Slide 1

Estimation of Embodied Energy and Embodied CO 2 in the Electro-Mechanical Installations of Urban Hellenic Dwellings Dimitrios Koubogiannis Department of Energy Technology Engineering Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece 1

Slide 2

OUTLINE Introduction to EE & ECO 2 Motivation & Aim The building case studies Material & Mass Analysis Embodied Energy Analysis Presentation of Results Ongoing & Future Research Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece 2

Slide 3

INTRODUCTION Total Energy involved in the Life Cycle of a building : - Operational Energy (OE): for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, operation of appliances and equipment. - Embodied Energy (EE): energy consumed for the excavation, machining, construction, transportation, manufacturing and disposal activities of the building materials and equipment. During building life cycle Initial Stage (building construction) Initial Embodied Energy (IEE) Indirect EE: extraction of materials and manufacturing (cradle to factory gate) Direct EE: transport on-site (factory to construction site), on-site construction and assembly Operation stage (building operation) Operational Energy: heating, cooling, lighting, ventilation, appliances, equipment Recurring EE: refurbishment and maintenance Final stage (building demolition) Embodied Energy: demolition, waste and disposal / recycling of materials Companion concept: embodied CO 2 emissions (ECO 2 ): the amount of CO 2 emitted to the atmosphere due to the EE consumption. Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece 3

Slide 4

MOTIVATION & AIM Buildings are responsible for about the 40% of the total energy consumption in Europe and about a third of the total energy related CO 2 emissions. Main legislative instrument: EPBD recast (2010/31/EC) on the energy performance of buildings. Focus towards Near Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) by the end of the decade, i.e. buildings with very high energy performance, while the nearly zero (or very low) amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from RES (on-site or nearby). Life Cycle Zero Energy Building (LC-ZEB): the building where the primary energy used in the building in operation plus the energy embodied within its constituent materials and systems, including energy generating ones, over the life cycle of the building is equal to or less than the energy produced by RES within the building over their lifetime (Hernandez and Kenny, 2010). Assess building energy consumption and environmental impact during its life-cycle, instead of only its operational period of time. Building Embodied Energy (EE) and Embodied CO 2 (ECO 2 ) become increasingly important data for the overall analysis. Such data could also be considered to assess future policies or various energy conservation measures implemented in existing buildings. AIM: Material analysis and estimation of the Initial stage Indirect EE of the basic materials and equipment of typical urban Hellenic residential buildings. (Hernandez, P. and P. Kenny. 2010. From net energy to zero energy buildings: Defining life cycle zero energy buildings (LC-ZEB). Energy and Buildings, 42: 815-821). 4 Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece

Slide 5

CATEGORIZATION OF BUILDINGS Building construction depends on: - type and use (residential, office, hospital, hotel, etc), - climatic zone (in Greece: A, B, C, D). Hellenic residential building typologies are categorized according to their date of construction in the following periods (Dascalaki et al. 2011) : (a) pre-1980 (b) during 1981-2000 (c) during 2001-2010 (d) after 2010 (EPBD implementation in Greece, Dascalaki et al. 2012). BUILDING MATERIALS & EQUIPMENT Construction Materials (CM) set consisting of subsets of either finished products or raw materials (materials for bearing the structure, masonrycoatings, flooring, integration and insulation, heat protection, waterproof, soundproof, etc). Electro-Mechanical Installations (EMI) set consisting of materials and equipment for space heating, hydraulic and hot water network, cooling, ventilation, fire protection, electrical and lighting installations, automation systems. Dascalaki, E.G., Droutsa, K.G., Balaras, C.A. and S. Kontoyiannidis. 2011. Building Typologies as a Tool for Assessing the Energy Performance of Residential Buildings A Case Study for the Hellenic Building Stock, Energy & Buildings, 43(12): 3400-3409. Dascalaki, E.G., Balaras, C.A., Gaglia, A.G., Droutsa, K.G. and S. Kontoyiannidis. 2012. Energy Performance of Buildings - EPBD in Greece, Energy Policy, 45: 469477. 5 Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece

Slide 6

THE BUILDING CASE STUDIES Two representative buildings were selected, constructed after 2000 and located in climatic zone B (Koubogiannis et al. 2013 and 2014). Both have a single-pipe hydronic central heating system connected to room space radiators. Multi-Family Dwelling (MFD): 3-story building, each floor being an apartment, with ground floor and a basement, having a total floor area of 435.6 m 2. Natural gas steel boiler of 34.8 kW connected to the city natural gas network. Single-Family Dwelling (SFD) : 2-story building (mezonette), with a total floor area of 152 m 2. Oil-fired cast-iron boiler with a heating capacity of 26.7 kW coupled to a metallic oil tank. For domestic hot water production, both buildings include triple-energy hot water storage tanks (that use either central heating system or solar power or electricity). An energy audit was performed in both buildings. The corresponding technical reports, drawings and detailed data concerning EMI were released by two different professional engineering offices. Koubogiannis, D.G, Daskalaki A. and C.A. Balaras. 2013. A contribution to Building Lifecycle Analysis: Embodied energy analysis of mechanical installations for a typical urban Greek dwelling. 3rd International Exergy, Life Cycle Assessment, and Sustainability Workshop & Symposium (ELCAS3), 7-9 July, NisyrosGreece. Koubogiannis, D.G., Lavoutas A., Lekkas A. and C.A. Balaras. 2014. Estimation of Embodied CO2 in Electro-Mechanical Installations for an Urban Hellenic Dwelling. International Conference on Buildings Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources 2014 (BEE RES 2014), 1-3 June, KozaniGreece 6 Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece

Slide 7

MATERIAL & MASS ANALYSIS (METHODOLOGY) EMI Set was divided into 4 Groups: 1.Space Heating (SH) (boiler, oil burner, fuel tank, flue gas exhaust, pump, radiators, pipe network, expansion tank, valves, and other components like magnesium anode, thermostats, deaerators, etc). 2.Hydraulic and Hot Water (HHW) (solar collectors, hot water storage tank, support base, various fittings and accessories, hot water pipe network). 3.Air Conditioning (AC) (split unit heat pumps, evaporator, fan, motor, support materials, condenser, compressor, fan, motor, four-way valve, connecting pipes, support and drainage materials). 4.Electrical (EL) (control panels, cables, pipes and wall plugs for SH, for HW and for the lighting network). Material analysis is described by the sequence: EMI Set Groups (SH, HW, AC, EL) Items (e.g. boiler, radiators, etc) sub-items (e.g. burner breakdown) bitems constitutive single materials (steel, iron, copper, aluminum, glass, etc). Mass analysis: (a) weighting of individual components, (b) obtained by the manufacturer manuals and commercial leaflets (accessed on the internet or by personal communication), (c) [Mass]=[Volume]*[material-density], where volume was estimated using data extracted from technical reports and drawings (e.g. floor plans were used to determine the length of piping) (d) logical engineering assumptions and estimations whenever needed. 7 Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece

Slide 8

MATERIAL ANALYSIS (EXAMPLES) 8 Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece

Slide 9

TOOLS FOR EE & ECO 2 ANALYSIS Embodied Energy [MJ] = mass [kg]*EE coefficient [MJ/kg] Embodied CO2 [kg] = mass [kg]*ECO2 coefficient [kgCO2/kg] MATERIALS DATABASE: EE & ECO2 coefficients to account for the extraction and manufacturing of materials (e.g. of 1 kg of aluminum). EE coefficients are nationally dependent. No national database exists in Greece! Available databases in the literature. UK database (Hammond and Jones, 2008) was used. Aluminium has the higher EE coefficient, the synthetic materials (PP, rubber, , PEF) have high EE values, while copper, brass, , glass have relatively lower EE values. Hammond, G.P and C.I. Jones. 2008. Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) Version 1.6a. Sustainable Energy Research Team, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath. Available from: http://perigordvacance.typepad.com/files/inventoryofcarbonandenergy.pdf (accessed on 27/03/2014). 9 Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece

Slide 10

Mass analysis of SH Group to its major Items 10 Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece - Radiators dominate - Next is boiler for SFD, pipes for MFD - No tank in MFD

Slide 11

Mass analysis of SH+HHW Group to materials 11 Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece - Steel dominates w.r.t. mass due to the radiators (and steel boiler in MFD) -Copper is 2 nd in MFD due to the pipes - Cast-iron is 2 nd in SFD due to the cast-iron boiler in SFD and smaller circuit of pipes

Slide 12

EE analysis of SH+HHW Group to materials 12 -Steel dominates w.r.t. EE due to the large quantity, although low EE-coef. -Copper is 2 nd even in SFD due to its high EE-coef. -EE list is different than mass (Aluminum:11 8 in SFD, 4 3 in MFD, Plastic: 7 5 in SFD, 11 10 in MFD, both have high EE-coef.) Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece

Slide 13

Mass & EE analysis for the Groups of EMI Set 13 Building typologySFDMFD EMI Set GroupsMass [%]EE [%]Mass [%]EE [%] SH54.9045.270.1670.0 HHW15.1819.129.8430.0 AC18.6220.20.000.0 EL11.3015.50.000.0 Total 1305.4 kg (8.6 kg/m2) 64006.2 MJ (421 MJ/ m2) 1679.5 kg (3.856 kg/m 2 ) 74425.8 MJ 170.8 (MJ/m2) Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece

Slide 14

REPLACEMENT OF THE BOILER-BURNER SET Assessment of energy conservation measures, for example, the replacement of an oil-fired boiler in old SFD central heating installation with a new units. Such a replacement would result to 17% annual operational thermal energy savings and 335.6 ktCO 2 savings for the entire Hellenic SFD stock, which results to an estimation of about 19.6 kWh/m 2 annual energy savings and 625.4 ktCO 2 annual savings per SFD (Balaras et al. 2007). According to the present study the EE of the SFD boiler-burner set is 11.8kWh/m 2 and its ECO2 is 434kgCO 2. The total EE and ECO2 involved in the replacement is doubled (to account for both old- unit-output/new-unit-input): EE repl =23.6kWh/m 2 and ECO2 repl =868kgCO 2. Thus, the operational energy savings would compensate EE repl (EPBT) in about 14.5 months (or about over two heating seasons) and ECO2 repl (CO2PT) in about 16.7 months. 14 Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece Item ECO 2 (kgCO 2 )EE (kWh/m 2 ) MFDSFDMFDSFD Burner56610.72.3 Boiler4383733.99.5 Burner+Boiler4944344.611.8 Balaras, C.A., Gaglia A.G., Georgopoulou E., Mirasgedis S., Saradis Y. and D.P. Lalas. 2007. European residential buildings and empirical assessment of the Hellenic building stock, energy consumption, emissions and potential energy savings, Building and Environment, 42: 12981314.

Slide 15

CONCLUSIONS A methodology for Material, EE & ECO 2 analysis was proposed and applied to electromechanical installations of SFD/MFD. Aim: to initiate the derivation of practical benchmark values for Hellenic buildings. Prevailing materials in terms of mass are generally the same, but normalized material quantities have different values for the two investigated building typologies (SFD and MFD). EE values (using international databases), provide initial guidance: For life cycle assessment evaluation of buildings For assessing common energy conservation measures (e.g. the annual operational energy savings due to the replacement of oil-fired boilers with more energy efficient units would account for EE in relatively short time frames). ONGOING & FUTURE RESEARCH Repetition & extension of the present analysis for a number of different Hellenic building typologies. COMPONENTS DATABASE: EE values to account for the manufacturing of components (e.g. of a boiler). Not existing! Address relevant issues for building construction materials. Long-term goal: Derive suitable benchmarks in order to facilitate the development of a Hellenic database for EE or ECO 2. 15 Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece

Slide 16

Thank you ! Questions please 16 Open Day, MED/EU Synergies Conference, 12 March 2015, Piraeus, Greece