Estoppel

Frinciple related to Burden of "croof and itp{evefits a part-y from pro-ring facts.A person isestopped from proving facts because he isdisqualif led by particular ciicumstances.

I,stcppel is not a ruie of evidence nor a cause of,

action. It is a principle cf justice and equitywtrrich applies when a p€rson by his r,vorcls andcondlrct, has 1ed another to betrieve in a

particular sate of alTairs.

He rvoul<i therefore not be atrlowed to go backon it when it r,vo*ld be unjust or inequitable for?rim to do so"

(a) There must be

a representationby a person or irisautleorised agentto another in anyfrom a declaration,act or omission.

(b) The representationmust have been oftlieexistence of a'factand not ofpronnises defuturo or intentionrvhich might or rnight

not be enforcable incontract"

(c) the representationrnust have rnealrt to berelied upon, ie it rnusthave been n:a*leunder circurnstanceswhich amountedto an intentioncausing or permittingbelief in another"

(d) There inust havebeen action on the

faitir of that declaration,act or oiraission, that isto say, the declaration.act or arnission musthave actually causedariotirer to act on thre

f,aith of it, and to aiterhis fonner position .

{eiThe rnisrepresentation orcondi.lct or negligence must havehe-- th- nrn-i'r12fe

^aUSe Cfleading ths cttrer party to act to lais

prej udice or deti"iment.

I"ani Eng R.tibber factary {iVI) Sdn Btid v tr-im heng Yerv.The prequisites to be fuifiled for the doctrine to apply

11; Esioppei by

Types of Estoppel

{2} Estoppel by Deectr

S1i5 E AatHstoppel

iMhen one person has by hisdeciaration, act or ornssionintentionally caused orpennitted another person tobelive a thing to be true andto act upon sucli belief,oth&rerwise than but for tliatbeiief he woutrd have acted,neither tre nol his representativein interest shall be altrowed inany suit or proceeding befweentrimself and that person or hisrepresentative in interesf todeny the truth of that thing.

ILI-USTR.ATIONA intentionally and faisely ieadsts to belive that certain iandbelongs to A and thereby inducssB tc buy and pay for it.The land afterwards becomes theproperty ofA and A seeks to setaside the sale on the ground thatat the time of ttre satre he had no titlehe may erot be allowed to provehis want of tltle.

Str X6 E Actf,stoppe! of tqn@nt end cflicensee of person ispossessioa

lrio tenant o-f immovableproperty, cr person ctrairningthrough the tenant" sl')ailduring the continuance of tiretenancy be perrnified to denythat the landlord of thattenant had at tl-le begiming of

the tenancy a tltje to theimn'rovable property; and noperson who carne upon anyimmovable ploperfy by thelicence of the person inpossession thereof shall be

perrnited to derey thatperson had a title to such

pcssession at the time whenthre licence was giverr.

i3) Estoppel by Cond,uct

Sl tr7 E AcfEstnnpei,of 4q$:pjlo.r of biil ofexchaxr g€.bgllsg p r_!il &fgas_eg(1) No acceptor of a biltr ofexchange shall be

permited to deny that tliedralver had authorityto dra."^r the bili orto endorse it.

{2) No.baiiee,agent or licenseeshail be perrnited to deny that

the bailor, principal or licensor,by whona any gocds were

entrusted to any ofthemrespectively was eniitled tothose goods at the time whenthey were so entrusted.ft'ovided that anv suchbailee,agent or licenseernay strow that he was

compeiled to deliver upany such goods to soine personwho h4d a right to them asa!'aiilqt hiq hailr.r. -rinclnai l.licensor,or that hisbailor,principal or licensorwrongfun$ and without noticeto the bailee,agent or licensee,obtained the goods from a thirdperson,lvho has ciaiined thernfrorn that bailee.agent orlicensee"

Estoppel in the evidence Act

Estoppel - Sictionary *eirniti*l: fr,-tnt \VcrdIQ

:*ar;h Ei-i!i !ir:lifririi l ci::.r:r':"", 1.1'E::-;"-r:; ;1';1,i:3

;xri .rl ::-' t!;i-, 9:n-{ ,::':::i.C j r:"_Jtrf "r-&

se&aci+q{ild4r i

Es€*ppeR - Ffie€i*mm"ry &effixxttf*m axed &ven'viexv

EstoppeE : (noun)

l: a r"uie ofeviderrce whereby a person is barred from denS,ing the truth ofa faot that has already -been

settled

Bred on \\'ordNer 2 0

Estoppe8 : \Es{'top"pel\ n. [Based on Estop.] {I-aw} {a) A stop; an obstruction or bar to ore's aXieging or denf ing a f,actcontra$'to his own previous action, allegation, or denial; an adrnission, by rvords or conduct, which induces another topurchase rights, agair,s ll'hich the parry'making such admission can not take a position inconsistent with tl-le adrnissioir.

{b) The agency by *'hich the law exciudes evidence to disprute cefiain admissions, n,hich tire policy of the larv treats asindisputable. -Wharton" -Stephen. -Burriil.

B6ed on \\'ebneis Rcvised Unahndged Dictrcnarl

ESTOFPEL, pieading. a*EstoppeE : is a preclusion, in iaw, u'hich prevects a man from aileging or denying a fact, inconsequellce o his orvn previous act, allegation or denial of a contra,l' tenor. Steph. Fl, ?39. Lord Coke says, "an estoppelis. u,hen a man is concluded by his oi.rn act or acceptance, to say the trutil.. Co. I-itt. 352, a. And Biackstone defines "anestoppe! to be a special plea in bar. which happens rl&ere a nran bas cione sorne act, or execuied some cieeii. rvhich esrops

or preciudes him from averring any thing to tile contrary" 3 Cora. 308. Esioppels are cldious in laq,; I Serg. & q. 444; theyare not admitted in equiry agaicst the fiuth. Id. 442" Nor can jurors be estopped fiom sayi*g the truth" because the3r are

swom to do so, atrthough they are estopped from finding against the admission af tire parties in their pleadings. 2 Rep. 4;Saik. 276; B. N. P. 298; 2 Barn. & Ald.662; Angei on Water Courses" 228-9. See Co" Litt. 352. a, b, 35 tr, a notes. 2. Anestoppei rnay, atise eittier frorn rnatter ofrecord: frofi the deed ofthe party; or f,rom maftsr in Pays; that is, rnatter of fact.3. Thus, atry confession or adruission rnade in pleading. ifl a court ofrecord, rvhether it be express, or irriplied f,rom

pleading over u,ithout a traverse, r,r,ill forever preciude the parf ffom afterq,ards coniesting the same fact in any

suhsequent suit n'ith his adversa{,s. Corn. Dig. Estoppei, .A i. This is an estoppel b,v matter of record. 4. As an instance ofan esroppel by deed, may be rnentioned the case of a bond reciting a certain fact, The par[' executing that bond, will tiepre*ludeC from a{ter'r'ards denying in any action brought upon that instrument, the fa+t, so reEi{ed. 5 Barn- & Ald. 682. 5.

An example of an estoppel by matter in pa1's occurs when one rnan has accepted rent of another. Fle rvill be estopped ircima{terq,ards. den5ri6g, in any action, with that perso!}, that he uas, at the tirne of such acceptance, his tenant. Com, Dig.Estoppei" A 3 Co. Li:tt" 352, a, 5. This doctrine of isq, gives rise to a kind of plea,4ing that is nei-Jrer by rvay of traverse. norconfession. and avoidance: viz. a pieading, ihat, wair.ing any question offaci, relies merely on the estoppel, and, a{terstating the previo-.rs act, aiiegation, or deniatr, of the opposite party, prays judgrnent, if he shatrl be received or admitted toaver contrary to rr'trat he before did or sa;d. This pleading is called pleading by v,ay of estoppel. Steph. 240a 7. Ever,vestoppel or:ght to be reciprocal, thal is, to bind i:roth parties: acd this is the reason that regularly a stranger shall neithertale advantage or be bound by an estoppel. Xt shoutrd be directly affimlative, and not by inference nor against ar, estcppel.Cc. Lit" 352, a, b; 1 R* 442-3; 9 Serg. & R.. 371,430;4 Yeaies'38 t Serg. &K.444; Com. Dig. Estoppel, C 3 Johns. Cas.101;2 Johns. R. 382; I W. & S. 135;2I'4u-rph.57l 4 Mont" 370. Frivies in blood, privies in estate. and privies in law, arebound by, and may take advantage of estoppels. Co. Lin. 352; 2 S*g. & R"aw'tre, 509; 6 Day, R. 88. See the foliou'ingcases relating to esioppeis b,v; Mattet of record: 4 Mass. R." 625; i S Mass. R. i 55; &{uni. R.. 455; 3 East, R.. 354; 2 Earn" &Ald. 352, 971;, 17 Mass. R. 365: Giln. R. 235; 5 Esp. R.. 58; I Show. 47 3 East, R.- 346. h4atter of ra,riting: 12 Johns. R"347; 5 Mass. R. 395; trd.286;6 h4ass. R.421; 3 John. Cas.1741'5 John. R.4E9; 2 Caines'R.320; 3 Johns. R.331; 14.Iolrns. R. 193: Id. 224:.1,7 Joius- Ft. 151: \\/illes, R-. 9, 25: 5 Binn. R-. 59; I Call, R" 429; 6 Munf. F-. i2Cr; I Esp. R" 89; trd"

i 59; Id. 217; tr Mass. it. 219. Ir4aiter in pa),s: 4 Mass. R-. tr 81: trd. 273 15 Mass" R.. l8: 2 Bl. R. 1259; 1 T. R. ?60" n.; 3 T.R. trA; 5 T. R.62;4 Mr-enf. I24:6 Esp. R.2A;2 \res" 236;2 Camp. R. 844; i Stark. [i.. i92. Arrd see, in general, i0 \rin"Abr. 47A. tit. Estoppel; Bac. Abr. Pleas. i I i; Coin" Dig. Estoppel; Id. Pleader, S 5r ,Arch. Civ. Pi. 218: Doct. Fi" 255;Stark. Ev. pi.2,p.206,3C2; pt.4, p. 30; 2 Smith's Lead. Cas. 417-46A. Vide Term.

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