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Ethical, Legal, and Societal Implications of New Weapons Technologies A Bibliography 1 Maj Gen (Ret) Robert Latiff, Ph.D. Reilly Center for Science, Technology, and Values University of Notre Dame Don Howard, Ph.D. Professor of Philosophy and Reilly Center for Science, Technology, and Values University of Notre Dame Introduction This selective bibliography has been compiled for use in conjunction with the presentation, “Ethical, Societal, and Legal Implications of New Weapons Technologies.” It does not pretend to offer a comprehensive bibliography for all issues raised in the presentation or the report on which the presentation is based, Emerging and Readily Available Technologies and National Security A Framework for Addressing Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues. But 2 the bibliography does include all items explicitly cited in the presentation and most of the items cited in the report, along with some additional readings that are relevant to the issues addressed and might be of value to presenters as well as to researchers, teachers, students, and the general public, these chiefly drawn from the notes and files of the authors of the presentation. Copyright © 2015 by National Academy of Sciences. 1 Committee on Ethical and Societal Implications of Advances in Militarily Significant 2 Technologies that are Rapidly Changing and Increasingly Globally Accessible; National Research Council; National Academy of Engineering. Emerging and Readily Available Technologies and National Security A Framework for Addressing Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues. (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2014).

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Page 1: Ethical, Legal, and Societal Implications of New Weapons ...reilly.nd.edu/assets/169559/elsi_in_weapons_r_d_bibliography_final... · Ethical, Legal, and Societal Implications of New

Ethical, Legal, and Societal Implications of New Weapons Technologies

A Bibliography1

Maj Gen (Ret) Robert Latiff, Ph.D.Reilly Center for Science, Technology, and ValuesUniversity of Notre Dame

Don Howard, Ph.D.Professor of Philosophy andReilly Center for Science, Technology, and ValuesUniversity of Notre Dame

Introduction

This selective bibliography has been compiled for use in conjunction with the presentation,“Ethical, Societal, and Legal Implications of New Weapons Technologies.” It does notpretend to offer a comprehensive bibliography for all issues raised in the presentation or thereport on which the presentation is based, Emerging and Readily Available Technologiesand National Security A Framework for Addressing Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues. But2

the bibliography does include all items explicitly cited in the presentation and most of theitems cited in the report, along with some additional readings that are relevant to the issuesaddressed and might be of value to presenters as well as to researchers, teachers,students, and the general public, these chiefly drawn from the notes and files of the authorsof the presentation.

Copyright © 2015 by National Academy of Sciences.1

Committee on Ethical and Societal Implications of Advances in Militarily Significant2

Technologies that are Rapidly Changing and Increasingly Globally Accessible; NationalResearch Council; National Academy of Engineering. Emerging and Readily AvailableTechnologies and National Security A Framework for Addressing Ethical, Legal, andSocietal Issues. (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2014).

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Ethical, Legal, and Societal Implications of New Weapons TechnologiesA Bibliography Page 2______________________________________________________________________

General Readings

Thomas K. Adams. “Future Warfare and the Decline of Human Decisionmaking.”Parameters: The US Army War College Quarterly Winter (2001-2002), 57-71.

Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. Part I, Ethics of Human SubjectsResearch: A Historical Perspective. Final Report. Washington, DC: US GovernmentPrinting Office, 1995.

H.K. Beecher. “Ethics and Clinical Research.” New England Journal of Medicine 274:24(1996),1354-1360.

Stewart Brand. “Is Technology Moving Too Fast?” Time. June 19, 2000.

Steven J. Breckler. “The IRB Problem.” Monitor on Psychology 37:2 (2006), 21.

John Brennan. “The Efficacy and Ethics of U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy.” Lecturre.Wilson Center, Washington, DC, April 30, 2012.(http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-efficacy-andethics-us-counterterrorism-strategy)

Bernard Brodie and Fawn M. Brodie. From Crossbow to H-Bomb: The Evolution of theWeapons and Tactics of Warfare. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1973.

Jacob Bronowski. Science and Human Values. Rev. ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1956.

George Casey. Future Soldier 2030 Initiative: Future Soldiers Need to Own the Fight. U.S.Army Natick Soldier RD&E Center. February 2009.

The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The National Military Strategy of the UnitedStates: A Strategy for Today; A Vision for Tomorrow. 2004.

David Collingridge. The Social Control of Technology. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980.

Committee on Ethical and Societal Implications of Advances in Militarily SignificantTechnologies that are Rapidly Changing and Increasingly Globally Accessible;National Research Council; National Academy of Engineering. Emerging and ReadilyAvailable Technologies and National Security A Framework for Addressing Ethical,Legal, and Societal Issues. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2014.

Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, National Academy of Sciences,National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. On Being a Scientist:

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A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research, 3 . ed. Washington DC: Nationalrd

Academies Press, 2009.

Janine Davidson. “The Warrior Ethos at Risk: H.R. McMaster’s Remarkable Veterans DaySpeech.” Defense in Depth. Council on Foreign Relations, November 18, 2014.(http://blogs.cfr.org/davidson/2014/11/18/the-warrior-ethos-at-risk-h-r-mcmasters-remarkable-veterans-day-speech/)

Michael Davis. “Defining Engineering: How to Do It and Why It Matters.” Journal ofEngineering Education 85 (April 1996), 97-101.

Defense Science Board. The Defense Science Board 1999 Summer Study Task Force on21st Century Defense Technology Strategies, Vol. 1. U.S. Department of Defense,1999. (http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA433941)

Department of Defense. Sustaining US Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st CenturyDefense. January, 2012.

John Dickerson. “A Marine General at War: Gen. James Mattis Thinks about When, andHow, American Troops Should Put Their Lives at Risk.” Slate.com. April 22, 2010.(http://www.slate.com/articles/life/risk/2010/04/a_marine_general_at_war.html)

Larry Downes. The Laws of Disruption: Harnessing the New Forces that Govern Life andBusiness in the Digital Age. New York: Basic Books, 2009.

Harold Edgar and David Rothman. “New Rules for New Drugs: The Challenge of AIDS tothe Regulatory Process.” Milbank Quarterly 68 (Supplement 1) (1990), 111-142.

Tischelle George. “Say Hello to Your Friend, the Chief Privacy Officer.” InformationWeek.com. May 14, 2001. (http://www.informationweek.com/837/ethics_cpo.htm)

Government Accountability Office. 9/11 Anniversary Observations on TSA’s Progress andChallenges in Strengthening Aviation Security. GAO-12-1024T, Washington, D.C.,2012. (http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-1024T)

Dave Grossman. On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society,Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1995.

C.K. Gunsalus, et al. The Illinois White Paper: Improving the System for ProtectingHumanSubjects—Counteracting IRB “Mission Creep.” Thousand Oaks, CA: SagePublications, 2007.

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Richard P. Hallion. Precision Guided Munitions and the New Era of Warfare. Air PowerStudies Centre. APSC Paper Number 53. 1995.

Charles E. Harris , et al.. Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases, 5 ed. Boston, MA:th

Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2014.

Daniel R. Headrick. Technology: A World History. New York: Oxford University Press,2009.

International Committee of the Red Cross. A Guide to the Legal Review of NewWeapons,Means and Methods of Warfare: Measures to Implement Article 36 ofAdditional Protocol I of 1977. Geneva, January 2006.

Jay Katz. “The Consent Principle of the Nuremberg Code: Its Significance Then and Now.”In The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in HumanExperimentation. George J. Annas and Michael A. Grodin, eds. New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 1992, 227-239.

Daniel J. Kevles. “The National Science Foundation and the Debate over PostwarResearch Policy, 1942-1945: A Political Interpretation of Science—The EndlessFrontier.” Isis 68:1 (1997), 5-26.

Daniel J. Kevles. The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.

David Koplow. Death by Moderation: The U.S. Military’s Quest for Useable Weapons.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Susan E. Lederer. “Research Without Borders: The Origins of the Declaration of Helsinki.”In Twentieth Century Ethics of Human Subjects Research: Historical Perspectiveson Values, Practices, and Regulations. Volker Roelcke and Giovanni Maio, eds.Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004 199-217.

James P. Lester. Environmental Politics and Policy: Theories and Evidence. Durham, NC:Duke University Press, 1995.

David E. Liddle. “The Wider Impact of Moore’s Law.” Journal of Solid State Circuits 11:5(September 2006), 28-30.

Patrick Lin. “Ethical Blowback from Emerging Technologies.” Journal of Military Ethics 9:4(2010), 313-331.

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Paul Lucier. “The Professional and the Scientist in Nineteenth-Century America.” Isis 100:4(2009), 699-732.

Army Sgt. 1st Class Tyrone C. Marshall Jr. “Military Technological Superiority NotAssured,” American Forces Press Service, Washington, January 17, 2014.

Daniel A. Mazmanian and Jeanne Nienaber Clarke. Can Organizations Change?Environmental Protection, Citizen Participation, and the Corps of Engineers. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1979.

R. Shep Melnick. Regulation and the Courts: The Case of the Clean Air Act. Washington,DC: Brookings Institution, 1983.

James H. Moor. “What Is Computer Ethics?” In Computers and Ethics. Terrell WardBynum, ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1985, 266-275. (Published as the October 1985 issueof Metaphilosophy.)

James H. Moor. “Reason, Relativity, and Responsibility in Computer Ethics.” Computersand Society 28:1 (1998), 14-21.

James H. Moor. “Why We Need Better Ethics for Emerging Technologies.” Ethics andInformation Technology 7 (2005), 111–119.

Jonathan D. Moreno and Susan E. Lederer. “Revising the History of Cold War ResearchEthics.” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 6:3 (1996), 223-237.

National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine.Responsible Science, 2 vols. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1992-1993.

National Conference of Catholic Bishops. The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and OurResponse. A Pastoral Letter on War and Peace. Washington DC: United StatesConference of Catholic Bishops, 1983.

National Council of Churches. “God’s Earth is Sacred: An Open Letter to Church andSociety in the United States.” 2005. (http://www.ncccusa.org/news/14.02.05theologicalstatement.html)

National Human Genome Research Institute. “ELSI Research Program.” 2012.(http://www.genome.gov/10001618#al-1)

National Research Council. Protecting Participants and Facilitating Social and BehavioralSciences Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2003.

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National Research Council. Summary of a Workshop on Software Certification andDependability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2004.

National Research Council. Software for Dependable Systems: Sufficient Evidence?Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2007.

National Research Council. Public Participation in Environmental Assessment and DecisionMaking. Washignton, DC: The National Academies Press, 2008.

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Guidelines for Human EmbryonicStem Cell Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2005.

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Final Report of the NationalAcademies’ Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Advisory Committee and 2010Amendments to the National Academies’ Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem CellResearch. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010.

The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical andBehavioral Research. The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines for theProtection of Human Subjects of Research. DHEW Publication No. (OS) 78-0012.Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978.

National Science Foundation, Societal Dimensions of Engineering, Science andTechnology: Ethics and Values Studies Research on Science and Technology.Program Announcement. NSF 99-82, 1999. (http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1999/nsf9982/nsf9982.htm)

NSF, Science, Technology, and Society (STS). Program Solicitation. NSF 12-509, 2012.(http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2012/nsf12509/nsf12509.htm)

NSF, Ethics Education in Science and Engineering (EESE). Program Solicitation. NSF11-514, 2011. (http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2011/nsf11514/nsf11514.htm#toc)

Richard Michael O’Meara. Governing Military Technologies in the 21st Century: Ethics andOperations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

Brian Rappert. “Towards a Life Science Code: Countering the Threats from BiologicalWeapons.” Bradford Briefing Paper No. 13, September 2004.(http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc)

David J. Rothman. Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and BioethicsTransformed Medical Decision Making. New York: Basic Books, 1991.

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Thomas Sander. “Environmental Impact Statements and Their Lessons for Social CapitalAnalysis.” Manuscriopt. 1997.(http://www.hks.harvard.edu/saguaro/pdfs/sandereisandsklessons.pdf)

Taylor B. Seybolt, Jay D. Aronson, and Baruch Fischhoff, eds. Counting Civilian Casualties:An Introduction to Recording and Estimating Nonmilitary Deaths in Conflict. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2013.

Steven Shapin. The Scientific Life: A Moral History of a Late Modern Vocation. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2008.

P.W. Singer. “A World of Killer Apps.” Nature 477 (22 September 2011), 399-401.

Laura Stark. Behind Closed Doors: IRBs and the Making of Ethical Research. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2012.

Donald E. Stokes. Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation.Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1997.

Patrick L. Taylor. “Scientific Self-Regulation—So Good, How Can It Fail?” Science andEngineering Ethics 15:3 (2009), 395-406.

Richard Worthington, et al. Technology Assessment and Public Participation: From TA topTA. December 6, 2012.Expert and Citizen Assessment of Science and Technology(ECAST). (http://ecastnetwork.wordpress.com/technology-assessmentand-public-participation-from-ta-to-pta/)

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Sources of Insight

Anticipatory Governance and Adaptive Planning

Daniel Barben, et al. “Anticipatory Governance of Nanotechnology: Foresight, Engagement,and Integration.” In The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, 3 ed.rd

Edward J. Hackett, et al., eds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008, 979-1000.

Lawrence E. McCray, Kenneth A. Oye, and Arthur C. Petersen. “Planned Adaptation inRisk Regulation: An Initial Survey of U.S. Environmental, Health, and SafetyRegulation.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 77 (2010), 951-959.

Warren E. Walker, S. Adnan Rahman, and Jonathan Cave. “Adaptive Policies, PolicyAnalysis, and Policy-Making.” European Journal of Operational Research 128:2(2001), 282-289.

Ethics

Roberta M. Berry, Jason Borenstein, and Robert J. Butera. “Contentious Problems inBioscience and Biotechnology: A Pilot Study of an Approach to Ethics Education.”Science and Engineering Ethics 19:2 (June 2013), 653-668.

Mildred K. Cho et al. “Strangers at the Benchside: Research Ethics Consultation.” AmericanJournal of Bioethics 8:3 (2008), 4-13.

Christopher Coker. Ethics and War in the 21 Century. London: Routledge, 2008.st

Shannon French. Code of the Warrior: Exploring Warrior Values Past and Present.Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003.

Henry T. Greely. “Neuroethics and ELSI: Similarities and Differences.” Minnesota Journalof Law, Science & Technology 7:2 (2006), 599-637.

Michael Ignatieff. The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in the Age of Terror. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 2004.

D.G. Johnson. “The Role of Ethics in Science and Engineering.” Trends in Biotechnology28:12 (Decembeer 2010), :589-590.

George R. Lucas. “Legal and Ethical Precepts Governing Emerging Military Technologies:Research and Use.” Amsterdam Law Forum 6:1 (2014), 23-33.

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Federica Lucivero, Tsjalling Swierstra, and Marianne Boenink. “Assessing Expectations:Towards a Toolbox for an Ethics of Emerging Technologies.” Nanoethics 5(2011),129–141.

Tim Maine, Jon Brachle, and Art Arago. “Ethics and the Advancement of MilitaryTechnology.” In The Ethical Imperative in the Context of Evolving Technologies. DanMcIntosh , et al., eds. Boulder, CO: Ethica Publishing, [2007], 113-124.

Inmaculada de Melo-Martín. “Developing a Research Ethics Consultation Service to FosterResponsive and Responsible Clinical Research.” Academic Medicine 82:9 (2007),900-904.

Carl Mitcham, ed. Encyclopedia of Science Technology and Ethics. Detroit, MI: MacmillanReference, 2005.

National Academy of Engineering. Ethics Education and Scientific and EngineeringResearch: What’s Been Learned? What Should Be Done? Summary of a Workshop.Rachelle Hollander and Carol R. Arenberg, eds. Washington, DC: The NationalAcademies Press, 2009.

Tony Pfaff. Resolving Ethical Challenges in an Era of Persistent Conflict. ProfessionalMilitary Ethics Monograph Series, no. 3. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute,U.S. Army War College, 2011.

Mary Rundle and Chris Conley. Ethical Implications of Emerging Technologies: A Survey.UNESCO. Information for All Programme (IFAP). Paris: UNESCO, 2007.

Russ Shafer Landau. The Fundamentals of Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press,2010.

Daniel Vallero. Biomedical Ethics for Engineers : Ethics and Decision Making in Biomedicaland Biosystems Engineering. Boston: Academic Press, 2007.

Just War Theory, Law of Armed Conflct, and International Humanitarian Law

Braden R. Allenby. “Are new technologies undermining the laws of war?” Bulletin of theAtomic Scientists 70:1 (2014), 21-31.

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Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologiae. 5 vols. Laurence Shapcote, John Mortensen, and Enrique Alarcón, eds. and trans. Lander, WY: The Aquinas InstituteAquinas Institutefor the Study of Sacred Doctrine, 2012.

Augustine of Hippo. The City of God Against the Pagans. R. W. Dyson, trans. New York:Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Antonio A. Bouvior. International Humanitarian Law and the Law of Armed Conflict, 2 ed.nd

Williamsburg, VA: Peace Operations Training Institute, 2012.

Jean Bethke Elshtain. Just War in the Age of Terror. New York: Basic Books, 2003.

Aaron Fichtelberg. “Applying the Rules of Just War Theory to Engineers in the ArmsIndustry.” Science and Engineering Ethics 12 (2006), 685-700.

J. Bryan Hehir. “The Just War Ethic: Protecting the Global Common Good.” In Pursuing theGlobal Common Good: Principle and Practice in U.S. Foreign Policy. Sally Steenland, et al., eds. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, 2007, 17-29.

Hugo Grotius. On the Law of War and Peace. Stephen C. Neff, ed. New York: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2012.

International Committee on the Red Cross. “International Humanitarian Law andInternational Human Rights Law: Similarities and Differences.” 2003. (https://www.icrc.org/en/download/file/1402/ihl-and-ihrl.pdf)

International Committee on the Red Cross. “What Is the Difference Between HumanitarianLaw and Human Rights Law?” 2004. (http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/5kzmuy.htm)

Karl A. Kaszuba. “Military Technology: Has It Changed the Rules of Warfare?”AU/AWC/RWP103/97-04. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL, April 1997.

Robert Kolb. “The Relationship Between International Humanitarian Law and Human RightsLaw: A Brief History of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the1949 Geneva Conventions.” International Review of the Red Cross No. 324,September 30, 1998. (http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jpg2.htm)

Francis Lieber, LL.D. Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in theField. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1898.

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Nils Melzer. Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities underInternational Humanitarian Law. Geneva, Switzerland: International Committee of theRed Cross, 2009. (http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/icrc-002-0990.pdf)

William Nolte. “Just War, Ethics, and Terror. Intelligence In Recent Public Literature.”Studies in Intelligence 48, no 4. 2004. (https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol48no4/nolte_interviews.html)

Brian Orend, “War.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2008 Ed. Edward N.Zalta, ed. (http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/war/)

W. Hays Parks. “Conventional Weapons and Weapons Reviews.” Yearbook ofInternational Humanitarian Law 8 (2005), 55-142.

Marco Sassoli and Laura Olson. “The Relationship Between International Humanitarian andHuman Rights Law Where it Matters: Admissible Killing and Internment of Fightersin Non-International Armed Conflicts.” International Review of the Red Cross90:871(September 2008), 599-627. (http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc-871-sassoliolsen.pdf)

.Thomas C. Schelling and Morton H. Halperin. Strategy and Arms Control. Washington, DC:

Pergamon Brassey’s, 1985.

Michael N. Schmitt. “Targeting and International Humanitarian Law in Afghanistan.” NavalWar College International Law Studies 85 (2009), 307-339.

Michael Schmitt, Charles H.B. Garraway, and Yoram Dinstein. The Manual on the Law ofNon-International Armed Conflict: With Commentary. Sanremo, Italy: InternationalInstitute of Humanitarian Law, 2006. (http://www.iihl.org/iihl/Documents/The%20Manual%20on%20the%20Law%20of%20NIAC.pdf)

Gary D. Solis. The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War. NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Daniel E. Soller. Operational Ethics: Just War and Implications for Contemporary AmericanWarfare. Fort Levenworth, KS: School of Advanced Military Studies. United StatesArmy Command and General Staff College, 2002-2003.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights. “Fact Sheet No. 13:International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights.” July 1991. (http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet13en.pdf)

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United Nations Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights. International LegalProtection of Human Rights in Armed Conflict. 2011. HR/PUB/11/01. New York andGeneva: United Nations, 2011. (http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4ee9f8782.html)

Michael Walzer. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, 4th

ed. New York: Basic Books, 2006.

Kenneth Watkin. “Controlling the Use of Force: A Role for Human Rights Norms inContemporary Armed Conflict.” American Journal of International Law 98:1 (2004),1-34.

John C. Yoo and James C. Ho. “The Status of Terrorists.” Virginia Journal of InternationalLaw 44 (2003), 207-228.

Precautionary Principle and Cost-Benefit Analysis

Ragnar E. Löfstedt, Baruch Fischhoff, and Ilya Fischhoff. “Precautionary Principles:General Definitions and Specific Applications to Genetically Modified Organisms(GMOs).” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 21:3 (2002), 381-407.

Risk Communication

Terrence L. Albrecht, et al. “Studying the Process of Clinical Communication: Issues ofContext, Concepts, and Research Directions.” Journal of Health Communication 14(Supplement 1) (January 2009), 47-56.

David V. Budescu, Stephen Broomell, and Han-Hui Por. “Improving Communication ofUncertainty in the Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.”Psychological Science 20:8 (2009), 299-308.

Philip Campbell. “Understanding the Receivers and the Reception of Science’s UncertainMessages.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical,Physical, and Engineering Sciences 369 (2011), 4891-4912.

Thomas Dietz and Paul C. Stern, eds. Public Participation in EnvironmentalAssessmentand Decision Making. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press,2008.

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Baruch Fischhoff. “Risk Perception and Communication.” In Oxford Textbook of PublicHealth, 5th ed. R. Detels, et al., eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009,940-952.

Baruch Fischhoff. “Communicating the Risks of Terrorism (and Anything Else).” AmericanPsychologist 66:6 (2011), 520-531.

Baruch Fischhoff, Noel T. Brewer, and Julie S. Downs, eds. Communicating Risks andBenefits: An Evidence-Based User’s Guide, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Food and DrugAdministration, 2011.

Baruch Fischhoff and Dietram A. Scheufele, eds. The Science of Science Communication.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (Supplement 3) (2013),14031-14032.

Dedre Gentner and Albert Stevens, eds. Mental Models. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum,1983.

Melissa Janoske, Brooke Liu, and Ben Sheppard. “Understanding Risk CommunicationBest Practices: A Guide for Emergency Managers and Communicators,” Report toHuman Factors/Behavioral Sciences Division, Science and Technology Directorate.College Park, MD: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2012. (http://www.start.umd.edu/start/publications/UnderstandingRiskCommunicationBestPractices.pdf)

J.C. McCroskey. “Scales for the Measurement of Ethos.” Speech Monographs 33 (1966), 65-72.

Saar Mollen, Rajiv N. Rimal, and Maria Knight Lapinski. “What Is Normative in HealthCommunication Research on Norms? A Review and Recommendations for FutureScholarship.” Health Communication 25 (6-7 September 2010), 544-547.

M. Granger Morgan, et al. Risk Communication: A Mental Models Approach. New York:Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Robin L. Nabi. “A Cognitive-Functional Model for the Effects of Discrete Negative Emotionson Information Processing, Attitude Change, and Recall.” Communication Theory 9:3(2006), 292-320.

National Research Council. Improving Risk Communication. Washington, DC: The NationalAcademies Press, 1989.

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Raymond S. Nickerson. “How We Know—and Sometimes Misjudge—What Others Know.”Psychological Bulletin 125:6 (1999), 737-759.

Mary C. Politi, Paul K.J. Han, and Nananda F. Col. “Communicating the Uncertainty ofHarms and Benefits of Medical Procedures.” Medical Decision Making 27:5(September-October 2007), 681-695.

Rajiv N. Rimal and A. Dawn Adkins. “Using Computers to Narrowcast Health Messages:The Role of Audience Segmentation, Targeting, and Tailoring in Health Promotion.”In Handbook of Health Communication. T.L. Thompson, et al., eds. Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003, 497-514.

Charles Salmon and Charles Atkin. “Using Media Campaigns for Health Promotion.” 2 InHandbook of Health Communication. T.L. Thompson, et al., eds. Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003, 63-284.

Paul Slovic. The Perception of Risk. London: Earthscan, 2000.

Monique Mitchell Turner. “Using Emotion in Risk Communication: The Anger-ActivismModel.” Public Relations Review 33 (2007), 114-119.

Kim Witte. “Putting the Fear Back into Fear Appeals: The Extended Parallel ProcessModel.” Communication Monographs 59 (1992), 329-349.

Social and Behavioral Sciences

Scott Atran, Robert Axelrod, and Richard Davis. “Sacred Barriers to ConflictResolution.”Science 317:5841 (2007), 1039-1040.

Tessa Baker and Sarah Canna. The Neurobiology of Political Violence: New Tools, NewInsights, A Strategic Multilayer Assessment Workshop. December 1-2, 2010.Prepared for: JS/J-3/DDGO, STRATCOM J9, OSD/DDRE/RRTO, & DARPA, NIH,CJCS, DRDC, UK MOD, DOJ NIJ, NSF, OSTP. (http://nsiteam.com/scientist/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/U_Neurobiology-of-Political-Violence-Dec10-Final-Approved-for-Release-5.31.11.pdf)

Canadian Standards Association. Risk management–Principles and GuidelinesCAN/CSA-ISO 31000-10 (Adopted ISO 31000:2009). Ottawa, Ontario: CanadianStandards Association, 2009.

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Steven Casey. Set Phasers on Stun: And Other True Tales of Design, Technology, andHuman Error. New York: Aegean, 1993.

James R. Chiles. Inviting Disaster: Lessons from the Edge of Technology. New York:Harper Collins, 2002.

Jessie Y.C. Chen, et al. Robot Interface: Issues in Operator Performance, Interface Design,and Technologies. Army Research Laboratory, 2006. (http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA451379)

Daniel Druckman. “Nationalism, Patriotism, and Group Loyalty: A Social PsychologicalPerspective.” Mershon International Studies Review 38 (1994), 43-68.

Baruch Fischhoff. Risk Analysis and Human Behavior. Oxford: Routledge/Earthscan, 2011.

Baruch Fischhoff and John Kadvany. Risk: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2011.

Paul M. Fitts, ed. Psychological Research and Equipment Design. Washington, DC: U.S.Government Printing Office, 1947.

Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz. Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy.London: Kluwer, 1990.

Peter A. Hancock. Human Performance and Ergonomics: Perceptual and CognitivePrinciples. New York: Academic Press, 1999.

HM Treasury. Managing Risks to the Public: Appraisal Guidance. Lodon: Her Majesty’sStationary Office, 2005.

Ronald A. Howard. “Knowledge Maps.” Management Science 35 (1989), 903-922.

Sheldon Krimsky and Dominic Golding. Social Theories of Risk. New York: Praeger, 1992.

Albert L. Kubala. Final Report: Human Factors Research in Military Organizations andSystems. Human Resources Research Organization, Alexandria, Va., 1979.(http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a077339.pdf)

Stephan Lewandowsky et al. “Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence andSuccessful Debiasing.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13:3 (2012),106-131.

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Stanley Milgram. Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper and Row, 1974.

M. Granger Morgan, Max Henrion, and Mitchell Small. Uncertainty: A Guide to DealingwithUncertainty in Quantitative Risk and Policy Analysis. New York: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1990.

Anna Mulrine. “Army Uses ‘Xena: Warrior Princess’ as Inspiration for New Body Armor forWomen.” Christian Science Monitor, July 9, 2012. (http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2012/0709/Army-uses-Xena-Warrior-Princess-asinspiration-for-new-body-armor-for-women)

National Research Council. Scientific Review of the Proposed Risk Assessment Bulletinfrom the Office of Management and Budget. Washington, DC: The NationalAcademies Press, 2006.

National Research Council. Intelligence Analysis for Tomorrow. Washington, DC: TheNational Academies Press, 2011.

Anthony O’ Hagan, et al. Uncertain Judgements: Eliciting Expert Probabilities. Chichester,England: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.

George Perkovich. “Managing Ethical and Social Implications of Militarily SignificantTechnology: Lessons from Nuclear Technology and Drones.” Manuscript. 2012.

Charles Perrow. Normal Accidents: Living with High Risk Technologies. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 1999.

E.C. Poulton. Bias in Quantifying Judgment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989.

Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management. RiskAssessment and Risk Management in Regulatory Decision-Making. Final Report,vol. 2. 1997. (http://corpsriskanalysisgateway.us/data/docs/ref/Explore%20Resources/vol_2_comm_rpt.pdf)

Paul C. Stern and Harvey V. Fineberg, eds. Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in aDemocratic Society. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1996.

Eric Luis Uhlmann, et al. “The Motivated Use of Moral Principles.” Judgment and DecisionMaking 4:6 (2009), 476-491.

James E. Waller. Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing.London: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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Christopher D. Wickens, Sallie E. Gordon, and Yili Liu. An Introduction to Human FactorsEngineering. New York: Prentice-Hall, 2004.

Marianne Resslar Wilhelm. A Biomechanical Assessment of Female Body Armor. Ph.D.Dissertation. Wayne State University, 2003.

Michael S. Wogalter. The Handbook of Warnings. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2006.

Case Studies

Agent Orange

Le Cao Dai. Agent Orange in the Vietnam War: History and Consequences. Vietnam RedCross Society, 2000.

Institute of Medicine, Committee on the Disposition of the Air Force Health Study Board onPopulation Health and Public Health Practice. Disposition of the Air Force HealthStudy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006.

Institute of Medicine. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2010. Washington, DC: TheNational Academies Press, 2011.

Claus Jacob and Adam Walters. “Risk and Responsibility in Chemical Research: The Caseof Agent Orange.” HYLE – International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry 11:2 (2005), 147-166.

Edwin A. Martini. Agent Orange: History, Science and the Politics of Uncertainty. Amherst,MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2012.

Peter Sills. Toxic War: The Story of Agent Orange. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt UniversityPress, 2014.

Fred A. Wilcox. Scorched Earth: Legacies of Chemical Warfare in Vietnam. New York:Seven Stories Press, 2011.

Lewisite

Constance M. Pechura and David P. Rall, eds. Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects ofMustard Gas and Lewisite. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993.

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Joel A. Vilensky. Dew of Death: The Story of Lewisite, America’s World War I Weapon ofMass Destruction. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2005.

Synthetic Biology

Steven A. Benner and Michael A. Sismour. “Synthetic Biology.” Nature Reviews Genetics6:7 (2005), 533-543, 2005.

Paul Berg, et al. “Potential Biohazards of Recombinant DNA Molecules.” Science 185: 4148(1974), 303.

Paul Berg, et al., “Summary Statement of the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNAMolecules,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 72: 6(1975),1981-1984.

John Bergin. Synthetic Biology: Emerging Global Markets. BCC Research. November2011.

Joachim Boldt and Oliver Müller. “Newtons of the Leaves of Grass.” Nature Biotechnology26:4 (2008), 387-389.

Jeronimo Cello, Aniko V. Paul, and Eckard Wimmer. “Chemical Synthesis of PolioviruscDNA: Generation of Infectious Virus in the Absence of Natural Template.” Science297:5583 (2002),1016-1018.

Jennifer Chu. “A Safe and Simple Arsenic Detector. MIT Technology Review. January 25,2007. (http://www.technologyreview.com/news/407222/a-safe-and-simplearsenic-detector/)

Committee on Science, Technology, and Law Policy and Global Affairs, National Academyof Engineering. Positioning Synthetic Biology to Meet the Challenges of the 21st

Century. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2013.

Genya V. Dana, et al. “Four Steps to Avoid a Synthetic Biology Disaster.” Nature 483(2012), 29.

“Declaration of the Second International Meeting on Synthetic Biology.” Berkeley, CA. May29, 2006. (http://syntheticbiology.org/SB2Declaration.html)

Jessica S. Dymond et al. “Synthetic Chromosome Arms Function in Yeast and GeneratePhenotypic Diversity by Design.” Nature 477:7365 (2011), 471-476.

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Anthony C. Forster and George M. Church. “Toward Synthesis of a Minimal Cell.”Molecular Systems Biology 2:45 (2006). (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1681520/pdf/msb4100090.pdf)

Donald S. Fredrickson. The Recombinant DNA Controversy: A Memoir. Science, Politics,and the Public Interest 1974-1981. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2001.

Errol C. Friedberg. A Biography of Paul Berg: The Recombinant DNA ControversyRevisited. Singapore: World Scientific, 2014.

Daniel G. Gibson et al. “Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically SynthesizedGenome.” Science 329:5987 (2010), 52-56.

Amy Gutmann. “The Ethics of Synthetic Biology: Guiding Principles for EmergingTechnologies.” The Hastings Center Report 41:4 (2011), 17-22.

Sander Herfst et al. “Airborne Transmission of Influenza A/H5N1 Virus Between Ferrets.”Science 336: 6088 (2012),1534-1541.

Masaki Imai et al. “Experimental Adaptation of an Influenza H5 HA Confers RespiratoryDroplet Transmission to a Reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 Virus in Ferrets.” Nature 486(2012), 420-428.

David Koepsell. “On Genies and Bottles: Scientists’ Moral Responsibility and DangerousTechnology R&D.” Science and Engineering Ethics 16:1 (2010), 119-133.

The National Academies Keck Futures Initiative. Synthetic Biology: Building on Nature’sInspiration. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2010.

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Potential Risks and Benefits of Gain-of-Function Research: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: NationalAcademies Press, 2015.

Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. New Directions: The Ethics ofSynthetic Biology and Emerging Technologies. Washington, DC. December 2010.

Anne M. Ruffing. “Engineered Cyanobacteria: Teaching an Old Bug New Tricks.”Bioengeineer Bug 2:3 (May-June 2011),136-149.

Markus Schmidt, et al. “A Priority Paper for the Societal and Ethical Aspects of SyntheticBiology,” Systems and Synthetic Biology 3:1-4 (2009), 3-7.

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Lewis D. Solomon. Synthetic Biology: Science, Business, and Policy. New Brunswick, NJ:Transaction Publishers, 2011.

Jonathan B. Tucker and Raymond A. Zilinskas. “The Promise and Perils of SyntheticBiology.” The New Atlantis 12 (Spring 2006), 25-45.

Terrence M. Tumpey et al. “Characterization of the Reconstructed 1918 Spanish InfluenzaPandemic Virus.” Science 310:5745 (2005), 77-80.

Simon Wain-Hobson. “H5N1 Viral-Engineering Dangers Will Not Go Away.” Nature495:7442 (2013), 411.

Charles Weiner. “Drawing the Line in Genetic Engineering: Self-Regulation and PublicParticipation.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 44:2 (2001), 208-220.

Total Information Awareness

Shannon R. Anderson. “Total Information Awareness and Beyond: The Dangers of UsingData Mining Technology to Prevent Terrorism.” Bill of Rights Defense Committee,2004.

Ross W. Bellaby. The Ethics of Intelligence: A New Framework. New York: Routledge,2014.

John B. Chomeau and Anne C. Rudolph. “Ethical ‘Need to Knows’ for Intelligence Officers.” n.p.: Central Intelligence Agency, n.d.

Elliot D. Cohen. Mass Surveillance and State Control: The Total Information AwarenessProject. London and New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2010.

National Research Council. Committee on Technical and Privacy Dimensions of Informationfor Terrorism Prevention and Other National Goals. Protecting Individual Privacy inthe Struggle Against Terrorists: A Framework for Program Assessment. Washington,DC: National Academies Press, 2008.

Newton Lee. Counterterroism and Cybersecurity: Total Information Awareness, 2 ed. Newnd

York: Springer, 2015.

Specific Technologies

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Autonomous Systems

Ronald C. Arkin. “Governing Lethal Behavior: Embedding Ethics in a Hybrid Deliberative/Reactive Robot Architecture. PART I: Motivation and Philosophy.” In Proceedingsof the 3rd International Conference on Human Robot Interaction. New York: ACMPublishing, 2008, 121-128.

Peter Asaro. “Robots and Responsibility from a Legal Perspective.” In Proceedings of theIEEE 2007 International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Workshop onRoboEthics, April 14, 2007, Rome, Italy.

Clive Blount. “War at a Distance?—Some Thoughts for Airpower Practitioners.” Air PowerReview 14:2 (2011), 31-39.

Mark Campbell. “Intelligent Autonomy in Robotic Systems.” The Bridge 40:4 (Winter 2010),27-34.

Robert Charette. “The Rise of Robot Warriors.” IEEE Spectrum, June 25, 2009.(http://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics/military-robots/the-rise-of-robot-warriors)

Henry Hess. “Autonomous Systems and Synthetic Biology.” The Bridge 40:4 (Winter 2010),51-56.

Patrick Lin. “Robots, Ethics & War.” CIS: The Center for Internet and Society. December15, 2010. (http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2010/12/robots-ethics-war)

Patrick Lin, George Bekey, and Keith Abney. Autonomous Military Robotics: Risk, Ethics,and Design. California Polytechnic State University. San Luis Obispo, CA, 2008.

Gary E. Marchant , et al. “International Governance of Autonomous Military Robots.” TheColumbia Science and Technology Law Review 12 (2011), 272-315.

Noel Sharkey. “Robot Wars Are a Reality.” The Guardian (UK), August 18, 2007, 29.

P. W. Singer. Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century.New York: Penguin, 2009.

Rob Sparrow. “Killer Robots.” Journal of Applied Philosophy 24:1 (2007), 62-77.

Shannon Vallor. “The Future of Military Virtue: Autonomous Systems and the MoralDeskilling of the Military.” In K. Podins, J. Stinissen, M. Maybaum, eds. 2013 5th

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International Conference on Cyber Conflict. Tallinn, Estonia: NATO CCD COEPublications, 2013.

Behavior Modification

U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources.“Project MKUltra, The CIA’s Program of Research in Behavioral Modification.” JointHearing before the Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources,95 Congress, 1st session, August 3, 1977. (http://www.intelligence.th

senate.gov/pdfs/95mkultra.pdf)

Big Data

Wade L. Robison. “Privacy and Personal Identity.” Ethics & Behavior 7:3 (1997), 195-205.

Eric Siegel. Predictive Analytics: The Power to Predict Who Will Click, Buy, Lie, or Die.Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.

Cyberconflict

Committee on Offensive Information Warfare, National Research Council. Technology,Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of CyberattackCapabilities. William A. Owens, Kenneth W. Dam, and Herbert S. Lin, eds.Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2009.

Randall R. Dipert. “Ethical Issues of Cyberwarfare.” Paper presented at ISME 2010: TheInternational Society for Military Ethics, “Ethics of Irregular Warfare.” January 26-29,2010. University of San Diego.

Randall R. Dipert. “The Ethics of Cyberwarfare.” Journal of Military Ethics 9:4 (2010),384-410.

Kyle Genaro Phillips. “Unpacking Cyberwar: The Sufficiency of the Law of Armed Conflictin the Cyber Domain.” Joint Forces Quarterly 70 (July 2013), 69-75.

Michael Schmitt, ed. Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

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David Wallace and Shane R. Reeves. “The Law of Armed Conflict’s “Wicked” Problem:Levée en Masse in Cyber Warfare.” International Law Studies 89 (2013), 646-668.

Drones

Philip Alston. Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or ArbitraryExecutions. Addendum: Study on Targeted Killings. Human Rights Council, ¶ 84, UNDoc. A/HRC/14/24/Add.6, May 28, 2010. (http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/14session/A.HRC.14.24.Add6.pdf)

Mark Bowden. “The Killing Machines: How To Think about Drones.” The Atlantic,September 2013. (http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/09/the-killing-machines-how-to-think-about-drones/309434/)

Daniel Brunstetter and Megan Braun. “The Implications of Drones on the Just WarTradition.” Ethics & International Affairs 25:3 (2011), 337-358.

Wayne Chappelle, et al. Psychological Health Screening of Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA)Operators and Supporting Units. RTO-MP-HFM-205, USAF School of AerospaceMedicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio,2011.

Siobhan Gorman, Yochi J. Dreazen, and August Cole. ”Insurgents Hack U.S. Drones.” TheWall Street Journal, December 17, 2009. (http://online.wsj.com/article/SB126102247889095011.html)

Siobhan Gorman. “Drones Get Ready to Fly, Unseen, into Everyday Life,” The Wall StreetJourna l , Nov ember 3 , 2010 . (h t t p : / / on l i ne.ws j .com/ar t i c le /SB10001424052748703631704575551954273159086.html.

Robert H. Latiff and Patrick J. McCloskey. “With Drone Warfare, America Approaches theRobo-Rubicon.” The Wall Street Journal. March 14, 2013. (http://www.wsj.com/articles/ SB10001424127887324128504578346333246145590)

Robert H. Latiff and Patrick J. McCloskey. “Use of Lethal Warrior Robots Raises ManyMoral Issues: Full Lethal Autonomy Crosses a Moral (Robo-) Rubicon.” The WallStreet Journal. July 16, 2014. (http://www.wsj.com/articles/use-of-lethal-warrior-robots-raises-many-moral-issues-letters-to-the-editor-1405546104#)

Molly McNab and Megan Matthews.“Clarifying the Law Relating to Unmanned Drones andthe Use of Force: The Relationships Between Human Rights, Self-Defense, Armed

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Conflict, and International Humanitarian Law.” Denver Journal of International Lawand Policy 39:4 (2011), 661-694.

Mary Ellen O’Connell. “Remarks: The Resort to Drones Under International Law.” DenverJournal of International Law and Policy 39:4 (2011), 585-600.

Elizabeth Quintana. “The Ethics and Legal Implications of Military Unmanned Vehicles.”London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies/BritishComputer Society, [2008].

Daniel P. Shepard, Jahshan A. Bhatti, and Todd E. Humphreys. “Drone Hack: SpoofingAttack Demonstration on a Civilian Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.” GPS World, August1, 2012, 30-33.

William Yurcik. “Information Warfare: Legal & Ethical Challenges of the Next GlobalBattleground.” The Second Annual Ethics and Technology Conference (Ethics’97),Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL. USA, June 6-7, 1997. (http://webpages.cs.luc.edu/~laufer/ethics97/papers/Yurcik.txt)

Dual-Use Technologies

Carl Larson. “Ethnic Weapons.” Military Review 50:11 (1970), 3-11.

Seumas Miller and Michael J. Selgelid. “Ethical and Philosophical Consideration of theDual-use Dilemma in the Biological Sciences.” Science and Engineering Ethics 13(2007), 523-580.

National Research Council. Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism. Washington,DC: The National Academies Press, 2004.

Facial Recognition

John Wright, et al. “Robust Face Recognition via Sparse Representation.” IEEETransactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 31:2 (2009), 210-227.

Human Enhancement

Fritz Allhoff, et al. Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers. August 31,2009.

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Fritz Allhoff, Patrick Lin, and Jesse Steinberg. “Ethics of Human Enhancement: AnExecutive Summary.” Science and Engineering Ethics 17 (2011),: 201–212.

John A. Bargh, Mark Chen, and Lara Burrows. ”Automaticity of Social Behavior: DirectEffects of Trait Construct and Stereotype-Activation on Action.” Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology 71:2 (1996), 230-244.

Donald Bruce. Human Enhancement? Ethical Reflections on Emerging Nanobio-technologies. Report on an Expert Working Group on Converging Technologies forHuman Functional Enhancement. NanoBio-RAISE EC FP6 Science and SocietyCo-ordination Action with the Society, Religion and Technology Project, Church ofScotland. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinethics Ltd., 2007.

Lyndon da Cruz et al. “The Argus II Epiretinal Prosthesis System Allows Letter and WordReading and Long-Term Function in Patients with Profound Vision Loss.” BritishJournal of Ophthalmology 97:5 (2013), 632-636.

Patrick Lin. “More Than Human? The Ethics of Biologically Enhancing Soldiers.” TheAtlantic, February 16, 2012. (http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/02/more-than-human-the-ethics-of-biologically-enhancing-soldiers/253217/)

Patrick Lin, Maxwell J. Mehlman, and Keith Abney. Enhanced Warfighters: Risk, Ethics,and Policy. Prepared for the Greenwall Foundation. 2013.

Mihail C. Roco and William Sims Bainbridge, eds. Converging Technologies for ImprovingHuman Performance: Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information Technology andCognitive Science. NSF/DOC-sponsored report. Dordrecht, The Netherlands:Kluwer, 2003.

Information and Communication Technology

Paul Baran. “On Distributed Communications: Summary Overview.” RM-3767-PR, RandCorporation, Santa Monica, CA. August 1964.

Terrell Bynum. “Computer and Information Ethics.” The Stanford Encyclopedia ofPhilosophy, Winter 2014 Ed. Edward N. Zalta, ed. (http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/ethics-computer/)

Walter Maner. “Unique Ethical Problems in Information Technology.” Science andEngineering Ethics 2:2 (1996), 137-154.

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U.S. Department of Homeland Security. “Applying Ethical Principles to Information andCommunication Technology Research: A Companion to the Department ofHomeland Security Menlo Report.” GPO, January 3, 2012. (http://www.dhs.gov/si tes /defaul t / f i les /publ icat ions/CSD-MenloPr inc ip lesCOMPANION-20120103-r731.pdf)

Nanotechnology

David Koepsell. Innovation and Nanotechnology: Converging Technologies and the End ofIntellectual Property. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011.

Neuroscience

Thomas Baumgartner et al. “Oxytocin Shapes the Neural Circuitry of Trust and TrustAdaptation in Humans.” Neuron 58 (2008), 639-650.

L.M. Dauffenbach. “Simulation of the Primate Motor Cortex and Free Arm Movements inThree-Dimensional Space: A Robot Arm System Controlled by an Artificial NeuralNetwork.” Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation 35 (1999), 360-365.

S.A. Deadwyler et al.. “Systemic and Nasal Delivery of Orexin-A (Hypocretin-1) Reducesthe Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive Performance in Nonhuman Primates.”Journal of Neuroscience 27:52 (2007),14239-14247.

Michael S. Franklin et al. “Disentangling Decoupling: Comment on Smallwood (2013).”Psychological Bulletin 139:3 (2013), 536-541.

International Committee of the Red Cross. Incapacitating Chemical Agents: Implications forInternational Law. Expert meeting, Montreux, Switzerland, March 24-26, 2010.Geneva, Switzerland: International Committee of the Red Cross, 2010.(http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/publication/p4051.htm)

Stefan Mogl, ed. Technical Workshop on Incapacitating Chemical Agents. Spiez,Switzerland, September 8-9, 2011. Spiez, Switzerland: Spiez Laboratory, FederalDepartment of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports, Federal Office for CivilProtection, 2011.(http://www.labor-spiez.ch/de/dok/hi/pdf/web_e_ICA_Konferenzbericht.pdf)

National Research Council. Emerging Cognitive Neuroscience and Related Technologies.Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2008.

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National Research Council. Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications.Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009.

National Research Council. Life Sciences and Related Fields: Trends Relevant to theBiological Weapons Convention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press,2011.

Royal Society. Brain Waves Module 3: Neuroscience, Conflict, and Security.” RS Policydocument 06/11, February 2012. Royal London: The Royal Society, 2012.

Scientific Advisory Board, Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. “Reportof the Scientific Advisory Board on Developments in Science and Technology for theThird Special Session of the Conference of States Parties to Review the Operationof the Chemical W eapons Convent ion.” RC-3/DG.1, 2012.(https://www.opcw.org/index.php?eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=15865)

Steve Ramirez et al. “Creating a False Memory in the Hippocampus.” Science 341:6144(2013), 387-391.

UN International Bioethics Committee. “Initial Reflections on the Principle of Nondiscrim-ination and Nonstigmatization,” Unesco.org, August 23, 2012. (http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002174/217421e.pdf)

Liane Young et al. “Disruption of the Right Temporoparietal Junction with TranscranialMagnetic Stimulation Reduces the Role of Beliefs in Moral Judgments.” Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences 107:15 (2010), 6753-7657

Non-Lethal Weapons

Graham T. Allison, Paul X. Kelley, and Richard L. Garwin. Nonlethal Weapons andCapabilities. Report of an Independent Task Force Sponsored by the Council onForeign Relations New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2004.

Alex Berenson. “As Police Use of Tasers Soars, Questions Over Safety Emerge.” NewYork Times. July 18, 2004. (http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/18/us/as-police-use-of-tasers-soars-questions-over-safety-emerge.html)

Margaret-Anne Coppernoll. “The Nonlethal Weapons Debate.” Naval War College Review52 (Spring 1999), 112-131.

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Ethical, Legal, and Societal Implications of New Weapons TechnologiesA Bibliography Page 28______________________________________________________________________

Neil Davison and Nick Lewer. Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project (BNLWRP).Research Report No. 7. University of Bradford. Bradford, England: May 2005.

David P. Fidler. "The International Legal Implications of ‘Non-Lethal’ Weapons.” FacultyPublications. Paper 699. Bloomington, IN: Maurer School of Law: Indiana University,1999. (http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/699)

David P. Fidler. “The meaning of Moscow: ‘Non-lethal’ Weapons and International Law inthe Early 21 Century.” International Review of the Red Cross 87 (2005), 525-552.st

Michael Gross. "Medicalized Weapons and Modern War." Hastings Center Report 40:1(2010), 34-43.

Pauline Kaurin. “With Fear and Trembling: An Ethical Framework for Non-LethalWeapons.” Journal of Military Ethics 9:1 (2010), 100-114.

Nick Lewer and Neil Davison. “Non-Lethal Technologies—An Overview.” DisarmamentForum 1 (2005), 37-51.

Alan Roland-Price. “Non-Lethal Weapons: A Synopsis.” In Improving the Prospects forFuture International Peace Operations—Workshop Proceedings. OTA-BP-ISS-167(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1995), 115-126.

Science and Technology Organization Collaboration and Support Office. “Annex B: NATOPolicy on Non-Lethal Weapons.” (http://ftp.rta.nato.int/public//PubFullText/RTO/TR/RTO-TR-SAS-040///TR-SAS-040-ANN-B.pdf)

Precision Guided Munitions

Richard P. Hallion. Precision Guided Munitions and the New Era of Warfare. Air PowerStudies Centre. APSC Paper Number 53. Fairbairn, Australia: Air PowerStudiesCentre, 1995.