estuaries maia p. mcguire, phd marine extension agent
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EstuariesEstuaries
Maia P. McGuire, PhDMarine Extension
Agent
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A partially enclosed body of water formed where fresh water from rivers and streams mixes
with salty water from the ocean.
What is an Estuary?
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Why are estuaries important?
They are very productive ecosystems which provide
habitats for wildlife
• To find shelter• To find food
• As breeding grounds
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Salt marsh
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Mangroves
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Oyster bars
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Mud flats
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Beach and open water
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Horseshoe crab
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Blue crab
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Fiddler crab
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White shrimp
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Striped hermit crab
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Jellyfish & comb jellies
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Moon snail
Ribbed mussel
Crown conch
Marsh periwinkl
e
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Spinner
Scalloped hammerhead
Bonnethead
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Butterfly ray
Stingray
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Estuaries provide:
• Water filtration• Flood control
• Recreational enjoyment
How do estuaries benefit humans?
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• Water filtration
Water draining off the uplands through salt marsh has much of the sediment and nutrients filtered out. This filtration process creates cleaner and clearer water.
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• Flood control:
Wetlands absorb flood waters and dissipate storm surges.
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• Recreational enjoyment:People love estuaries for their beauty and for fishing, swimming, boating, diving, wildlife viewing, hunting, learning, and working.
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• Accidental and deliberate actions
Human Impacts on Coastal Environments
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• Ballast water • Release of aquarium
specimens• Deliberate introduction of
plants• Introduction of plants by birds
etc.
Introduced/exotic species
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• Direct competition with local species– Native species may be displaced
• Habitat modification• Health impacts on wildlife and
humans
Problems with exotics
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• Some red tide algae• Brazilian pepper• Walking catfish • Zebra mussel • Green mussels• Lionfish
Examples of introduced species
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• Alteration of water flow patterns– Agricultural use– Residential/drinking water use– Flood control
• Filling of wetlands for construction and pest control (mosquito)
• As human population grows, so does stress on coastal areas
Habitat modification
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• As percent increase from 1990-2000
– Nassau County— 31%– Duval County—16%– St. Johns County—47%– Flagler County—74%
– Florida average—24%
Local population growth
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• Almost 60% of Florida’s freshwater marshlands have been destroyed since 1936 (mostly in the Kissimmee-Everglades region)
• About 30% of the remaining natural areas in Florida (upland and wetland) are protected
Wetland losses
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• Filling for construction– Alters drainage patterns– Removes habitats– May isolate wetland areas – May introduce sediment into
coastal areas
Physical alteration of wetlands
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• Misuse/overapplication of fertilizers
• Use of wetland areas as biofilters
• Acid rain• Runoff from
urban/agricultural areas– Pesticides– Petroleum
Chemical alteration of wetland areas
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Point-source vs. non point-source pollution
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• 51% of oil entering the oceans comes from runoff– 5% is from big spills– 19% is from routine maintenance– 2% is from offshore drilling– 13% is from burning fuels (e.g.
car exhaust)– 10% is from natural seeps
Oil pollution
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• The typical American discards 5 lbs of garbage per day– 40% is paper– 17.5% is yard waste– 8.5% is metals– 8% is plastic– 7% is glass
Duval county = 311,000 lbs of plastic per day
Trash in the coastal environment
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Fishing line/rope/nets
Balloons/plastic bags
Bottles/containers
Plastics
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…what you can do to help protect the coastal environment
Is It All Hopeless?
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• Pay attention to labels and what you put down the drain– Dispose of hazardous materials
properly– Call the county solid waste
department if you are unsure how to dispose of something safely
At home
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• In the garden– Read and follow instructions on
fertilizers and pesticides; use natural methods as much as possible
– Use mulch to reduce the need to water
– Use native, drought-tolerant plants
– Use sprinklers conservatively
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• When working on the car– Most fluids that come out of
the car are hazardous—take them to a recycling center (auto shop)
– Repair leaks promptly– Do not wash oil/gas/antifreeze
into the street—absorb spills using kitty litter or special oil absorbing pads
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• Know the environment– Don’t run aground/avoid shallow water– Observe speed limits and no wake zones
• Fuel responsibly– Don’t overfill—spilled gas will go straight
into the estuary
– Don’t discharge bilge water into the estuary unless you have an oil-absorbing product in your bilge
When boating
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• Dispose of wastes properly– Collect garbage on the boat and dispose of
it when you return to shore– Use pumpouts
•Clean your boat responsibly–Use small amounts of biodegradable soap or use natural cleaners–Don’t let paint chips get into the water
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• Don’t leave monofilament fishing line in the environment– Cut it into small pieces and
put it in the garbage– Look for monofilament
recycling stations
When fishing
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• When visiting coastal areas, pick up garbage that you see, especially plastics
• Participate in organized cleanup events/volunteer
• Try to avoid trampling vegetated areas (dunes, saltmarsh)
• Don’t feed wild birds/animals• Educate others
Do your part