + - - C

Pyxine minuta Vain. - + - - + - F

Ramalina hossei Vain. - - + + + - F

Rhizocarpon badioatrum (Flörke ex Spreng.) Th. Fr. - + - - - - C

Rhizocarpon concentricum (Davies) Beltr. - - - - + - C

Rhizocarpon disporum (Nägeli ex Hepp) Müll. Arg. - - - - + - C

Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. in Lam. - + - - + - C

Rhizocarpon macrosporum Räsänen - + - - - - C

Rhizocarpon sublucidum Räsänen - + - - - - C

Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (Sm.) Zopf - + - - + - F

Sarcogyne privigna (Ach.) Massal. - + - - - - C

Staurothele clopima (Wahlenb.) Th. Fr. - - + - - - C

Staurothele fissa (Taylor) Zwackh - + + + + - C

Sticta damaecornis (Sw.) Ach. - + - - - - F

Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach. - - - - + - F

Sticta orbicularis (R. Br.) Hue - + - - - - F

Sticta platyphylloides Nyl. - + - - + - F

Sticta praetextata (Räsänen) D.D. Awasthi - + - - - - F

Sticta weigelii (Ach.) Vain - - - - + - F

Tapellaria saxicola Vì zda & Poelt - - - - + - C

Tephromela khatiensis (Räsänen) Lumbsch + + + - + - C

Thelotrema porinoides Mont. & Bosch - - - - + - C

Trapelia coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) M. Choisy - + - - - - C

Umbilicaria badia Frey - - - - + - F

Estelar

587

Umbilicaria indica Frey - + - - + - F

Umbilicaria indica var. nana Frey em. Poelt - + - - - - F

Umbilicaria vellea (L.) Ach. - + - - - - F

Umbilicaria virginis Schaer. - - - - + - F

Umbilicaria yunnana (Nyl.) Hue - - - - + - F

Verrucaria acrotella Ach. - + + + + - C

Verrucaria coerulea (Ramond) DC. - + - - - - C

Verrucaria margacea (Wahlenb.) Wahlenb. - - + - + - C

Xanthoparmelia antleriformis (Elix) Elix & J. Johnst. - - - - + - F

Xanthoparmelia australasica D.J. Galloway + - - - - - F

Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ach.) Hale + - - - - - F

Xanthoparmelia coreana (Gyeln.) Hale - - - - + - F

Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyeln.) Hale - - - - + - F

Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (Ach.) Ahti & D. Hawksw. - - - - + - F

Xanthoparmelia tinctina (Maheu & A. Gillet) Hale - - - - + - F

Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr. - + - - + - F

Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. - - - - + - F

Xanthoria sorediata (Vain.) Poelt - + - - - - F


Allocetraria stracheyi (C. Bab.) Kurok. & M.J.Lai - - - - + - F


Catapyrenium cinereum (Pers.) Körb. - + - - - - Sq

Cetraria islandicasubsp. islandica (L.) Ach. - + - - - - F

Cetraria nigricans Nyl. - + - - - - F

Cetrelia braunsiana (Müll. Arg.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. - + + - + - F

Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl. + - - - + - D

Cladonia awasthiana Ahti & Upreti - - - - + - D

Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Spreng. - - + - - - D

Cladonia cartilaginea Müll. Arg. + + + - + - D

Cladonia ceratophyllina (Nyl.) Vain. - + - - - - D

Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Spreng. - + - - + - D

Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. - + - - + - D

Cladonia coniocraea (Flörke) Spreng. - + - - + - D

Cladonia corniculata Ahti & Kashiw. - + + + + - D

Cladonia corymbescens Nyl. ex Leight. + + - - + - D

Cladonia delavayi Abbayes - + + - - - D

Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vain. - + - - - - D

Cladonia farinacea (Vain.) A. Evans - - - - + - D

Cladonia fenestralis Nuno - + - - + - D

Table: - 8. Distributions of terricolous lichens in different districts of Kumaun Himalayas.

Estelar

588

Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. - + - - - - D

Cladonia fruticulosa Kremp. - + - - + - D

Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. - + - - + - D

Cladonia luteoalba Wheldon & A. Wilson - - - - + - D

Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. - + - - + - D

Cladonia macroptera Räs. - + - - - - D

Cladonia mongolica Ahti - - - - + - D

Cladonia ochrochlora Flörke - - + - + - D

Cladonia pocillum (Ach.) Grognot + + - - + - D

Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. - + - - + - D

Cladonia ramulosa (With.) J.R. Laundon + - + - + - D

Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg. - - - - + - D

Cladonia scabriuscula (Del.) Leight. - + + - - - D

Cladonia sinensis S. Stenroos & J.B. Chen - - - - + - D

Cladonia singhii Ahti & P.K. Dixit + + - + + - D

Cladonia squamosa Hoffm. - + + - + - D

Cladonia subconistea Asahina - + - - + - D

Cladonia subulata (L.) Web. ex Wigg. - + - + - - D

Cladonia verticillata (Hoffm.) Schaer. + + + - + - D


Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Müll. Arg. em. R. Sant. - + + - - - F

Collema auriculiforme (With.) Coppins & J.R. Laundon - + - - + - F




Collema furfuraceum (Arn.) Du Rietz - + + - - - F








Diploschistes actinostomus (Pers. In. Ach) Zahlbr - - + - + - C

Diploschistes awasthii Pant & Upreti - + - - - - C

Diploschistes candidissimus (Kremp.) Zahlbr. - - - - + - C

Diploschistes cinereocaesius (Sw. ex Ach.) Vain. - - - - + - C

Diploschistes diacapsis (Ach.) Lumbsch - + - - - - C

Diploschistes gypsaceus (Ach.) Zahlbr. - + - - - - C

Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. - - - - + - C

Diploschistes rampoddensis (Nyl.) Zahlbr. - - + - + - C

Estelar

589

Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norman + + + - + - C

Flavocetraria cucullata (Bell.) Kärnefelt & Thell - + - - - - F

Flavocetrariella leucostigma (Lév.) D. D. Awasthi - + - - - - F


Fuscopannaria saltuensis P.M. Jørg. - + - - + - Sq

Fuscopannaria subgemmascens Upreti & Divakar - - - - + - Sq

Heterodermia leucomelos (L.) Poelt + + - - + - F

Heterodermia microphylla (Kurok.) Skorepa - + - + + - F

Heterodermia pseudospeciosa (Kurok.) W.L. Culb. - + - - + - F

Heterodermia rubricosa (Stirt.) Poelt - - - - + - F

Heterodermia speciosa (Wulf.) Trevis. + + - + + - F









Leptogium pseudopapillosum P.M. Jørg. - - - - + - F

Leptogium resupinans Nyl. - - - - + - F



Lobaria discolor (Bory) Hue - + - - - - F

Lobaria japonica (Zahlbr.) Asahina - + - - + - F

Lobaria kurokawae Yoshim. - + - - + - F

Lobaria quercizans Michx. - + - - - - F


Myelochroa xantholepis (Mont. & Bosch) Elix & Hale - + + - + - F

Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. - + - - + - F

Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R. Laundon - + - - - - F

Peltigera dolichorrhiza (Nyl.) Nyl. + + - - + - F

Peltigera elisabethae Gyeln. - - - - + - F

Peltigera horizontalis (Huds.) Baung. - - - - + - F

Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln. - + - - - - F

Peltigera membranacea (Ach.) Nyl. - + - - + - F

Peltigera pindarensis D.D. Awasthi & M. Joshi - + - - - - F

Peltigera polydactylon (Neck.) Hoffm. + + + - + - F

Peltigera praetextata (Flörke) Zopf + + - + + - F

Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. + + - + + - F

Physconia enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt + - - - + - F

Estelar

590

Psora decipiens (Hedw.) Hoffm. - - - - + - Sq

Psora himalayana (C. Bab.) Timdal - + - - + - Sq

Ramalina hossei Vain. - - + + + - Fr

Solorina simensis Hochst. - + - - - - F

Stereocaulon austroindicum I.M. Lamb - + - - - - D

Stereocaulon foliolosum var. botryophorum (Müll. Arg.) I.M. Lamb - + - - - - D

Stereocaulon foliolosum var. foliolosumNyl. - + - - - - D

Stereocaulon foliolosum var. strictum (C. Bab.) I.M. Lamb - + - - + - D

Stereocaulon glareosum (Savicz) H. Magn. - + - - + - D

Stereocaulon himalayense D.D. Awasthi & I.M. Lamb - + - - - - D

Stereocaulon massartianum Hue - + - - - - D

Stereocaulon myriocarpum Th. Fr + + - - + - D

Stereocaulon paradoxum I.M. Lamb - + - - + - D

Stereocaulon piluliferum Th. Fr. - + - - + - D

Stereocaulon pomiferum P.A. Duvign. - + - - + - D

Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Ach. - + - - - - Fr


Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) Hale - + + - + - F

Bulbothrix meizospora (Nyl.) Hale + + - + + - F

Bulbothrix sensibilis (J. Steiner & Zahlbr.) Hale - + - - + - F

Bulbothrix setschwanensis (Zahlbr.) Hale + + + + + - F

Caloplaca flavovirescens (Wulfen) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. - + + + + - C

Caloplaca squamosa (de Lesd.) Zahlbr. + + - - + - Sq

Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein - + + + + - F

Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) Laundon - + + + + - L






Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale - + + + + - F

Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirt.) Hale - - - - + - F

Haematomma puniceum (Sw.) A. Massal. - + - - + - C

Heterodermia albidiflava (Kuork.) D. D. Awasthi - + - - + - F

Heterodermia angustiloba (Müll. Arg.) D.D. Awasthi - + - - + - F

Heterodermia comosa (Eschw.) Follmann & Redón + - + - + - F

Heterodermia dactyliza (Nyl.) Swinsc. & Krog - + - - + - F

Heterodermia diademata (Taylar) D. D. Awasthi + + + + + - F

Table: - 9. Distributions of corticolous and saxicolous lichens in different districts of Kumaun Himalayas.

Estelar

591

Heterodermia dissecta (Kurok.) D.D. Awasthi + + - + + - F

Heterodermia dissecta var. koyana (Kurok.) J.C. Wei - + - - + - F

Heterodermia firmula (Nyl.) Trevis. + + - + + - F

Heterodermia himalayensis (D.D. Awasthi) D.D. Awasthi + - + - + - F

Heterodermia hypocaesia (Yasuda) D.D. Awasthi + + - - + - F

Heterodermia incana (Stirt.) D. D. Awasthi + + + + + - F

Heterodermia japonica (M. Satô) Swinscow & Krog + + - + + - F

Heterodermia rubescens (Räsänen) D.D. Awasthi + + - - + - F

Hypotrachyna crenata (Kurok.) Hale - + - - + - F

Hypotrachyna pluriformis (Nyl.) Hale - + - - + - F

Lecanora indica Zahlbr. - - - - + - C

Lecanora japonica Müll. Arg. - + - - + - C

Lecanora pseudistera Nyl. - - + - + - C

Lecidella carpathica Körb. - + - + - - C

Lepraria lobificans Nyl. - + + + + + L


Leptogium askotense D. D. Awasthi - + + + + - F

Leptogium austroamericanum (Malme) C.W. Dodge - - - - + - F

Leptogium burgessii (L.) Mont. in Webb & Berthelot - + - + - - F





Leptogium phyllocarpum (Pers.) Mont. - - + - + - F



Lobaria pseudopulmonaria Gyeln. + + - - - - F


Myelochroa subaurulenta (Nyl.) Elix & Hale - + - + + - F

Nephroma helveticum Ach. + + - - + - F

Parmelaria subthomsonii D.D. Awasthi + + - - + - F

Parmelinella wallichiana (Taylor) Elix & Hale + + + + + - F

Parmotrema austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Hale + - - + + - F

Parmotrema nilgherrense (Nyl.) Hale + + + + + - F

Parmotrema pseudocrinitum (Abbayes) Hale - - - - + - F

Pertusaria albescens (Huds.) M. Choisy & Werner + + + - + - C

Pertusaria indica P. Srivast. & D.D. Awasthi + - + - + - C

Pertusaria leucosora Nyl. + + - - + - C

Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel & Schwab - + - - - - C

Estelar

592

Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & Knoph - + - - + - C

Pyxine minuta Vain. - + - - + - F


Sticta damaecornis (Sw.) Ach. - + - - - - F

Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach. - - - - + - F

Sticta orbicularis (R. Br.) Hue - + - - - - F

Sticta platyphylloides Nyl. - + - - + - F

Sticta praetextata (Räsänen) D.D. Awasthi - + - - - - F

Sticta weigelii (Ach.) Vain - - - - + - F

Tephromela khatiensis (Räsänen) Lumbsch + + + - + - C


Cetrelia braunsiana (Müll. Arg.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. - + + - + - F

Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Müll. Arg. - + + - - - F

Collema auriculiforme (With.) Coppins & J.R. Laundon - + - - + - F

Collema furfuraceum (Arn.) Du Rietz - + + - - - F





Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach. - - + - + - F

Heterodermia leucomelos (L.) Poelt + + - - + - F

Heterodermia microphylla (Kurok.) Skorepa - + - + + - F

Heterodermia pseudospeciosa (Kurok.) W.L. Culb. - + - - + - F

Heterodermia speciosa (Wulf.) Trevis. + + - + + - F










Lobaria japonica (Zahlbr.) Asahina - + - - + - F

Lobaria kurokawae Yoshim. - + - - + - F


Myelochroa xantholepis (Mont. & Bosch) Elix & Hale - + + - + - F

Table: - 10. Distributions of Corticolous and terricolous lichens in different districts of Kumaun Himalayas.

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Physconia enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt in Gerloff & al. + - - - + - F Ramalina hossei Vain. - - + + + - Fr

























Lobaria retigera (Bory) Trev. + + + + + - F Ramalina hossei Vain. - - + + + - Fr









Table: - 11. Distributions of saxicolous and terricolous lichens in different districts of Kumaun Himalayas.

Table: - 12. Distributions of corticolous, saxicolous and terricolous lichens in different districts of Kumaun Himalayas.

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S. No. District Year Lichen taxa 1 Pithoragarh 1852 Usnea himalayana C. Bab. 2 Pithoragarh 1860 Physcia dilatata Nyl. 3 Kumaun 1869 Lobaria retigera (Bory) Trevis. 4 Kumaun 1876 Pertusaria pallidula Stirt. 5 Almora 1908 Caloplaca cinnabarina (Ach.) Zahlbr. 6 Bageshwar 1949 Umbilicaria badia Frey 7 Bageshwar 1952 Aspicilia dwaliensis Räsänen 8 Pithoragarh 1952 Aspicilia almorensis Räsänen 9 Bageshwar 1952 Aspicilia griseocinerea Räsänen 10 Champawat 1952 Thelidiopsis mangiferae Räsänen 11 Bageshwar 1952 Lobaria pindarensis Räsänen 12 Almora 1954 Lopadium saxicolum H. Magn. 13 Pithoragarh 1973 Heterodermia himalayensis (D.D. Awasthi) D.D. Awasthi 14 Pithoragarh 1977 Leptogium askotense D.D. Awasthi 15 Kumaun 1980 Ocellularia eumorpha (Stirt.) Hale 16 Almora 1980 Pyxine berteriana var. himalaica D.D. Awasthi 17 Almora 1981 Buellia almorensis S.R. Singh & D.D. Awasthi 18 Bageshwar 1982 Peltigera pindarensis D.D. Awasthi & M. Joshi 19 Bageshwar 1982 Sticta praetextata (Räsänen) D.D. Awasthi 20 Bageshwar 1984 Porpidia albocoerulescens (Wulfen) Hertel & Knoph 21 Pithoragarh 1987 Parmelaria subthomsonii D.D. Awasthi 22 Kumaun 1987 Psora himalayana (C. Bab.) Timdal 23 Almora 1989 Porpidia albocoerulescens var. polycarpiza (Vain.) Rambold & Hertel 24 Kumaun 1991 Allocetraria stracheyi (C. Bab.) Kurok. & M.J.Lai 25 Bageshwar 1993 Diploschistes awasthii Pant & Upreti 26 Bageshwar 1993 Ioplaca pindarensis (Räsänen) Poelt & Hinter.

Table 13. List of type lichen taxa from Kumaun Himalaya.

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27 Pithoragarh 1993 Pertusaria himalayensis D.D. Awasthi & Preeti Srivast. 28 Pithoragarh 1996 Lithothelium himalayense Upreti & Aptroot 29 Bageshwar 1996 Tephromela khatiensis (Räsänen) Lumbsch 30 Pithoragarh 1998 Pyrenula himalayana Upreti 31 Nainital 2000 Amandinea montana (H. Magn.) Marbach 32 Bageshwar 2001 Myelochroa macrogalbinica Divakar & Elix 33 Pithoragarh 2001 Myelochroa upretii Divakar & Elix 34 Pithoragarh 2005 Parmeliella himalayana Upreti & Divakar 35 Bageshwar 2007 Hypotrachyna pindarensis (D.D. Awasthi & S.R. Singh) D.D. Awasthi 36 Bageshwar 2008 Caloplaca jatolensis Joshi Y. & Upreti 37 Nainital 2008 Caloplaca subleptozona Y. Joshi & Upreti 38 Pithoragarh 2008 Lobaria himalayensis Upreti & Divakar 39 Bageshwar 2010 Sticta indica D.D. Awasthi & Upreti 40 Bageshwar 2011 Phyllopsora catervisorediata G.K. Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka 41 Pithoragarh 2011 Phyllopsora corallina var. subglaucella G.K. Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka

Taxa AL BG CH NT PT USN

Acarospora hassei here - - - - + - Anisomeridium biforme (Borrer) R.C. Harris - - - - + - Arthonia antillarum (Fée) Nyl. - + - - - - Arthonia subgyrosa Nyl. - - - - - + Arthothelium albescens Patw. & Makhija - - - + - - Bacidia delicata (Larbal. ex Leighton) Coppins - - - - - + Biatorella conspersa (Fée) Vain. - - - - + - Caloplaca himalayana Y. Joshi & Upreti - - + + - - Caloplaca subdulosa (Nyl.) Zahlbr. + - - - + - Canoparmelia eruptens (Kurok.) Elix & Hale - - - + - - Catapyrenium cinereum (Pers.) Körb. - + - - - - Cetraria nigricans Nyl. - + - - - - Cetrelia collata (Nyl.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. - + - - - - Chapsa leprocarpa (Nyl.) A. Frisch - - - - + - Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Spreng. - - + - - - Cladonia farinacea (Vain.) A. Evan - - - - + - Clathroporina duplicascens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. - - + - - - Collema japonicum (Müll. Arg.) Hue - - + - + - Cryptothecia anamalaiensis Patw. & Makhija - - + - + - Diorygma heiroglyphicum (Pers.) Staiger & Kalb - - + + + + Diorygma junghuhnii (Mont. & Bosch) Kalb & al. - - + + + -

Table: - 14. List of addition (new record) lichens to Kumaun Himalaya.

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Diorygma megaspermum Makhija & al. - - - - + - Dirinaria aegialita (Afzel.) Moore - - - - - - Graphis longiramea Müll. Arg. - - + - + - Graphis pyrrhocheiloides Zahlbr. - - - - + - Graphis subasahinae Nagarkar & Patw. - + - - - - Graphis subserpentina Nyl. - - - + - - Graphis subvirginea Nyl. - - + - - - Hemithecium aphanes (Mont. & Bosch) M. Nakan. & Kashiw. - + - + - - Herpothallon isidiatum Jagadeesh & G.P. Sinha - - + + - - Heterodermia isidiophora (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi + - - - - - Heterodermia pellucida (D.D. Awasthi) D.D. Awasthi - - - + - - Lecanora frustulosa var. argopholis (Ach.) Link - + - - - - Lecanora saligna (Schrad.) Zahlbr. + - - - - - Lecidella euphorea (Flörke) Hertel - - - - + - Leptogium arisanense Asahina - - - - + - Leptogium phyllocarpum (Pers.) Mont. - - + - + - Leptogium resupinans Nyl. - - - - + - Lopadium pulchrum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. - - - - + - Micarea sp. - - - - - + Myelochroa perisidians (Nyl.) Elix & Hale - - - + - - Nephromopsis ahtii (Randlane & Saag) Randlane & Saag - + - - - - Ochrolechia harmandii Verseghy - + - - - - Opegrapha vulgata (Ach.) Ach. - - - - - + Pallidogramme chrysenteron (Mont.) Staiger & al. - - - - + - Parmotrema cooperi (J. Steiner & Zahlbr.) Sërus. - - - - + - Parmotrema pseudocrinitum (Abbayes) Hale - - - - + - Pertusaria indica P. Srivast. & D.D. Awasthi + - + - + - Pertusaria leucostoma (Bernh.) A. Massal. - - - - + + Pertusaria melastomella Nyl. - - + + + - Pertusaria subdepressa Müll. Arg. - - - + - - Phaeographis angulosa Müll. Arg. - - + - - - Phaeographis endophaeiza (Stirt.) Zahlbr. - + - - - - Phaeographis inusta (Ach.) Müll. Arg. - - - + - - Phlyctis himalayensis (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi + - - - - - Phyllopsora isidiotyla (Vain.) Riddle - - - - + - Platygramme wattiana (Müll. Arg.) V. Tewari & Upreti - - - - + - Platythecium occultum Adaw. & Makhija - - - - + - Porina subhibernica Upreti - - - - + - Punctelia neutralis (Hale) Krog - - + - - -

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Pyrenula globifera (Eschw.) Aptroot - + - - - - Pyrenula pyrenuloides (Mont.) R.C. Harris - + - - - - Pyrenula quassiaecola Fée - + - - + - Pyrenula submastophora Ajay Singh & Upreti - - + - - - Pyxine reticulata (Vain.) Vain. - - - - - + Ramalina celastri (Spreng.) Krog & Swinscow - + - - - - Ramboldia russula (Ach.) Kalb & al. - - + - - - Rhizocarpon concentricum (Davies) Beltr. - - - - + - Rinodina conradii Körb. - + - - - - Rinodina straussii J. Steiner - - - - + - Staurothele clopima (Wahlenb.) Th. Fr. - - + - - - Stereocaulon austroindicum I.M. Lamb - + - - - - Strigula smaragdula Fr. - - - - + - Tapellaria saxicola Vì zda & Poelt - - - - + - Usnea pseudosinensis Asahina - - + - + - Usnea spinosula Stirt. - - - - + - Verrucaria coerulea (Ramond) DC. - + - - - - Verrucaria margacea (Wahlenb.) Wahlenb. - - + - + - Total 5 17 20 13 37 7

Taxa GF AL BG CH NT PT USN SU

Collemataceae

Leptogium askotense D. D. Awasthi Fo - + + + + - C,S

Lecanoraceae

Lecanora cinereofusca var. himalayensis Upreti Cr - + - - + - S

Lobariaceae

Lobaria himalayensis Upreti & Divakar Fo - - - - + - C

Megasporaceae

Aspicilia almorensis Räsänen Cr - + - - + - S

Aspicilia dwaliensis Räsänen Cr + + - - + - S

Aspicilia griseocinerea Räsänen Cr - + - - + - S

Mycoblastaceae

Tephromela khatiensis (Räsänen) Lumbsch Cr + + + - + - C,S

Abbreviations: - +, Present, -, Absent, AL: Almora, BG: Bageshwar, CH: Champawat, NT: Nainital, PT: Pithoragarh, USN: Udham Singh Nagar

Table:- 15 List of Endemic lichens species from Uttrakhand and distributed in various localities of Kumaun Himalayas (Singh & Sinha 2010). Este

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Parmeliaceae

Hypotrachyna pindarensis (D.D. Awasthi & S.R. Singh) D.D. Awasthi Fo - + - - - - S

Physciaceae

Buellia almorensis S.R. Singh & D.D. Awasthi Cr + - - - - - C

Pyrenulaceae

Anthracothecium himalayense (Räsänen) D.D. Awasthi Cr - + + - + + C

Anthracothecium platystomum var. papillatum A. Singh & Upreti Cr - + - - - - C

Lithothelium himalayense Upreti & Aptroot Cr - + - + + - C

Teloschistaceae

Caloplaca abuensis Y. Joshi & Upreti Cr - - + - - - C

Caloplaca jatolii Y. Joshi & Upreti Cr - + - - - - C

Caloplaca subbassiae Y. Joshi & Upreti Cr - + - - - - S

Caloplaca subleptozona Y. Joshi & Upreti Cr - - - + + - S

Verrucariaceae

Endocarpon subrosettum Ajay Singh & Upreti Sq - + + + - - S

Thelidiopsis mangiferae Räsänen Cr - - + - - - C During the study of preserved lichen specimens in National Botanical Research

Institute (NBRI) and the identified the present correct nomenclature type and the some

lichen species are merged, misidentified, synonymies or transferred in to other genera or

species in (Table 16).

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.No. Species Present Status 1 Acarospora oxytona (Ach.) Massal. Platythecium occultum Adaw. 2 Anaptychia firmula (Nyl.) C.W. Dodge & D.D. Awasthi Heterodermia firmula (Nyl.) Trevis.3 Anthracothecium globiferum (Eschw.) Müll. Arg. Pyrenula globifera (Eschw.) Aptroot4 Anthracothecium leucostomum (Ach.) Malme Pyrenula leucostoma Ach. 5 Anthracothecium pyrenuloides (Mont.) Müll. Arg. Pyrenula pyrenuloides (Mont.) R.C. Harris6 Arthopyrenia alboatra (Kremp.) Müll. Arg. Anisomeridium biforme (Borrer) R.C. Harris 7 Aspicilia praeradiosa (Nyl.) Poelt. & Leuck. Lobothallia praeradiosa (Nyl.) Hafellner8 Aspicilia alphoplaca (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Poelt. & Leuckert Lobothallia alphoplaca (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Hafellner9 Brigantiaea leucoxantha (Spreng.) R. Sant. & Hafellner Lopadium leucoxanthum (Spreng.) Zahlbr10 Buellia discors (Stizenb.) H. Magn. Hafellia tetrapla (Nyl.) Pußwald 11 Buellia stigmea Tuck. Buellia maculata Bungartz in Bungartz & Nash12 Caloplaca holochracea (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Caloplaca cinnabarina (Ach.) Zahlbr13 Caloplaca malaensis (Räsänen) D.D. Awasthi Caloplaca bassiae (Willd. ex Ach.) Zahlbr.14 Canomaculina subtinctoria (Zahlbr.) Elix Parmotrema subtinctorium (Zahlbr.) Hale15 Cetraria leucostigma Lév. Flavocetrariella leucostigma (Lëv.) D.D. Awasthi16 Cetraria melaloma (Nyl.) Kremp. Flavocetrariella melaloma (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi17 Cetraria stracheyi C. Bab. Nephromopsis stracheyi (C. Bab.) Müll. Arg.18 Cetraria wallichiana (Taylor) Müll. Arg. Nephromopsis pallescens (Schaer.) Park19 Coccocarpia pellita var. atrocaesia Räsänen Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Swinscow & Krog20 Graphis schizograpta Müll. Arg. Graphis duplicata Ach. 21 Graphina leprocarpa (Ny.) Zahlbr. Chapsa leprocarpa (Nyl.) A. Frisch22 Graphis guimarana Vain. Graphis cincta (Pers.) Aptroot 23 Graphis schizograpta Müll. Arg. Graphis duplicata Ach. 24 Graphis sikkimensis Nagarkar & Patw. Graphis proserpens Vain. 25 Graphina disserpens (Vain.) Zahlbr. Graphis proserpens Vain. 26 Heterodermia coronata (Kurok.) D.D. Awasthi Heterodermia rubricosa (Stirt.) Poelt27 Heterodermia leucomela subsp. boryi (Fée) Swinscow & Krog Heterodermia boryi (Fée) Kr.P. Singh & S.R. Singh28 Hypotrachyna formosana (Zahlbr.) Hale Hypotrachyna osseoalba (Vain.) Y.S. Park and Hale29 Hypotrachyna bostrychodes (Zahlbr.) Hale Hypotrachyna physcioides (Nyl.) Hal30 Lecanora chlarona (Ach.) Nyl. Lecanora pulicaris (Pers.) Ach.31 Lecanora xylophila sensu Upreti Lecidea granifera (Ach.) Vain. 32 Leptogium papillosum D.D. Awasthi & Akhtar Leptogium pseudopapillosum P.M. Jørg.,33 Malcolmiella granifera (Ach.) Kalb & Lücking Lecidea granifera (Ach.) Vain. 34 Melanelia substygia (Räsänen) Essl. Melanelia tominii (Oksner) Essl.35 Myelochroa irrugans (Nyl.) Elix & Hale Myelochroa subaurulenta (Nyl.) Elix & Hale36 Parmelinopsis pindarensis (D.D. Awasthi & S.R. Singh) Elix & Hale Hypotrachyna pindarensis (D.D. Awasthi & S.R. Singh) D.D. Awasthi

37 Parmotrema clavuliferum (Räsänen) Streimann Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy38 Peltigera apthosa var. variolosa A. Massal. Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln.39 Peltigera erumpens (Taylor) Vain. Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R. Laundon40 Peltigera spuria (Ach.) Lam & DC. Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R. Laundon

Table 16. Present status of the lichen taxa earlier described from Kumaun Himalayas.

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41 Pertusaria acuta Müll. Arg. Pertusaria leucostoma (Bernh.) A. Massal42 Phaeographina wattiana Müll. Arg. Platygramme wattiana (Müll. Arg.) V. Tewari & Upreti43 Phaeographina chrysentera (Mont.) Müll. Arg. Pallidogramme chrysenteron (Mont.) Staiger & al.44 Physcia picta (Sw.) Nyl. Dirinaria picta (Sw.) Clem. & Shaer45 Physciella nepalensis (Poelt) Essl. Phaeophyscia nepalensis (Poelt) D.D. Awasthi46 Protoblastenia russula (Ach.) Räsänen Ramboldia russula (Ach.) Kalb & al.47 Pyrenula defossaMüll. Arg. Pyrenula quassiaecola Fée, 48 Pyrenula immersa Müll. Arg., Pyrenula subumbilicata (C. Knight) Aptroot49 Pyrenula defossa Müll. Arg. Pyrenula quassiaecola Fée, 50 Pyxine microspora Vain. Pyxine minuta Vain. 51 Ramalina subcomplanata (Nyl.) Kashiw. Ramalina conduplicans Vain., 52 Rhizocarpon lindsayanum Räsänen Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC.53 Rhizocarpon riparium Räsänen Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. 54 Rimelia reticulata (Taylor) Hale & A. Fletcher Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy55 Rusavskia elegans (Link) S. Kondr. & Kärnefelt Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr.,56 Stereocaulon botryophorum Müll.Arg. Stereocaulon foliolosum var. botryophorum

57 Strigula elegans (Fée) Müll. Arg. Strigula smaragdula Fr., 58 Tuckneraria ahtii Randlane & Saag Nephromopsis ahtii (Randlane & Saag) Randlane & Saag

59 Usnea subsordida Stirt. Usnea compressa Taylor 60 Usnea thomsonii subsp. arborea (Stirt.) Mot Usnea splendens Stirt. 61 Xanthoparmelia somloensis (Gyeln.) Hale Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (Ach.) Ahti & D. Hawksw

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SUMMARY

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SUMMARY

The Kumaun Himalaya comprised of six district of Uttarakhand. Starting from

the subtropical regions in Udham Singh Nagar at foot Hills of the Himalayas, it also

comprised of large tracts in temperate and alpine regions in all the other five districts.

Being situated in the centre of the Himalayas the region has luxuriant growth of different

group of plants including lichens.

The study is based on more than 5000 lichen specimens available from the

exhaustive field surveys, conducted in different areas of Kumaun Himalaya and the

preserved lichen material collected in the past by various botanist.

The specimens were thoroughly examined and the identification of unidentified

lichen specimens along with the correct nomenclature according to the recent

classification resulted into exclusion or inclusion of certain lichen taxa from the study

area.

The complete identification of the lichen specimens revealed the occurrence of

630 species of lichens belonging to 134 genera and 44 families from the Kumaun

Himalaya which is approximately 27% of the total 2303 lichens known from Indian

lichens flora. During the course of the study two lichen taxa Phyllopsora catervisorediata

G.K. Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka and Phyllopsora corallina var. subglaucella G.K.

Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka are described as new to science together with Five species

Allocetraria oakesiana (Tuck) A. Ahti (Pithoragarh district), Bacidia delicata (Larbal. ex

Leighton) Coppins (Udham Singh Nagar district), Cladonia subconistea Asahina

(Bageshwar & Nainital districts), Phaeophyscia primaria (Poelt) Trass (Almora &

Bageshwar districts) and Phyllopsora isidiotyla (Vain.) Riddle (Nainital district) as new

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records for Indian lichen flora. A total of 78 species are added to the lichen flora of

Kumaun Himalaya.

The Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae, Lecanoraceae, Collomataceae, Cladoniaceae,

Teloschistaceae, Pyrenulaceae, Ramalinaceae, Pertusariaceae, Graphidaceae families are

the dominant lichen families of the region. Among the different genera of lichens from

the genus Lecanora is represented by 44 species followed by Cladonia (32 sp.),

Caloplaca (29 sp.), Heterodermia (27sp.), Pertusaria (26 sp.), Usnea (22 sp.),

Parmotrema (19 sp.), Leptogium (19 sp.), Collema (19 sp.) and Pyrenula (15 sp.) are

dominant in the study area.

Among the different habitats of lichens the corticolous species (bark inhabiting)

dominates with 428 species belonging to 90 genera and 36 families followed by 191

species belonging to 63 genera and 28 families of saxicolous (rock inhabiting) lichens.

The terricolous (soil inhabiting) lichens are represented by 118 species belonging to 24

genera and 13 families. The probable reason for luxuriant growth of corticolous lichens in

the region may be due to the rich diversity of phorophytes at different altitudinal

gradients. A number of tree species such as Syzygium cumini, Shorea rubosta, Quercus

leucotrichopora, Quercus floribunda, Quercus semecarpifolia, Pinus wallichiana, Pinus

roxburghii, Rhododendron arboreum, Cedrus deodara, Alnus nepalensis and Betula utilis

trees growing in moist, shady and open areas both in subtropical and temperate areas

provide suitable substrate to various lichen forms to colonize on them. The corticolous

lichen taxa of the lichen family Parmeliaceae with 103 species under 21 genera followed

by 67 species of 14 genera of Physciaceae are the dominant lichens in the area. Among

the different growth form the foliose form of corticolus lichens exhibit their dominance

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by 189 species followed by 187crustose, 32 fruticose, 12 squamulose and 5 leprose

species.

The study area shows dominance of crustose lichens with 267 species belonging

to 68 genera and 34 families followed by 246 species belonging to 45 genera and 13

families of foliose lichens. The crustose lichen taxa of the family Lecanoraceae with 42

species followed by Teloschistaceae with 28 are the dominant crustose families in the

area.

The altitude between 1500-3500 m in the study area exhibit dominance of

dimorphic form lichens represented by 44 species followed by 35 species of fruticose

lichens.

The different districts of the Kumaun exhibit a great variation in altitude,

topography and climate. The available substratum i.e. types of trees, rocks and soil

influence the lichen vegetation of a particular district. Therefore based on the ecological

observation, the lichen diversity of each district is provided separately as following:

Almora district:-

Almora district shows occurrence of 112 species of lichens belonging to 41

genera and 20 families. The lichen family Parmeliaceae dominates the district represented

by 11 genera and 36 species followed by Physciaceae with 7 genera and 27 species of

lichens. The lichen genera Heterodermia, Lecanora, Parmotrema and Usnea are the

dominant genera in the. The lichen species Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. ex Nyl.) Hale,

Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Moberg and Usnea eumitrioides Motyka are widely

distributed and recorded from most of the localities of the district. The route from

Ranikhet to Chaubattia exhibit maximum diversity of lichens represented by 57 species

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belonging to 21 genera and 11 families, followed by localities in and around Almora city

with 44 species belonging to 27 genera and 12 families. The corticolous species of

lichens dominates the district with 80 species of corticolous lichens followed by 22 and

18 species of saxicolous and terricolous lichens respectively.

The highest frequency and density of Heterodermia diademata and the maximum

abundance of Heterodermia incana in the district revealed the moist, dense forest of the

smooth barked of trees in the area.

Bageshwar district:-

Among the different districts of the Kumaun the Bageshwar district exhibit

maximum diversity of lichens represented by 354 species within 84 genera and 35

families. Parmeliaceae with 22 genera and 78 species and Physciaceae with 8 genera and

39 species are the dominant families in the study area. The lichen genera Lecanora with

26 species and Cladonia with 21 species dominate the district. The rich diversity of

phorophytes and different altitudinal gradients support luxuriant growth of corticolous

lichens represented by 235 species followed by 114 and 65 saxicolous and terricolous

lichens respectively. The foliose form of lichens are dominant in the area represented by

145 species followed by 138 crustose, 30 dimorphic, 37 fruticose, 10 squamulose and 4

leprose lichen taxa.

Among the different localities of Bageshwar district the route from Khati to Dwali

exhibit the maximum diversity of lichens represented by 149 species followed by 130

species in Loharghet to Dhakuri and 113 species in Dhakuri to Khati. The Phurkia, Dwali

and Zeropoint localities at alpine regions exhibit the poor diversity of lichen represented

by 52, 54 and 68 species respectively.

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The district exhibit high frequency of Lobaria retigera, high density of

Anthracothecium globiferum var. microsporum and the maximum abundance of Graphis

proserpens species. The district also show rich diversity of cynolichens (Lobaria and

Leptogium), that prefer to grow in moist humid and shady habitats.

Champawat district:-

The Champawat district is represented by the occurrence of 149 species belonging

to 53 genera and 21 families. The member of lichen family Parmeliaceae dominates with

35 species followed by 18 Physciaceae and 15 Lecanoraceae species respectively. The

lichen genera Heterodermia, Caloplaca, Parmotrema and Lecanora are the dominant

genera of the district. The corticolous lichen genera with 129 species exhibit their

dominance over saxicolous and terricolous lichens represented by 19 and 12 species

respectively. The district is dominated by both crustose and foliose lichens represented by

64 and 60 species respectively. The Lohaghat and Champawat are the lichen rich sites of

the district with 37 and 32 species respectively.

The district shows highest frequency of Flavoparmelia caperata, highest density

of Cladonia verticillata and the maximum abundance of Myelochroa xantholepis in the

district.

Nainital district:-

The Nainital district represented by the occurrence of 105 species belonging to 48

genera and 21 families. The members of lichen family Parmeliaceae with 26 species

under 11 genera followed by Physciaceae with 8 genera and 20 species exhibit their

dominance in the area. Among the different lichen genera, Heterodermia with 8 species

and Caloplaca and Lecanora with 7 species each showed the maximum diversity.

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The epiphytic lichens grow luxuriantly on Quercus and other coniferous trees of

Cedrus deodara and Abies. Among the different tree Quercus semecarpifolia bears the

maximum diversity of lichens. The crustose lichens exhibit their dominance in the area

represented by 46 species followed by 45 foliose and 12 fruticose lichens. The Kilbury,

Snow View and Thirty six Sheeri localities showed the maximum diversity of lichens

with 28, 34 and 25 species respectively, while D.S.B. campus and Ayarpatta showed poor

to scarce growth of lichens represented by 9 and 19 species.

High frequency of Bulbothrix setschwanensis, Leptogium delavayi, high density

and abundance of Phaeophyscia hispidula are recorded in the district. As compared to

other temperate regions of Kumaun the Nainital district exhibit less diversity of lichens as

most of the localities in the district are disturbed due to heavy pressure of tourist and

other anthropogenic activities.

Pithoragarh district:-

Pithoragarh district is represented by the occurrences of 391species belonging to

96 genera and 44 families of lichens. The lichen family Parmeliaceae dominates the

district with 19 genera followed by Physciaceae with 11 genera. Lecanora with 27

species is the dominant genus in the district followed by Cladonia with 25 and

Heterodermia with 18 species.

The district exhibit luxuriant growth of bark inhabiting lichens represented by 246

species followed by 132 saxicolous and 42 terricolocus lichens. The alpine and higher

temperate localities in and around Milam Glacier area show dominance of rocks and soil

inhabiting lichens while lower to middle temperate localities have dominance of

epiphytic lichens. Among the different phorophyte the Quercus trees bear the maximum

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diversity of lichens. The forest of Quercus semecarpifolia between altitudes of 2500-

3000m are preferred by a number of lichen species while Q. leucotrichophora in lower

temperate areas (1500-2000m) also provide excellent substratum for many taxa of lichens

to colonize.

Alnus nepalensis a smooth barked tree in temperate areas also provide suitable

habitat for colonization of Pyrenocarpous and Graphidaceous lichens which prefers the

smooth bark. The Pinus roxburghii trees having thick rough bark are mostly preferred by

the members of Parmelioid lichen genera and other rough barked loving lichens. More

than 30 lichen species are recorded on Pinus roxburghii trees.

The Rhododendron campanulatum trees in higher temperate and bushy

Rhododendron species in alpine regions also provide suitable substrate for many lichens

taxa to colonize. Mostly the species of Opegrapha, Pertusria and Lecanora prefers to

grow on such bark. Phaeophyscia hispidula, Heterodermia diademata, Parmotrema

reticulatum, Bulbothrix setschwanensis, Physcia dilatata, and Everniastrum cirrhatum

are the most common and widely distributed lichen taxa found growing on various

substrates both in tropical and temperate areas of the district.

The localities in and around Munsyari, Gori-Ganga and Milam are the ‘lichen rich

sites’ of the district as 150, 144 and 105 species respectively are recorded from these

localities. The localities in and around villages showed sparse growth of some members

of Physciaceae and Parmeliaceae mostly on the cultivated trees of Pyrus, Prunus, Rubina,

Populus and Celtis trees. The forest about 10 km away from the HQ such as Dhawj,

Thalkedar, NainiPatal, Chandak exhibit rich diversity of lichens represented by 188

species.

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High frequency of Parmotrema nilgherrense, high density of Heterodermia

diademata and the maximum abundance of Everniastrum cirrhatum are recorded in the

different sites of the district. The higher, moist temperate and alpine region with moisture

shows rich diversity of lichens than the dry subtropical areas. The subtropical forest area

near the human settlements exhibit poor growth of lichens.

Udham Singh Nagar district:-

Udham Singh Nagar district is represented by the occurrences of 28 species

belonging to 17 genera and 13 families. The Physciaceae is the dominant family in the

study area represented by 6 species belonging to 4 genera. The lichen genera Bacidia

exhibits its dominance as represented by 4 species followed by Pyxine and Parmotrema

with 3 species each. Caloplaca bassiae (Willd. ex Ach.) Zahlbar., Dirinaria appalanata

(Fée) D. Awasthi and Pyxine cocoes (Swartz) Nyl., are the common lichen species of the

district. The district showed dominance of 17 crustose lichens followed by 10 foliose

species. The Bajpur forests with mixed tree forest exhibit the occurrence of 14 species,

while the Tanda and Khatima forest areas with Shorea robusta as the dominant tree

vegetation showed occurrence of 12 and 10 species of lichens respectively.

Among the different phorophytes in all three localities of the district, Mallotus

philippensis exhibits maximum diversity of lichens represented by 13 species. Lichens

prefer Shorea robusta trees to grow luxuriantly on trunk at base and up to chest height

and above branches and twig. Highest frequency, density and abundance of Pyxine

cocoes was recorded in the district. Being situated in the foot hills of the Himalayas and

having industrized areas and agriculture fields, the district exhibit poor representation of

lichens.

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Out of the six districts of Kumaun the Pithoragarh district exhibit the maximum

diversity of lichens because of varied altitudinal variations and the presence of diverse

phorophytes that provides a wide range of substratum to different lichen communities to

colonize. Bageshwar district also exhibit rich diversity of lichens as the district has

diverse altitudinal gradients, rich diversity of phorophytes together with thick undisturbed

forest areas.

The forest area in Almora, Champawat, Nainital and Udham Singh Nagar districts

experience tremendous pressure of human activities. Local population is dependent on

the forest resources for their daily need, this dependence induce some activities such as

lopping and pruning of twigs, bark wood for fodder and kitchen fuel. Besides these

activities, the local population is also indulged in collection of medicinal herbs and

shrubs along with lichens which are sold to big markets in the foothill areas of Kumaun

Himalaya. The agriculture practise, urbanization, construction of roads and other

anthropogenic activities leads to the destruction of forest in and around village and other

human settlements. The thinned out forest do not support many lichen taxa to colonize

thus resulted in the loss of lichen diversity. In alpine region, Rhododendron and shrubs

destroyed by tourists for bonfires and other activities also cause damage to number of

lichen species. The grazing of sheep and goat in alpine meadow destroy many soil lichens

in alpine areas.

The increasing temperature, air pollution and habitat loss have become the major

detrimental factors for lichen diversity in Kumaun Himalaya. Udham Singh Nagar is

suffering from a high level of industrial together with the pollution created by vehicular

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activity. The heavy outflow of the debris and smoke released from industries create the

atmosphere unsuitable for many lichens to grow.

Owing to change large geographical area of the Kumaun region it was no possible

to intensively explore each and every sites of the region for collection of lichens with

short duration of the present study. A more extensive and intensive survey will definitely

add few more taxa of lichens to the present enumeration.

The available account of lichens will be helpful to carry out further

lichenological studies in the area and also act as a base line data for carrying out future

biomonitoring studies in the area. Lichens are the most sensitive plant and an excellent

plant material for conducting environmental studies including studies on climate change

and Global warming. The distributional pattern and ecological studies will also explain

the extent of microclimatic changes in the area due to frequent anthropological activities.

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