Esters, Aldehyde, Ketones and others

Industrial Hazards

By: Artina C. Aquitania

›an organic compound derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Many naturally occurring fats and essential oils are esters of fatty acids. ›Esters are prominent in the perfumery and flavoring industries.›Solvents for polar organic compounds like, lacquer, printing ink, cement. ›Plasticizer

Esters

Mechanism of Toxicity of Ester

›Carboxylic esters have low to moderate toxicity via dermal and oral exposure›variable susceptibility to hydrolysis by cholinesterase

› Treatment› Ensure adequate

oxygenation, whether by face mask or by intubation.

› Lipid emulsion therapy

Symptoms and Treatment› Symptoms- Irritation of skin, eyes and respiratory tract.

- Inhalation may cause burning sensation in nasopharynx and chest, coughing, and/or dizziness.

- Headache, vomiting, diarrhea

- Confusion, bizarre or aggressive behavior.

- Kidney failure, increased heart rate

- Metabolic acidosis resulting in peculiar odor on breath

›organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group. ›Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde›acetone is the smallest ketone

› Used in alcohol solvents

Aldehydes and Ketones

› Gas at room temperature. Formalin is a 40% aqueous solution. › Used as embalming fluid, pesticides on plants

Formaldehyde

›Formaldehyde is readily absorbed following inhalation and ingestion, but poorly absorbed following dermal exposure.›Formaldehyde is oxidized to formate by mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2)

›Formaldehyde disappears from plasma with a half time or about 1-1.5 minutes, most of it being converted to carbon dioxide and exhale from the lungs.›Smaller amounts are excreted in the urine as formate salts and several other metabolites

Mechanism of Toxicity of Formaldehyde

›Acute toxic effects via ingestion:- Corrosion of GI tract- Inflammation and

ulceration of the mouth, esophagus and stomach

›Acute toxic effects via inhalation:- Eye, nose and throat

irritation- Skin irritation- Coughing- Chest pain- Wheezing- Bronchitis

Symptoms

- Folic acid for formate intoxication due to formaldehyde

- Ethanol and folic acid for methanol-containing ingestion

Treatment

› A colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest ketone

› It is normally present in blood and urine. People with diabetes produce it in larger amounts causing ketoacidosis

› It is used as nail polish remover, additive to paints and varnishes.

Acetone

›Severe Symptoms: coma low blood pressure deep stupor

›Mild symptoms: headache slurred speech lethargy lack of coordination a sweet taste in the mouth

Symptoms

› Oxygen› Don’t induce vomiting if drunk in large amounts of acetone› Pump the stomach by putting a tube down in the throat and

into the stomach then pump small amounts of water or saline into the stomach and suck it back out until there’s no more acetone

› Diabetic ketoacidosis is treated using a combination of fluids pumped directly into a vein to rehydrate the body

Treatment