ete411 lec14
DESCRIPTION
Lecture on Introduction of Semiconductor at North South University as the undergraduate course (ETE411)=======================Dr. Mashiur RahmanAssistant ProfessorDept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceNorth South University, Dhaka, Bangladeshhttp://mashiur.biggani.orgTRANSCRIPT
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ETE411 :: Lec14
Dr. Mashiur Rahman
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Contact
1. Rectifying contacts
2. Nonrectifying contacts (Ohmic contact)
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Nonrectifying contacts (Ohmic contact)
Before contact After contact
Metal-n-semiconductor junction for Фm < Фs
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Schotkey BarrierOhmic contact
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Tunneling barrier
The space charge width in a rectifying metal semiconductor contact is universally proportional to the square root of the semiconductor doping. The width of the depletion region decrease as the doping concentration in the semiconductor increases.
Energy-band diagram of a heavily doped n-semiconductor-to-metal junction
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Voltage applied
Positive voltage applied to the metal Positive voltage applied to the semiconductor
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Ohmic contact :: metal –p -semiconductor
(not included in the course)
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Example 9.7 (page 347)
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Transport mechanisms
Transport mechanisms at metal–semiconductor junctions. (1) Thermionic emission (‘above’ the barrier) (2) tunneling (‘through’ the barrier), (3) recombination in the depletion layer, (4) hole injection from metal
Forward bias
S. M. Sze : Physics of semiconductor Devices (page 254)
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Transport of electrons from the semiconductor over the potential barrier into the metal. Dominent process for Schottky diodes with moderately doped semicondutor (Si with ND ≤1017cm-3) operated at moderate temperature (room temp.).
Thermionic emission
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tunneling (‘through’ the barrier)
Quantum-mechanical tunneling of electrons through the barrier (important for heavily doped semiconductors and responsible for most ohmic contacts).
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recombination in the depletion layer
Recombination in the space-charge region identical to the recombination process in a p-n junction.
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hole injection from metal
Hole injection from the metal to the semiconductor Recombination in the neutral region.
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Various metal-semiconductor device structure
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S. M. Sze : Physics of semiconductor Devices (page 297)
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Chapter 10
The Bipolar Transistor
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History
• Bardeen, Brattain & Shockley
– 1948 : Invented the transistor
– 1956 : Received Nobel
• Post war effort to replace vacuum tube.
• They used Germanium: it was possible to obtain high purity material.
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Block diagrams and circuit symbols
++ = Heavily doped+= moderately doped
Bipolar: its operation involves both type of mobile carriers –electrons & holes.
n++ n n
npn pnp
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Doping profile
nn++
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Conventional ICs
Conventional npn transistor An oxide-isolated npn bipolar transistor
From Muller and Kamins
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Forward active operating mode
1. Electron injected: E → B2. Create excess concentration of minority carrier3. Diffuse across the base region: B → C4. Electric field will swap the electrons into the collector.
n++ n
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Minority carrier distribution
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Energy band diagram