ethics and privacy - city university of new york · four categories of ethical issues related to...

Ethics and Privacy

3

35 Slides

1.Define ethics, list and describe the three

fundamental tenets of ethics, and describe the

four categories of ethical issues related to

information technology.

2. Identify three places that store personal data,

and for each one, discuss at least one

potential threat to the privacy of the data

stored there.

[ LEARNING OBJECTIVES]

Ethical Issues 3.1 • Ethical Frameworks

• Ethics in the

Corporate

Environment

• Ethics and

Information

Technology

Ethical Issues 3.1

• Ethics

– The principles of right and wrong that

individuals use to make choices that

guide their behavior.

Ethical Frameworks

• Four Widely Used Standards

– Utilitarian Approach

Ethical Frameworks



– Rights Approach

Ethical Frameworks



– Rights Approach

– Fairness Approach

Ethical Frameworks



– Rights Approach


– Common Good Approach

Ethical Frameworks



– Rights Approach


– Common Good Approach

• Combine Four Standards to Create a

Framework for Ethical Decision Making

Ethical Frameworks

• Five Steps in Ethical Decision Making

Framework

1. Recognize an ethical issue

2. Get the facts

3. Evaluate alternative actions

4. Make a Decision and Test It

5. Act and Reflect on the Outcome of Decisions

Ethics in the Corporate Environment

• Code of Ethics

• Fundamental Tenets of Ethics

– Responsibility – accepting consequences

– Accountability – accepting responsibility

– Liability - damages

Ethics in the Corporate Environment

• Code of Ethics

• Fundamental Tenets of Ethics

– Responsibility – accepting consequences

– Accountability – accepting responsibility

– Liability - damages

• What is Unethical is not necessarily

Illegal

[about business]

Cheating Is

Risky for

Business

Students

3.1

Ethics & Information Technology

• Four General Categories of Ethical

Issues Related to IT:

1. Privacy Issues

2. Accuracy Issues

3. Property Issues

4. Accessibility Issues

Privacy 3.2

• Electronic Surveillance

• Personal Information in Databases

• Information on Internet Bulletin

Boards, Newsgroups, and Social

Networking Sites

• Privacy Codes and Policies

• International Aspects of Privacy

Privacy 3.2

• Privacy

– The right to be left alone and to be free

of unreasonable personal intrusions.

Privacy 3.2

• Privacy

– The right to be left alone and to be free

of unreasonable personal intrusions.

• Information Privacy

– The right to determine when, and to what

extent, information about you can be

gathered and/or communicated to others.

Privacy 3.2

• Court Decisions in Many

Countries have followed two

rules:

1. The right of privacy is not absolute.

Privacy must be balanced against the

needs of society.

Privacy 3.2

• Court Decisions in Many Countries have followed two rules:

1. The right of privacy is not absolute. Privacy must be balanced against the needs of society.

2. The public’s right to know supersedes the individual’s right of privacy.

Privacy 3.2

• Digital Dossier – data gathered about you in a typical day

• Profiling - putting a dossier together

• Data Aggregators

– LexisNexis

– ChoicePoint

– Acxiom

Privacy 3.2

• Digital Dossier – data gathered about you in a typical day

• Profiling - putting a dossier together

• Data Aggregators – companies that keep dossiers

– LexisNexis

– ChoicePoint

– Acxiom

Electronic Surveillance

• Using technology to monitor individuals

as they go about their daily routines.

• Is conducted by employers,

governments, and other institutions.

• Examples:

– Surveillance cameras in airports, subways, banks,

and other public venues.

Electronic Surveillance

• Inexpensive digital sensors are found in

laptop webcams, video game sensors,

smartphone cameras, utility meters,

passports, and ID cards.

• Smartphones create geotags

• Google and Microsoft street view images

• Satellite imaging

Personal Information in Databases

• Personal Data / Record Keepers

– Credit Reporting Agencies

– Banks and Financial Institutions

– Utility Companies

– Employers

– Hospitals

– Schools

– Government Agencies (IRS, State, City)


• Major Concerns about Information You Provide Record Keepers

– Do you know where the records are?

– Are the records accurate?

– Can you change inaccurate data?

– How long will it take to make a change?

– Under what circumstances will personal data be released?


• Major Concerns about Information You

Provide Record Keepers

– How are the data used?

– To whom are the data given or sold?

– How secure are the data against access by

unauthorized people?

Information on Internet Bulletin Boards, Newsgroups, and Social Networking Sites

• Free Speech versus Privacy on the

Internet

• Derogatory Information Can Influence

Hiring Decisions

• Little to No Recourse for Victims

Privacy Codes & Policies

• Opt-out Model – you can share my

data unless I tell you not to

• Opt-in Model – you can’t share my data

unless I specifically allow you to.


• Opt-out Model – you can share my data

unless I tell you not to

• Opt-in Model – you can’t share my data

unless I specifically allow you to.

• Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P)

– A protocol that communicates privacy policies

between a web site and its visitors


• US Federal Trade Commission’s Fair

Information Practices Standard

• European Directive on Data Privacy

International Aspects of Privacy

• The Global Nature of the Internet

Complicates Data Privacy

• Approximately 50 Countries Have Data-

Protection Laws

– Inconsistent standards from country to country

– Transborder data flow.

Ethics and Privacy

3

The End

ethics and privacy - city university of new york · four categories of ethical issues related to...

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